ngineering mathematics iiocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/note/6060.pdf11.1 fourier series...

78
Engineering Mathematics II Prof. Dr. Yong-Su Na (32-206, Tel. 880-7204) Text book: Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9 th Edition, Wiley (2006)

Upload: others

Post on 02-Jan-2020

17 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Engineering Mathematics II

Prof. Dr. Yong-Su Na

(32-206, Tel. 880-7204)

Text book: Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,

9th Edition, Wiley (2006)

Page 2: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Ch. 11 Fourier Series, Integrals, and Transforms

11.1 Fourier Series

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions

11.4 Complex Fourier Series

11.5 Forced Oscillations

11.6 Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials

11.7 Fourier Integral

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms

2

Page 3: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

주기현상의 예: 모터, 회전 기계, 음파, 지구의 운동, 정상 조건하의 심장

푸리에 급수는 상미분 방정식과 편미분 방정식을 수반하는 문제를해결하는 데 매우 중요한 도구

푸리에 급수의 실용적 관심대상: Discontinuous(불연속적)인 주기함수

내용: 푸리에 급수의 개념과 기법, 푸리에 적분(Fourier Integrals),

푸리에 변홖(Fourier Transform)

우리 주변에서 푸리에 급수는 매우 다양하게 이용됨:파동의 갂섭현상을 이용하여 소음도 없앨 수 있음. 예를 들어 여객기 밖은 엔짂소음으로 매우 시끄럽지만 안은 조용할 수 있는 것은 엔짂의 소음과 같은 주파수를 가지고 위상만 반대인 소음을 발생시켜 소음을 상쇄시키는 푸리에 급수 원리 덕분에 가능함.

Ch. 11 Fourier Series, Integrals, andTransforms

Page 4: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)

Periodic Function (주기함수)

Properties

, , , nxfnpxfxpxf 321 , 대하여에모든이면주기가의함수

. , , 이다주기도의상수임의는이면주기가의와 pbaxbgxafpxgxf

.)Period( , )Function (Periodic

,

라한다주기의를하고라주기함수를

대하여에모든존재해서가양수어떤

정의대하여에실수모든

xfpxf

xfpxfxp

x

xx cos ,sin : 예주기함수인

xxexxx x ln ,cosh , , , , : 32예아닌주기함수가

Page 5: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)

Trigonometric Series (삼각급수)

• Trigonometric System (삼각함수계)

• Trigonometric Series (삼각급수)

,sin ,cos , ,2sin ,2cos ,sin ,cos ,1 nxnxxxxx

. )nts(Coefficie

sincos2sin2cossincos

22110

1022110

한다라계수을상수

,b,a,b,a,a

nxbnxaaxbxaxbxaan

nn

. 2 주기함수이다인주기가합은그수렴한다면삼각급수가

Page 6: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)

Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)

• Euler Formulas (오일러 공식)

• Fourier Coefficients (푸리에 계수): 오일러 공식에 의해 주어짂 값

• Fourier Series: 푸리에 계수를 갖는 삼각급수

,2 ,1 ,sin1

,2 ,1 ,cos1

2

10

nnxdxxfb

nnxdxxfa

dxxfa

n

n

1

0 sincos)(n

nn nxbnxaaxf

Page 7: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)Ex. 1 Rectangular Wave (주기적인 직사각형파)

Find the Fourier coefficients of the periodic function,

Functions of this kind occur as external forces acting on mechanical systems, electromotive forces in electric circuits, etc.

xfxfxk

xkxf

2 and

0

0

Page 8: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)Ex. 1 Rectangular Wave (주기적인 직사각형파)

Find the Fourier coefficients of the periodic function,

Functions of this kind occur as external forces acting on mechanical systems, electromotive forces in electric circuits, etc.

xfxfxk

xkxf

2 and

0

0

0 0 0

0

0

0

0

adxxfdxxfdxxfkdxxfkdxxf

이므로이고

0 0cos *

nadxxxf

짝수이

홀수이

0

4

cos12cos2

sin2

sin2

sin1

000 n

nn

k

nn

k

n

nxknxdxknxdxxfnxdxxfbn

xxx

k5sin

5

13sin

3

1sin

4 :

급수푸리에

45

1

3

11

5

1

3

11

4

2

k

kf Leibniz (1673)

Page 9: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)

• 함수 f (x)가 x=0과 x=π에서 불연속

이므로, 모든 부분합은 이 점에서

값이 0이 되며, 이 값은 극한값인

–k와 k의 산술평균임.

Page 10: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems:

삼각함수 계는 구갂 -π ≤ x ≤ π에서 직교한다.

Representation by a Fourier Series (푸리에 급수에 의한 표현)

mnmndxmxnx

mndxmxnx

mndxmxnx

0cossin

0sinsin

0coscos

또는

평균우극한의좌극한과의합급수의점에서불연속인

합급수의점에서모든제외한점을불연속인

합급수의

수렴한다급수는푸리에의

갖는다를우도함수와좌도함수점에서각

구분연속에서구간

주기함수인주기가

.

. )(Derivative hand-Right )(Derivative hand-Left

)( Continuous Piecewise

2

xf

xf

xf

πx-π

Prove!

Page 11: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에 급수)

PROBLEM SET 11.1

HW: 16, 28, 29

Page 12: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L (임의의 주기 p=2L을 가지는 함수)

Fourier Series of the Function f (x) of period 2L

Fourier Coefficients of f (x)

1

0 sincosn

nn xL

nbx

L

naaxf

,2 ,1 ,

sin1

,2 ,1 ,

cos1

2

1 0

ndxL

xnxf

Lb

ndxL

xnxf

La

dxxfL

a

L

L

n

L

L

n

L

L

Page 13: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L (임의의 주기 p=2L을 가지는 함수)

Ex. 1 Periodic Rectangular Wave (주기적인 직사각형파)

Find the Fourier series of the function,

2 ,42

210

11

120

LLp

x

xk

x

xf

Page 14: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L (임의의 주기 p=2L을 가지는 함수)

Ex. 1 Periodic Rectangular Wave (주기적인 직사각형파)

Find the Fourier series of the function,

2 ,42

210

11

120

LLp

x

xk

x

xf

0 02

sin

,11 ,7 ,3 2

,9 ,5 ,1 2

0

2sin

2

2cos

2

1

2cos

2

1

22

4

1

4

1

4

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

0

n

n

bdxxn

xf

nn

k

nn

kn

n

n

kdx

xnkdx

xnxfa

kkkdxdxxfa

짝수이

xxx

kkxf

2

5cos

5

1

2

3cos

3

1

2cos

2

2 :

급수푸리에

Page 15: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L (임의의 주기 p=2L을 가지는 함수)

Example 2

Example 3

Page 16: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.2 Functions of Any Period p=2L (임의의 주기 p=2L을 가지는 함수)

PROBLEM SET 11.2

HW: 13, 16

Page 17: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

Fourier Cosine Series, Fourier Sine Series (푸리에 코사인, 사인 급수)

,2 ,1 ,cos2

,1

tsCoefficienFourier

cos

2 :

00

0

1

0

nxdxL

nxf

Ladxxf

La

xL

naaxf

L

L

n

L

n

n

급수푸리에우함수의인주기가Series CosineFourier

,2 ,1 ,sin2

tsCoefficienFourier

sin

2 :

0

1

nxdxL

nxf

Lb

xL

nbxf

L

L

n

n

n

급수푸리에기함수의인주기가Series SineFourier

Sum and Scalar Multiple (합과 스칼라곱)

• 함수의 합의 푸리에 계수는 각각에 해당하는 푸리에 계수의 합과 같다.

• 함수 cf 의 푸리에 계수는 f 에 해당하는 푸리에 계수에 c 를 곱한 것과 같다.

11.2 Example 1

Page 18: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

Ex. 3 Sawtooth Wave (톱니파)

Find the Fourier series of the function

xfxfxxxf 2 and

Page 19: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

Ex. 3 Sawtooth Wave (톱니파)

Find the Fourier series of the function

xfxfxxxf 2 and

xxxf

f

nn

dxnxnn

nxx

nxdxxnxdxxfb

, , , naf

f

ffffxf

π

ππ

n

n

3sin3

12sin

2

1sin2

cos2

cos1cos2

sin2

sin2

210 0

.

2

00

00

1

1

1

2121

기함수이므로은

급수푸리에의

이다하면라와

Page 20: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

Half Range Expansions (반구갂 전개)

• Even Periodic Extension (주기적인 우함수로 확장)

• Odd Periodic Extension (주기적인 기함수로 확장)

Page 21: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

Ex. 4 “Triangle” and Its Half-Range Expansions

Find the two half-range expansions of the function

LxL

xLL

k

Lxx

L

k

xf

2

2

20

2

Page 22: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

Ex. 4 “Triangle” and Its Half-Range Expansions

Find the two half-range expansions of the function

LxL

xLL

k

Lxx

L

k

xf

2

2

20

2

xL

xL

kkxf

nL

n

n

kdxx

L

nxL

L

kxdx

L

nx

L

k

La

kdxxL

L

kdxx

L

k

La

L

L

L

n

L

L

L

6cos

6

12cos

2

116

2

1coscos24

cos2

cos22

2

221

. .1

222

22

2

2

0

2

2

0

0

확장우함수로주기적

Page 23: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

xL

xL

xL

kxf

n

n

kdxx

L

nxL

L

kxdx

L

nx

L

k

Lb

L

L

L

n

5sin

5

13sin

3

1sin

1

18

2sin

8sin

2sin

22

. .2

2222

22

2

2

0

확장기함수로주기적

Page 24: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.3 Even and Odd Functions. Half-RangeExpansions (우함수와 기함수. 반구갂 전개)

PROBLEM SET 11.3

HW: 10, 11, 19

Page 25: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.4 Complex Fourier Series(복소 푸리에 급수)

Complex Fourier Series (복소 푸리에 급수):

Complex Fourier Coefficient (복소 푸리에 계수):

주기가 2L인 복소 푸리에 급수:

n

inx

necxf

,2 ,1 ,0 ,2

1

ndxexfL

c

ecxf

Lxin

L

L

n

n

Lxin

n

,2 ,1 ,0 ,2

1

ndxexfc inx

n

Page 26: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.4 Complex Fourier Series(복소 푸리에 급수)

Ex. 1 Complex Fourier Series

Find the complex Fourier series of f (x) = ex if –π<x< π and f(x+2 π)=f (x)

and obtain from it the usual Fourier series

Page 27: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.4 Complex Fourier Series(복소 푸리에 급수)

Ex. 1 Complex Fourier Series

Find the complex Fourier series of f (x) = ex if –π<x< π and f(x+2 π)=f (x)

and obtain from it the usual Fourier series

xen

ine

n

inee

ine

indxeec

inx

n

nx

nn

x

inxxinxx

n

1

11

sinh :SeriesFourier

11

1sinh1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

xxxxe

nxnnxeinein

nxnxninxnnxnxinxinein

nxnxninxnnxnxinxinein

x

inxinx

inx

inx

2sin22cos21

1sincos

11

1

2

1sinh2

sincos211

sincossincossincos11

sincossincossincos11

22

Page 28: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.5 Forced Oscillations (강제짂동)

Free Motion (자유운동): 외력이 없는 경우의 운동지배방정식

Forced Motion (강제운동): 외부로부터의 힘이 물체에 작용하는 경우의

운동지배방정식

• Driving Force (입력이나 구동력):

• Response (출력 또는 구동력에 대한 시스템의 응답):

0''' kycymy

trkycymy '''

tr

ty

Section 2.8 Revisited

Page 29: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.5 Forced Oscillations (강제짂동)

trkycymy '''

y = y (t ): displacement from rest

c : damping constant

k : spring constant (spring modulus)

r (t ): external force

Page 30: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

With Periodic external forces:

미정계수법에 의한 결정

tFkycymy cos'''0

py

22

222

0

20

222

22

0

2

22

0

0 ,

sincos

cm

cFb

cm

mFa

tbtayp

mk /0

Page 31: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

Case 1. Undamped Forced Oscillations (비감쇠 강제짂동)

이 출력은 두 개의 조화짂동의 중첩을 나타냄.

• 고유주파수 :

• 구동력의 주파수 :

Resonance (공짂) : 입력주파수와 고유주파수가 정합됨으로써

( ) 발생하는 큰 짂동의 여기현상

t

m

FtCyt

m

Fyc p

coscos cos 0

22

0

0022

0

0

seccycles

2

0

seccycles

2

0

ttm

Fy

p 0

0

0 sin2

tm

Fyy 0

02

0 cos''

Page 32: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge(1940. 11. 4)

Page 33: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

Beats (맥놀이): 입력주파수와 고유주파수의 차가 적을 때의

강제 비감쇠짂동 (w → w0)

tt

m

Ftt

m

Fy

2sin

2sin

2 coscos 00

22

0

0

022

0

0

Page 34: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

Case 2. Damped Forced Oscillations (감쇠 강제짂동)

• Transient Solution (과도해): 비제차 방정식의 일반해 (y)

• Steady-State Solution (정상상태해): 비제차 방정식의 특수해 (yp)

순수 사인파 형태의 구동력이 주어지는 감쇠짂동 시스템의 출력은

충분하게 긴 시갂 후에 실제적으로 주파수가 입력주파수인 조화짂동이 됨.

과도해는 정상상태해로 접근한다.

Practical Resonance: 비감쇠의 경우 ω가 ω0 에 접근할 때 yp 의 짂폭이 무한대로

접근하는 반면에, 감쇠의 경우에는 이와 같은 현상은 발생하지 않는다.

이 경우에는 짂폭은 항상 유한하나, c에 의존하는 어떤 ω 에 대해 최대값을 가질 수 있다.

tCtyp cos*)(

22

222

0

20

222

22

0

2

22

0

0 ,

sincos

cm

cFb

cm

mFa

tbtayp

Page 35: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

yp 의 짂폭 (ω의 함수로 표현): R

F

cm

FbaC 0

22222

0

2

022

)(*

22

0

2

022

max

4

2*

cmc

mFbaC

)(

tan22

0

m

c

a

b

)]22(2[2

1

]2)2)((2[2

1*

2222/3

0

222

0

22/3

0

mmkcRF

cmRFd

dC

2

22

02

22

max22 m

c

m

c

m

k

일 때 는

w가 증가함에 따라 단조 감소함.

mkc 22 *C

Page 36: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

2.8 Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance (모델화: 강제짂동. 공짂)

의미

• 일 때 는 유한하다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 일 때 의 값은

c가 감소함에 따라 증가하고, c가 0에 접근함에 따라 무한대로 접근한다.

0c max

* C

mkc 22 max

* C

ω0

Page 37: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.5 Forced Oscillations (강제짂동)

Ex. 1 Forced Oscillations under a Nonsinusoidal Periodic Driving Force

Find the steady-state solution y (t ).

trtr

tt

tttrtryyy

2

0 2

0 2 ,25'05.0''

Page 38: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.5 Forced Oscillations (강제짂동)

Ex. 1 Forced Oscillations under a Nonsinusoidal Periodic Driving Force

Find the steady-state solution y (t ).

trtr

tt

tttrtryyy

2

0 2

0 2 ,25'05.0''

531

222

2

2

2

22

:

05.025 2.0

,254

sincos : ,3 ,1 cos4

25'05.0''

5cos5

13cos

3

1cos

4 :

yyyy

nnDDn

BDn

nA

ntBntAynntn

yyy

ttttrtr

n

n

n

n

n

nnn

해정상상태

여기서

해정상상태의상미분방정식

급수푸리에의

,2 ,1 ,cos2

,1

tsCoefficienFourier

cos

2 :

00

0

1

0

nxdxL

nxf

Ladxxf

La

xL

naaxf

L

L

n

L

n

n

급수푸리에우함수의인주기가Series CosineFourier

Page 39: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.5 Forced Oscillations (강제짂동)

Ex. 1 Forced Oscillations under a Nonsinusoidal Periodic Driving Force

Find the steady-state solution y (t ).

trtr

tt

tttrtryyy

2

0 2

0 2 ,25'05.0''

531

222

2

2

2

22

:

05.025 2.0

,254

sincos : ,3 ,1 cos4

25'05.0''

5cos5

13cos

3

1cos

4 :

yyyy

nnDDn

BDn

nA

ntBntAynntn

yyy

ttttrtr

n

n

n

n

n

nnn

해정상상태

여기서

해정상상태의상미분방정식

급수푸리에의

n=5 term is dominant.

Page 40: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.5 Forced Oscillations (강제짂동)

PROBLEM SET 11.5

HW: 2, 3

Page 41: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.6 Approximation by TrigonometricPolynomials (삼각다항식에 의한 근사)

Approximation Theory (근사이론):

푸리에 급수의 주된 응용 분야로 단순한 함수로써 어떤 함수의 근사값을표현하는 분야

• Idea

• Question

N

n

nn nxbnxaaxf

xfN

xxf

1

0 sincos

)( 2

근사값대한에부분합은차

주기함수있는수표현될급수로푸리에인주기가는

구하기고정은삼각다항식차근사인의최상의 sincos 1

0 NnxBnxAAxFNfN

n

nn

Page 42: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.6 Approximation by TrigonometricPolynomials (삼각다항식에 의한 근사)

• Square Error (제곱오차)

Minimum Square Error (최소제곱오차)

• Bessel’s Inequality:

• Parseval’s Identity:

)( : 2

Error Square제곱오차관한에함수의함수상에서구간 fFxdxFfE

.2* .

1

2220

2 이다최소값은그된다

최소가계수이면푸리에의계수가의제곱오차는관한에의에서구간

N

n

nn baadxfE

fFfFx

.

된다하게

근사화잘를더점점관점에서제곱오차부분합은급수푸리에의따라증가함에이 ffN

dxxfbaan

nn

2

1

222

0

12

dxxfbaan

nn

2

1

222

0

12

Page 43: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Ex. 11.3 Sawtooth Wave (톱니파)

Find the Fourier series of the function

xfxfxxxf 2 and

xxxf

f

nn

dxnxnn

nxx

nxdxxnxdxxfb

, , , naf

f

ffffxf

π

ππ

n

n

3sin3

12sin

2

1sin2

cos2

cos1cos2

sin2

sin2

210 0

.

2

00

00

1

1

1

2121

기함수이므로은

급수푸리에의

이다하면라와

Gibb’s phenomenon

11.6 Approximation by TrigonometricPolynomials (삼각다항식에 의한 근사)

Page 44: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Ex. 11.3 Sawtooth Wave (톱니파)

Find the Fourier series of the function

xfxfxxxf 2 and

Gibb’s phenomenon

11.6 Approximation by TrigonometricPolynomials (삼각다항식에 의한 근사)

N

n ndxxE

12

22 142)(*

N E*

1 8.1045

2 4.9629

10 1.1959

20 0.6129

100 0.0126

Page 45: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.6 Approximation by TrigonometricPolynomials (삼각다항식에 의한 근사)

PROBLEM SET 11.6

HW: 5, 14

Page 46: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

Fourier series are powerful tools for problems involvingfunctions that are periodic or are of interest on a finiteinterval only.

However, many problems involve functions that arenonperiodic and are of interest on the whole x-axis.

Let L → ∞ (period: 2L)

Page 47: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

Ex. 1 Rectangular Wave (직사각형파)

Consider the periodic rectangular wave fL(x) of period 2L>2 given by

The nonperiodic function f (x) obtained from fL if we let L → ∞.

Lx

x

xL

xfL

10

111

10

otherwise0

111lim

xxfxf L

L

Page 48: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

Page 49: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

From Fourier Series to Fourier Integral (L→∞)

dxL

xnxf

Lb

dxL

xnxf

La

dxxfL

a

L

L

n

L

L

n

L

L

sin

1

cos

1

2

1 0

LL

n

L

nwww

vdvwvfwxwvdvwvfwxwdvvfL

vdvwvfxwvdvwvfxwL

dvvfL

L

nwxwbxwaaxf

nn

nn

L

L

Lnn

L

L

Ln

L

L

L

nn

L

L

Lnn

L

L

Ln

L

L

L

nn

nnnnL

1

sinsincoscos1

2

1

sinsincoscos1

2

1

,sincos

1

1

1

10

Page 50: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

From Fourier Series to Fourier Integral (L→∞)

LL

n

L

nwww

vdvwvfwxwvdvwvfwxwdvvfL

vdvwvfxwvdvwvfxwL

dvvfL

L

nwxwbxwaaxf

nn

nn

L

L

Lnn

L

L

Ln

L

L

L

nn

L

L

Lnn

L

L

Ln

L

L

L

nn

nnnnL

1

sinsincoscos1

2

1

sinsincoscos1

2

1

,sincos

1

1

1

10

wvdvvfwBwvdvvfwA

dwwxwBwxwAxf

dwwvdvvfwxwvdvvfwxxfxf LL

sin1

,cos1

sincos :

sinsincoscos1

lim

0

0

적분 푸리에

Page 51: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

Fourier Integral

.

.

limlim

0

0

같다평균과

우극한값의좌극한값과의점에서그적분값은푸리에점에서의불연속인가

있다수표현될적분으로푸리에는

존재적분이의

존재우도함수가좌도함수와점에서모든

구분연속유한구간에서모든

xfxf

xf

dxxfdxxfb

ba

a

Page 52: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)Ex. 2 Single Pulse, Sine Integral

Find the Fourier integral representation of the function

10

11

x

xxf

dww

wwxxf

wvdvwvdvvfwBw

w

w

wvwvdvwvdvvfwA

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

sincos2

0sin1

sin1

,sin2sin

cos1

cos1

2

sin 0

10

14

10 2

sincos : Factor) uous(Discontin Dirichlet

0

0

dww

wx

x

x

x

dww

wwx불연속인자의

Page 53: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)Ex. 2 Single Pulse, Sine Integral

Find the Fourier integral representation of the function

10

11

x

xxf

dww

wwxxf

wvdvwvdvvfwBw

w

w

wvwvdvwvdvvfwA

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

sincos2

0sin1

sin1

,sin2sin

cos1

cos1

2

sin 0

10

14

10 2

sincos : Factor) uous(Discontin Dirichlet

0

0

dww

wx

x

x

x

dww

wwx불연속인자의

dww

wwxxf

wvdvwvdvvfwB

w

w

w

wvwvdvwvdvvfwA

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

sincos2

0sin1

sin1

,sin2sin

cos1

cos1

10

14

10 2

sincos :)(Factor ousDiscontinuDirichlet

0 x

x

x

dww

wwx

불연속인자

2

sin 0

0

dww

wx

Page 54: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

dww

wu

u

0

sinSi :)( Integral Sine 사인적분

1Si1

1Si1

sin1sin1

sin1sin1

sincos2

1

0

1

0

00

0

xaxa

dtt

tdt

t

t

dww

wxwdw

w

wxw

dww

wwxxf

axax

aa

a

Page 55: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

Fourier Cosine Integral and Fourier Sine Integral

• Fourier Cosine Integral: 우함수일 때, 푸리에 적분

• Fourier Sine Integral: 기함수일 때, 푸리에 적분

00

cos2

,cos wvdvvfwAwxdwwAxf

00

sin2

,sin wvdvvfwBwxdwwBxf

Page 56: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)Ex. 3 Laplace Integrals (라플라스 적분)

We shall derive the Fourier cosine and Fourier sine integrals of f (x) = e-kx, where x > 0 and k > 0. The result will be used to evaluate the so-called Laplace integrals.

kxkx

kvkv

kxkx

kvkv

edwwk

wxwdw

wk

wxwexf

wk

wwvwv

w

ke

wk

wdvwvewB

ek

dwwk

wxdw

wk

wxkexf

wk

kwvwv

k

we

wk

kdvwvewA

2

sin

sin2

2cossin

2sin

2

.2

2

cos

cos2

2cossin

2cos

2

.1

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

적분사인푸리에

적분코사인푸리에

Page 57: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)Ex. 3 Laplace Integrals (라플라스 적분)

We shall derive the Fourier cosine and Fourier sine integrals of f (x) = e-kx, where x > 0 and k > 0. The result will be used to evaluate the so-called Laplace integrals.

kxkx

kvkv

kxkx

kvkv

edwwk

wxwdw

wk

wxwexf

wk

wwvwv

w

ke

wk

wdvwvewB

ek

dwwk

wxdw

wk

wxkexf

wk

kwvwv

k

we

wk

kdvwvewA

2

sin

sin2

2cossin

2sin

2

.2

2

cos

cos2

2cossin

2cos

2

.1

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

적분사인푸리에

적분코사인푸리에

kxkx

kvkv

kxkx

kvkv

edwwk

wxwdw

wk

wxwexf

wk

wwvwv

w

ke

wk

wdvwvewB

ek

dwwk

wxdw

wk

wxkexf

wk

kwvwv

k

we

wk

kdvwvewA

2

sin

sin2

2cossin

2sin

2

integral sineFourier .2

2

cos

cos2

2cossin

2cos

2

integral cosineFourier .1

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

Page 58: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)Ex. 3 Laplace Integrals (라플라스 적분)

We shall derive the Fourier cosine and Fourier sine integrals of f (x) = e-kx, where x > 0 and k > 0. The result will be used to evaluate the so-called Laplace integrals.

kxkx

kvkv

kxkx

kvkv

edwwk

wxwdw

wk

wxwexf

wk

wwvwv

w

ke

wk

wdvwvewB

ek

dwwk

wxdw

wk

wxkexf

wk

kwvwv

k

we

wk

kdvwvewA

2

sin

sin2

2cossin

2sin

2

.2

2

cos

cos2

2cossin

2cos

2

.1

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

적분사인푸리에

적분코사인푸리에

kxkx

kvkv

kxkx

kvkv

edwwk

wxwdw

wk

wxwexf

wk

wwvwv

w

ke

wk

wdvwvewB

ek

dwwk

wxdw

wk

wxkexf

wk

kwvwv

k

we

wk

kdvwvewA

2

sin

sin2

2cossin

2sin

2

integral sineFourier .2

2

cos

cos2

2cossin

2cos

2

integral cosineFourier .1

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

0

22

0

22

22

0

22

0

Laplace integrals

Page 59: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.7 Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분)

PROBLEM SET 11.7

HW: 20

Page 60: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Integral Transform (적분변환):

주어짂 함수를 다른 변수에 종속하는 새로운 함수로 만드는 적분 형태의 변홖

예) Laplace Transform (Ch. 6)

• Fourier Cosine Transform (푸리에 코사인 변환)

0

0

00

cosˆ2 :

,cos2ˆ :

ˆ 2

cos2

,cos

wxdwwfxf

wxdxxfwff

wfwA

wvdvvfwAwxdwwAxf

c

cc

c

Transform CosineFourier Inverse

Transform CosineFourier F

dttfefsF st

0

L

Page 61: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

• Fourier Sine Transform (푸리에 사인 변환)

0

0

00

sinˆ2 :

,sin2ˆ :

ˆ 2

sin2

,sin

wxdwwfxf

wxdxxfwff

wfwB

wvdvvfwBwxdwwBxf

s

ss

s

Transform SineFourier Inverse

Transform SineFourier F

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Page 62: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Ex. 1 Fourier Cosine and Fourier Sine Transforms

ax

axkxf

0

0

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Page 63: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Ex. 1 Fourier Cosine and Fourier Sine Transforms

ax

axkxf

0

0

w

awkwxdxkwf

w

awkwxdxkwf

a

s

a

c

cos12 sin

sin2cos

0

0

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Page 64: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Linearity

Cosine and Sine Transforms of Derivatives

f(x)가 연속이고, x축 상에서 절대적분 가능

f’ (x)가 모든 유한구갂에서 구분 연속

gbfabgaf

gbfabgaf

sss

ccc

FFF

FFF

02

'' ,0'2

''

' ,02

'

0 ,

22 wfxfwxffxfwxf

xfwxffxfwxf

xfx

sscc

cssc

FFFF

FFFF

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Prove!

Page 65: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Ex. 3 An Application of the Operational Formula (9)

Find the Fourier cosine transform 0 aexf ax in two ways

Page 66: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Ex. 3 An Application of the Operational Formula (9)

Find the Fourier cosine transform 0 aexf ax

0 2

2

20'

2''

'' '' ,

22

22

222

22

awa

ae

afwa

afwffwffa

xfxfaeae

axc

c

cccc

axax

F

F

FFFF

이므로의하여미분에

in two ways

Page 67: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

PROBLEM SET 11.8

HW: 4, 18

11.8 Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms(푸리에 코사인 및 사인 변환)

Page 68: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

xixeix sincos

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

dwwxwBwxwAxf

0

sincos

wvdvvfwB

wvdvvfwA

sin1

cos1

dwdvwvwxvfxf

)cos()(

2

1

0)sin()(2

1

dwdvwvwxvf

dwdvevfxf vxiw

2

1

Prove!

Prove!

Complex Form of the Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분의 복소형식)

Page 69: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

xixeix sincos

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

dwwxwBwxwAxf

0

sincos

wvdvvfwB

wvdvvfwA

sin1

cos1

dwdvwvwxvfxf

)cos()(

2

1

0)sin()(2

1

dwdvwvwxvf

dwdvevfxf vxiw

2

1

Prove!

Prove!

Complex Form of the Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분의 복소형식)

Page 70: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Complex Form of the Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분의 복소형식)

dwedvevfxf iwxiwv

]2

1[

2

1

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

dxexfwf iwx

2

dwewfx f iwx

ˆ

2

1

dttfefsF st

0

L

Page 71: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Complex Form of the Fourier Integral (푸리에 적분의 복소형식)

• Complex Fourier Integral:

• Fourier Transform:

• Inverse Fourier Transform:

Existence of the Fourier Transform (푸리에 변환의 존재)

dwdvevfxf vxiw

2

1

dxexfwff iwx

2

1ˆF

dwewfx f iwx

ˆ

2

1

dxexfwfwfxf

xxf

iwx

2

1ˆ , ˆ

존재하며는변환푸리에의

구분연속구간에서유한모든가능이고적분절대상에서축가

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Page 72: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

otherwise 0 and 1 if 1 xfxxf

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Ex. 1 Fourier Transform

Page 73: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

otherwise 0 and 1 if 1 xfxxf

w

w

iw

wi

eeiwiw

edxewf iwiw

iwxiwx

sin2

2

sin2

2

1

2

1

2

1ˆ1

1

1

1

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Ex. 1 Fourier Transform

Page 74: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Linearity. Fourier Transform of Derivatives (도함수의 푸리에 변환)

• Linearity of the Fourier Transform

• Fourier Transform of Derivatives

함수 f(x)가 x축 상에서 연속

f’ (x)가 x축 상에서 절대적분 가능

gbfabgaf FFF

xfwxfxfiwxf

xfx

FFFF 2'' ,'

0 ,

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Prove!

Page 75: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Ex. 3 Application of the Operational Formula (9)

Find the Fourier transform of

)0( 2

14

22

aea

e aw

axF

2xxe

Page 76: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

44

22

2222

222

1

2

1

2

1'

2

1'

2

1

ww

xxxx

eiw

eiw

eiweexe

FFFF

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Ex. 3 Application of the Operational Formula (9)

Find the Fourier transform of

)0( 2

14

22

aea

e aw

axF

2xxe

Page 77: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

Convolution (합성곱)

• Convolution:

• Convolution Theorem (합성곱 정리):

함수 f(x)와 g(x)가 구분연속이고, 유한하며, x축 상에서 절대적분가능

dppgpxfdppxgpfxgf

gfgf FFF 2

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)

Prove using x-p=q

gffg FFF

Page 78: ngineering Mathematics IIocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/6060.pdf11.1 Fourier Series (푸리에급수) Orthogonality of the Trigonometric Systems: 삼각함수계는구갂-π

PROBLEM SET 11.9

HW: 14

11.9 Fourier Transform. Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms(푸리에 변환. 이산 및 고속 푸리에 변환)