nguefu kw;wk; nky;khfhz mgptpuj;jp mikr;r...nguefu kw;wk; nky;khfhz mgptpuj;jp mikr;r

ngUefu kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;R

%Nyhgha efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk;

1

Contents

nrhw;fsQ;rpak;............................................................................................................................................ 8

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; ............................................................................................................................... 13

1. mwpKfk; ............................................................................................................................................... 18

1.1 gpd;dzp ........................................................................................................................................... 18

1.2 fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; .............................................................. 19

1.3 fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tpguk; ................................................................................................ 20

1.3.1; Mf;ff;$W 1: fz;b efu;g; gpuNjr efuhl;rpj; jiyaPLfs; ............................................... 20

1.3.2 Mf;ff;$W 2: fhyp efu;g; gpuNjr efuhl;rpj; jiyaPLfs; ................................................. 21

1.3.3; Mf;ff;$W 3: nraw;gLj;Jiff;fhd cjtp kw;Wk; jpwidf; fl;bnaOg;gy; .................. 21

1.3.4 Mf;ff;$W 4: aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjr efuhl;rpj; jiyaPLfs; ..................................... 21

1.4 fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; ........................................................ 22

1.4.1 r%f kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa KbTfs; ...................................................................................... 23

1.4.2 gpujd r%f mgha Neu;Tfs; ................................................................................................ 26

1.5 kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; Nehf;fKk; fl;likg;Gk; ............................................... 28

2. RatpUg;gw;w fhzp RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfk; ....................................................................................................................................................... 30

2.1 nghJ .......................................................................................................................................... 30

2.2 Njrpa nfhs;ifAk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfKk; ................................................................................. 30

2.2.2 ,yq;ifapd; kfspu; rhrdk; .................................................................................................. 46

2.2.3. ,yq;ifapd; RNjr kf;fSf;fhd tiuTr;rl;l%yk; ................................................... 47

2.2.4. cupa KftH mikg;Gf;fspd; rPuhf;fy; tfpghfk; ........................................................ 47

2.3. cyf tq;fpapd; r%f fhg;gPl;L nfhs;iffs; ...................................................................... 52

2.3.1 RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if (OP/BP 4.12) ....................................................... 52

2.3.2 RNjr kf;fs; (OP 4.10) .......................................................................................................... 53

2.3.3. ngsjPf fyhrhu tsq;fs; (OP/BP 4.11) ........................................................................... 54

2.4. Njrpa kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp ghJfhg;Gj; Njitg;ghLfspd; ,ilntspg;gFg;gha;T ........... 54



2

2.5. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs; ......................................................................... 55

2.5.1. fUj;jpl;l kPs;FbNaw;w / fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs............................................... 55

; ........................................................................................................................................................... 55

2.5.2. jhf;ff;Fiwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ............................................................................................. 56

3. r%f Kfhikj;JtKk; jhf;fff;Fiwg;G eltbf;iffSk; .................................................... 58

3.1. nghJ .......................................................................................................................................... 58

3.2. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; epfo;jfTila vjpHkiwahd r%fj;jhf;fq;fs; ........................................ 58

3.3. kPs;FbNaw;w nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk; .................................................................................................................................... 59

3.4 RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wifapd; Kf;fpa gbepiyfs; 66

3.4.1 r%f Nrhjidaply; kw;Wk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy; 66

3.4.2 r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL> ,Ug;Gg; gjpT kw;Wk; tpiy kjpg;G ........................................... 68

3.4.3 jFjpAk; cupj;JupikfSk; .................................................................................................. 70

3.4.4 KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehs;............................................................................................................ 73

3.4.5 cupj;Jupikr; rl;lfj;jpd; tpUj;jp ...................................................................................... 74

3.4.6 cupj;Jupik mikTU (EM) ............................................................................................... 77

3.4.7 nryT kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd topfhl;lYk; epjpaplYk; ............................................................... 96

3.4.8 ,yq;ifapy; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; mq;fPfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiw ................................ 96

4. ghy;epiy kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp .............................................................................................................. 98

4.1 nghJ ............................................................................................................................................... 98

4.2 ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;T ................................................................................................................... 98

4.3 fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;NfAupa ghy;epiy rYiffs; ............................................................................... 99

4.4 ghy;epiy %Nyhghak; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lk; ................................................................................ 99

5. MNyhrid ehlYk; gq;Nfw;Gk; ........................................................................................................ 101

5.1 nghJ ............................................................................................................................................. 101

5.2 RPF jahupg;ig Nehf;fpa MNyhrid ehly;fs; ................................................................ 101



3

5.3 gq;Fgw;WdH gFg;gha;T .......................................................................................................... 103

5.4 gq;Fgw;WdH MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G ............................................................... 105

5.5 gq;Fgw;WdH; MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G khjpup ................................................... 106

5.5.1 Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jw; fl;lk; ................................................................................................... 106

5.5.2 fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkplw; fl;lk; ............................................................................................. 107

5.5.3 nraw;gLj;jw; fl;lk; ........................................................................................................... 107

6. nraw;gLj;Jif xOq;Ffs;............................................................................................................... 109

6.1 nghJ ........................................................................................................................................ 109

6.2 tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; ............................................................................................. 109

6.2.1 %Nyhgha efuq;fspd; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; muq;fk; (SCSF) .............................................. 111

6.2.2 Njrpa fUj;jp;l;l topfhl;lw;FO (NPSC) ........................................................................... 111

6.2.3 fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT (PMU) ........................................................................... 113

6.2.4 fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftuikg;Gfs; (PPAs) ........................................................... 114

6.2.5 Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT ............................................... 115

6.2.6 eltbf;iffspd; nraw;gLj;Jiff;F mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;fhf Kd; nkhopTfisj; jahupj;jy; ........................................................................................................................................ 117

6.2.7 Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOf;fspd; (LRC); cUthf;fk; ................ 118

6.2.8 cupj;Jupik kjpg;gPl;Lf; FO (EAC) ................................................................................... 118

6.2.9 fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOitAk; kPAau; FOitAk; epWTjy; ...... 119

6.2.10 cupj;Jupikfspd; nfhLg;gdT ...................................................................................... 120

6.3 RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fk; rptpy; Ntiyfs; nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;Gfs; ................................................................................................................... 121

6.4 r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghl;L eltbf;iffSf;F xg;ge;jfhuupd; ,zf;fk; ................................... 122

6.5 tifg;nghWg;Gr; rl;lfk; ........................................................................................................ 123

6.6 Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; gapw;rpAk; .............................................................................. 124

7. kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw ........................................................................................................ 126

7.1 nghJ ........................................................................................................................................ 126



4

7.2 GRM kl;lq;fs; ...................................................................................................................... 126

7.3. cj;Njr kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw (GRM) ................................................................ 128

8. fz;fhzpj;jYk; mwpf;ifaplYk;.................................................................................................. 130

8.1 nghJ ........................................................................................................................................ 130

8.2 fz;fhzpj;jy; Kiwik ........................................................................................................ 130

8.2.1 cs;sff; fz;fhzpg;G ........................................................................................................ 130

8.2.2 ntspg;Gwf; fz;fhzpg;G ..................................................................................................... 131

8.2.3 fz;fhzpj;jy; tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;GfSk; .................................................................. 132

8.3 mwpf;ifaply; .......................................................................................................................... 134

8.3.1 mwpf;ifaply; nghWg;Gfs; ................................................................................................ 135

8.4 fz;fhzpj;jy; fl;likg;G ...................................................................................................... 135

,izg;G 1- r%f kjpg;gPl;bd; nghopg;G > aho;g;ghzk; 2016 ....................................................... 139

,izg;G 2 fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;F tpjpfs; 2008 .......................................................................... 153

,izg;G 3 fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;gpy; jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; eilKiw ........................................................................................ 156

,izg;G 4 fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;F tpjpfs; 2013 .......................................................................... 161

,izg;G 5 "Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lk;" vd;w tifapy; v];rpBgPf;fhd .............................. 169

mikr;ruitapd; mq;fPfhuk; ................................................................................................................. 169

,izg;G 6 kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhd gbk mr;Rf;fs; ................................................. 169

,izg;G 7 r%f Nrhjidf;fhd gbtk; .......................................................................................... 173

,izg;G 8 PMU tpd; gzp kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; gug;ngy;iy..................................................... 177

,izg;G 9 Kf;fpa mjpfhupfspd; jifikfSk; gpujhd ,LgzpfSk; ....................................... 179

,izg;G 10 ntsp MNyhrfu;fis thliff;fku;j;Jtjw;fhd Nritg; gpukhzq;fs; ............ 181

(ToR) ........................................................................................................................................................ 181

,izg;G 11 'FLk;g ml;ilapd;" khjpupg; gbtk; ............................................................................ 184

,izg;G 13 kdf;Fiw jPu;g;gjw;fhd tpz;zg;gg; gbt khjpup ........................................................ 186



5

Table 1: ml;ltiz: fhy;tha; xJf;fq;fspd; Fwpj;Jiwf;fg;gl;l mfyk; (kPw;wHfspy;) .................. 51

Table 2: r%f jhf;fq;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk ................................... 60

Table 3: fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; r%fg; fhg;gPl;L Mtzq;fspd; tif ................................. 68

Table 4: r%f kjpg;gPl;bd;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ,og;Gfs; kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fspd; tiffs; ............................................. 70

Table 5: thlif Mjdq;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdT ......................................................................................... 75

Table 6: cj;Njr cupj;Jupik mikTU.................................................................................................. 78

Table 7: gq;Fgw;WdH;fis milahsk; fhzy .................................................................................... 104

Table 8: fUj;jpl;l tl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW fl;lq;fSf;fhd MNyhridehlw; nraw;ghLfs; .............. 108

Table 9: jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSf;fhd fz;fhzpj;jy;

Fwp;fhl;bfs; .............................................................................................................................................. 137



6

G gh.e ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; (fs;) c.f.g cjtpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; t.e tq;fp eilKiw r.m.m r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mikg;G f.gh.jp fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;; r.m.m r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu; k.R.m kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig gp.f.g gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; c.g.m cupa guhkupg;G mwpf;if tp.m.M tpgukhd mstPl;L Ma;T tp.f.m tpupthd fUj;jpl;l mwpf;if gp.nr gpuNjr nrayfk; ep.K epiwNtw;W Kftu; R.jh.k Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPL c.m cupj;Jupik mikTU F.m FLk;g ml;il fh.kh.r fhyp khefu rig fp.m fpuhk mYtyu; ,.m ,yq;if murhq;fk; F.jP.F Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FO F.jP.ngh Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw M.R.g Muk;g Rw;whly; gupNrhjid R.F.Nf.M RahjPd FiwNfs; Mak; ah.kh.r aho; khefu rig f.kh.r fz;b khefu rig fh.R fhzp RtPfupg;G fh.R.r fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lk; fh.R.x fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;F tpjp fh.R.kP.F.F fhzp RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FO fh.m.f.r fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; c.f.jp.K.gp cs;Su;f; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT c.kP.F.F cs;Su; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FO ng.e.Nk.kh.m.m ngUefu kw;Wk; Nky; khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;R G.c Gupe;Jzu;T cld;gbf;if Nj.f.M.ep Njrpa fl;ll Muha;r;rp epWtdk; Ng.Nj.F ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpa FO Nj.R.r Njrpa Rw;whly; rl;lk; R.tp.kP.F.Nj.nfh Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;if Nj.f.t.fh.F Njrpa fUj;jpl;l topfhl;lw;FO njh.nfh njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if f.m.K.m fUj;jpl;l mq;fPfhu Kftu; mikg;G f.gh.e fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; f.gh.F fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; f.gh.tP fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tPLfs; f.g fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; ngh.j.ep nghJkf;fs; jfty; epiyak; ngh.j.if nghJkf;fs; jfty; ifNaL f.K.gp fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT f.g.K.m fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu; mikg;Gfs; f.j.gp fUj;jpl;lj; jahupg;Gg; gpupT



7

kP.F.kP.ng.G kPs;FbNaw;wk;> kPs;ngau;T kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgdk; kP.F.nr kPs; FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lk; tP.m.m tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig t.c top cupik kP.F.nfh.r kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; J.r.k Jupj r%f kjpg;gha;T r.k r%f kjpg;gha;T %.e.m.f %Nyhgha efu mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; %.e.g.m %Nyhgha efuq;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wdupd; muq;fk; r.jh.k r%f jhf;fj;jpd; kjpg;gPL r.m.m r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu; ,.fh.kP.m.$ ,yq;if fhzp kPl;G mgptpUj;jpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; k.r kj;jpa];j rig kP.F.nfh.r kPs;FbNaw;w nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; ng.e.Nk.kh.m.m.nr ngUefu kw;Wk; Nky; khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; nrayhsu; e.m.m efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig ng.m.t.gh.eP.I.eh.r ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd midj;J tbtpYkhd ghugl;rj;ij ePf;Ftjw;fhd

If;fpa ehLfs; rkthak; And];Nfh fy;tp> tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; fyhrhuj;jpw;fhd I. eh. mikg;G

c.t cyf tq;fp



8

nrhw;fsQ;rpak; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;: %.e.m.f tpd; nraw;gLj;Jif fhuzkhf> KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy;> epue;jukhf my;yJ jw;fhypfkhf fhzp (tjptpl> tptrha> tu;j;jf)> ePu;> tho;thjhuk;> tUlg; gapu;fs; my;yJ epue;jug; gapu;fs;> kuq;fs;> epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l xU fl;llk;> my;yJ mirAk; my;yJ mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fspy; Vjhtnjhd;iw nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; my;yJ gad;gLj;Jk; my;yJ gad; ngWk; cupikia ,of;Fk; vtNuDk; xU egu;> FO> r%fk; my;yJ kf;fspdk;.

tu;j;jf cupikahsu;: fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpDs; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPohd fl;Lkhd Ntiyfshy; ,ilA+iw vjpu;nfhs;Sk; tpahghunkhd;iw cupik nfhz;L elhj;Jk; ahNuDnkhU egu;. mtu; rl;lG+u;t cupikahsuhfNth> cupj;Jilikaw;w fl;Lkhdj;jpd; cupikahsuhfNth my;yJ xU Fj;jifahsuhfNth ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJld;> cupj;Jilik te;jilAk; topapd; gpufhukhd ntt;NtW ,og;gPl;ilAk;> kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; kPs;fl;Lkhdg; nghjpfisAk; ngWthu;.

njhif kjpg;gPL: jk; nrhj;Jf;fs;kl;by; cupik my;yJ cupj;Jupik vd;gdtw;iwg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ midj;Jg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fisAk; cs;slf;fp tPLfs;NjhWk; Nfs;tpf; nfhj;J%yk; elhj;jg;gLk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l KOikahd fzf;nfLg;G ,JthFk;. ,og;gPl;ilg; ngWk; my;yJ kPs;FbNaw;wg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifAld; fUj;jp;l;lj;jhy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; gpuNjrj;jpDs; GFNthuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nkhrbf; Nfhuy;fisf; Fiwf;f ,ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

,og;gPL: fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; RtPfupf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l nrhj;njhd;wpw;fhf my;yJ tsnkhd;wpw;fhf mJ khw;wPL nra;ag;gLk; jUzj;jpy; gzkhf my;yJ nghUshf toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdT.

KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehs;: “njhif kjpg;gPl;Lf; fzf;nfLg;G Muk;gpf;Fk; ehs; ,JthFk;. ,e;ehshdJ gfpuq;fkhf mwptpf;fg;gLtJld;> midj;J kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lq;fspYk; ,J cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vdpDk;> cupj;Jupik nfhz;Nlhu; jk; cupj;jpw;fhfj; jFjp ngWk; ,Wjp ehshdJ fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; (fh.R.r) mwptpj;jy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; ehshFk;. ,e;j ,Wjp ehSf;Fg; gpd;du; Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpDs; mj;JkPWk; egu;fs; ,og;gPl;bw;Nfh my;yJ NtNwNjDk; kPs;FbNaw;w cjtpf;Nfh cupj;JilNahu; Mfhu;.

r%fg; ghJfhtyu;fs;: fyhr;rhur; nrhj;Jf;fs;: fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Kfhik nra;tjw;Fk;> guhkupg;gjw;Fk; my;yJ mtw;wpd; NgZiff;Fk; nghWg;ghdtu;fnsd rl;lG+u;tkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU rq;fk; my;yJ mikg;G my;yJ xU kf;fs; FO.

mj;JkPWggtu;: jdJ jdpg;gl;l fhzpapd; ntsp vy;iyiaj; jdJ fl;llj;jpd; my;yJ tptrhaf; fhzpapd; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l vy;iyia> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l fl;llj;jpd; my;yJ tptrhaf; fhzpapd; vy;iyf;fg;ghy; rl;ltpNuhjkhf tpupTgLj;jp my;yJ ePl;rp nra;J> jdJ fhzpj; Jz;lj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ tptrhaf; fhzpf;Nfh mg;ghy; cs;s nghJ ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpg;gtu;.

cupj;Jupik: jkJ nghUshjhu> r%f jsj;ij kPsikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;L> jkJ ,og;Gfspd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd ,og;gPL> tUtha;



9

Kd;dpiy kPl;G> cjtp khw;wk;> tUtha; khw;wPL> ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gpw ed;ikfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa xU gy;ypd cjtpj; njhFjp.

FLk;g ml;il: ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;> mtu; FLk;gk;> ghjpg;gpd; tif> jhf;fj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; cupj;Jupikfs; vd;gdgw;wpa tpguq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mr;rplg;gl;l Xu; Mtzk; ,JthFk;. ,J ,U gpujpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. %yg; gpujp ghjpf;fg;gl;l eguplk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,izg;gpujp fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu;fspd; ghJfhg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; gjpT Nehf;fq;fspd;nghUl;L> vg;NghjhtJ cupj;Jupiknahd;W toq;fg;gLifapy; gh.e mjpy; ifnahg;gk; ,Ltjd;%yk; mijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk;: r%f Kfhikj;Jt nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; fPohd cupj;Jupikfs; toq;fy;> elj;JKiw kw;Wk; gpw eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;wpy; ,UghyhUf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; rk mq;fPfhuk;.

Xk;G rdj;njhif: fUj;jpl;lk; xd;wpdhy; ngsjPfuPjpahf ,lk;;ngaur; nra;a;gl;l kf;fs; kPs;FbNaw;wg;glTs;s ,lj;jpYk; mijr; Rw;wpYk; tho;gtu;fSk;> mk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpdhy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shff;$batu;fSkhd kf;fs;.

RNjr kf;fs;: ,dj;Jf;Fupa tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; 'RNjr kf;fs;" vDk; gjkhdJ gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; nfhz;bUf;;Fk.; xU njspthd> eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s> r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuf; FOTf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ: m) jk;ikj; jhNk njspthd RNjrpa fyhr;rhuf; FOnthd;wpd; cWg;gpdu;fnsd ,dq; fhzg;gLtNjhL> ,Nj milahsj;NjhL kw;wtu;fshYk; milahsk; fhzg;gLgthu;fs;. M)fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; G+Nfhs uPjpahfj; njspthd ciwtplq;;fSf;Fk; my;yJ %jhijaupd; Ml;rp epyg;gug;gpw;Fk; kw;Wk; ,e;j ciwtplq;fspYk; Ml;rp epyg;gug;GfspYKs;s ,aw;if tsq;fSf;Ff; $l;lhf ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gtu;fs; ,) toikahd fyh;rhu> nghUshjhu> r%f my;yJ murpay;uPjpahd epWtdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ngUk;ghd;ikr; rKjhak; kw;Wk; fyhrhuj;jpdpd;W NtWgl;bUj;jy; <) ehl;bd; my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t nkhopadpd;W ngUk;ghYk; NtWgl;bUf;Fk; RNjr nkhopnahd;iwg; NgRgtu;fsha; ,Ug;gH;. fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSf;fhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l efu;g;Gwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; RNjr kf;fs; r%fq;fs; ,y;iynad;gJ r%f kjpg;gPLfshy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk;: ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fspd; rk;kjkpd;wp eilngWfpd;w my;yJ kPs;FbNaw;wj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; toq;fg;gLk; rk;kjj;Jld; eilngWfpd;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wkhFk;.

nraw;gLj;Jif ml;ltiz: fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffSf;fhd fhy ml;ltiz.

tUkhd kPnsLj;jy;: ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tUkhd tsq;fisAk; tho;thjhuj;ijAk; kPs;epWTjy;.

fhzpj; Jz;lk;: fhzpj; Jz;lkhdJ fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpw;;F /FLk;gq;fSf;F my;yJ Xu; mur epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xU fhzpapd; gFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. epy msitfs; jpizf;fskhdJ jkJ vy;iyfis tFj;jgpd;> fhzpj; Jz;lj;ij fhzpfspd; Xu; mbg;gil mynfd tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ.



10

fhzp cupikahsu;fs;: mur gjpNtLfspy; njspthd cupj;jpidf;nfhz;l> kuq;fs;> gapu;fs; my;yJ fl;Lkhdq;fSldhd my;yJ mitfspd;wpa fhzpapd; cupikahsu;fs;. rpy tpjptpyf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzpfisr; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk; egu; xUtu;> jdJ cupj;jpid ep&gpf;Fk; Mtzq;fs; ,y;yhjNghJk; cupikahsuhff; nfhs;sg;gLthu;. Mdhy;> mtuJ cupj;Jilik rl;lj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cs;Su; mjpfhu rig kw;Wk; r%fk; vd;gtw;Wldhd fye;jhNyhridapd;gpufhuk; fhzp RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOtpdhy; tpNrl jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tho;thjhuk;: tptrhak;> tpyq;F Ntshz;ik> kPd;gpbj; njhopy;> $yp Ntiy> gy;NtW tifahd Nritfs; Nghd;w tho;tjw;fhd xU top my;yJ Mjhuk;.

tjpNthuw;w fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhd cupikahsu;fs;: jkJ fhzpiaAk; mjNdhbize;j Mjdj;ijAk; thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;Ff; nfhLj;Js;s fhuzj;jhy; my;yJ me;jf; fhzp gpwpnjhU eguhy; ciliknfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; jkJ fhzpia cilik nfhz;buhj rl;lG+u;t fhzp cupikahsu;fs;.

njh.nfh 4.12: cyf tq;fpapd; njh.nfh 4.12 vDk; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL. Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijj; jtpu;j;jy; my;yJ ,optsthf;Fjy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. kPs;FbNaw;wk; rhj;jpag;glhjtplj;J> ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,lg;ngau;Tf;F Kd;du; ,Ue;j kl;lq;fSf;F my;yJ fUj;jpl;l mKyhf;fk; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; epytpa kl;lq;fSf;F> ,jpy; vJ $LjNyh me;j kl;lq;fSf;Fj; jk; tho;thjhuj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;F cjtpaspj;jy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpd; kw;WnkhU mq;fkhFk;.

fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gk;: fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; my;yJ cg fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffspd; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; tpisthf> KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy;> epue;jukhf my;yJ jw;fhypfkhf> xU fl;Lkhdj;ij> fhzpia (tjptpl> tptrha> tu;j;jf)> Mz;Lg; gapu;fis> epue;jug; gapu;fis> kuq;fis> my;yJ NtNwNjDk; mirahj kw;Wk; mirfpd;w nrhj;Jf;fis cupik nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; my;yJ mjpypUe;J gad; ngWtjw;Fkhd cupikia ,oe;J> tho;thjhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Lg; ngUk; jhf;fnkhd;wpw;F Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; FLk;gk;.

fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj; jiytu;: fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; my;yJ cg fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffspd; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; tpisthf> KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy;> epue;jukhf my;yJ jw;fhypfkhf> xU fl;Lkhdj;ij> fhzpia (tjptpl> tptrha> tu;j;jf)> Mz;Lg; gapu;fis> epue;jug; gapu;fis> kuq;fis> my;yJ NtNwNjDk; mirahj kw;Wk; mirfpd;w nrhj;Jf;fis cupik nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; my;yJ mjpypUe;J gad; ngWtjw;Fkhd cupikia ,oe;J> tho;thjhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Lg; ngUk; jhf;fnkhd;wpw;F Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpd; jiyikiag; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; ahNuDnkhU egu;.

ghJfhg;gspf;fg;gl;l Fj;jiff; FbapUg;ghsu;: ,tu;fs; tu;j;jf my;yJ tjptpl rl;lG+u;t Mjdnkhd;wpy; FbapUg;Nghu; Mtu;. fhzp cupikahsu;fs; Fj;jiff; FbapUg;ghsu;fis ntspNaw;Wtij my;yJ jk; tpUg;gg;gb thlifia mjpfupg;gijj; jilnra;Ak; 1972Mk; Mz;bd; thlifr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpe;jpa mjd; jpUj;jq;fspd;fPo; ghJfhg;gspf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.



11

ey;ypzf;fk;: gpupe;J tho;tijtpl midtUk; xd;wpj;Jr; rpwe;j tho;it thOk; tifapy; ntt;NtW FOf;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpu;g;gpd;wp xd;wpj;J tho;tijAk; r%fj;Jld; gfpu;e;J thoj; Njitahd xj;Jiog;gpd; kl;lj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tijAk; rhj;jpakhdjhf;Fk; nrad;Kiw ,JthFk;.

kPs; ,ltikT: cw;gj;jpjU fhzp kw;Wk; nghJ cl;fl;likg;G cs;spl;l tPlikg;G kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fisg; gpwpNjhu; ,lj;jpy; kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

Gdu;tho;T: tUkhdq;fs;> tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f KiwikNahL xUq;fpize;j tho;T vd;gtw;iw kPs epWTjy;.

khw;wPl;Lr; nryT: ,oe;JNghd nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;L tpfpjk; KOikahd khw;wPl;Lr; nryit cs;slf;fpajhff; fzpf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. khw;wPl;Lg; ngWkjpahdJ jpwe;j re;ijapy; ,oe;j nrhj;jpw;Fr; rupnahj;jjhd Ntnwhd;iw mNj juj;jpy; nfhs;tdT nra;ag; NghJkhd nryitAk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryitAk; cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwiag; gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ Nja;khdg; ngWkjp fzf;fpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. ,yFtpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl my;yJ ,og;gPL nra;ag;gl ,ayhj ,og;Gfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> rk ngWkjp> fyhrhuuPjpahfg; nghUj;jkhd tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdkPl;ly;; tha;g;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

kPs;FbNaw;wk;: ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fSk; r%fq;fSk; jkJ ,oe;j fhzp> tPLfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;iw khw;wPL nra;J> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd toptha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp> jkJ r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu epiyikfis Kd;Ndw;w cjTtjw;fhd xU nrad;Kiw ,JthFk;. epu;khzpf;ff;$ba fhzpapy; ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fisf; FbNaw;wy;> my;yJ mbg;gil trjpfSf;Fj; jq;F jilaw;w top tha;g;Gf;nfhz;ljhd tPLfis my;yJ FbapUg;Gj; njhFjpfis toq;Ftij ,J cs;slf;FfpwJ. tho;thjhuq;fs;> tUkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jj; jsq;fs; kw;Wk; kPsf; FbNaw;wg;gl;ljd;gpd; tho;it kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd cjtpfs; cs;spl;ljhfr; rl;lk; xOq;if epiy ehl;b> mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lr; #oiktpy; Gjpa FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gdTk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lk;: xU fUj;jpl;l mDruizahsNuh my;yJ NtW xU nghWg;ghd mikg;Ngh jhk; gpd;gw;wTs;s eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;kiwahd tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf vLf;fTs;s Njitahd eltbf;iffs;> ,og;GfSf;F <L nra;aTk;> Fwpj;j KjyPl;Lf; fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; egu;fSf;Fk; r%fq;fSf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp ed;ikfis toq;fTk; Nkw;nfhs;sTs;s eltbf;iffisf; Fwpj;Jiuf;Fk; Xu; Mtzk;.

kPs;FbNaw;w cjtp: fUj;jpl;lk; xd;wpd; fhuzkhf ngsjPfuPjpahf ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; cjtp. jkJ kPs; ,ltiktpd;NghJ toq;fg;gLk; ,t;TjtpahdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J> czT> ciwtplq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f Nritfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;. NkYk; ,t;TjtpahdJ> ntWg;Gld; fye;j mnrsfupaq;fs;> GjpanjhU ,lj;jpy; epiykhw;wk; ngWk;NghJ Vw;gLk; efu;Tr; nryTfs;> ,of;fg;gl;l Ntiy ehl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw <L nra;tjw;fhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; gz cjtpiaAk; cs;slf;Fk;.



12

tjpfpd;w fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhd cupikahsu;fs;: jkJ nrhe;jg; gad;ghl;bw;fhfTk;> tjptpl> tu;j;jf> fyhrhu my;yJ rka Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk;> jk; cupj;ijj; njspthff; fhl;Lk; cWjpfSld; jkJ fhzpapy; FbapUf;Fk; cupikahsu;fs;.

gq;Fgw;WdH;: fUj;jpl;lnkhd;wpy; Mu;tk;nfhz;l> my;yJ mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l> my;yJ mjdhy; ed;ik ngWfpd;w kw;Wk; mjd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ,aYik nfhz;l ve;j my;yJ midj;Jj; jdp egu;fs;> FOf;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;.

rl;l uPjpaw;W tho;gtH: mur> my;yJ jdpahu; fhzpapy; mku;Tnfhz;L> mjpy; fl;Lkhdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;J> rl;lj;jpd;fPohd Kiwahd mgptpUj;jp mDkjpNah> cWjpNah ngwhJ> mf; fhzpia tjptpl> tptrha my;yJ tu;j;jfg; gad;ghl;bw;F tpl;bUg;gtu;.

cg FLk;gq;fs;: fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwgw;wpa 2Mk; gpuptpd; mwptpj;jypd;fPo; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l fl;lisf;Ff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3 tUlq;fSf;F Ke;jpa xNu thf;fhsu; gjpNtl;by; my;yJ jdpahd thf;fhsu; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xNu tPl;by; tho;fpd;w ,uz;lhk; my;yJ %d;whk; FLk;gk;.

thlif kw;Wk; Fj;jiff; FbapUg;ghsu;fs;: ve;jf; fhzpiaNah my;yJ Mjdq;fisNah my;yJ ,uz;ilANkh rl;lj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lthwhd ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpukhzq;fs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfspd;gpufhuk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpw;F thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F vLj;Js;s FbapUg;ghsu;fs;.

eypTw;w FOf;fs;: ,tu;fs; ghy;epiy> ,dj;Jtk;> taJ> cly; my;yJ cs ,ayhik> nghUshjhug; gpujp$yq;fs; my;yJ r%f me;j];J vd;gw;wpd; epkpj;jk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf kw;wtu;fistplTk; mjpf vjpu;kiwahfg; ghjpf;fg;glf;$batu;fsha; ,Ug;gtu;fSk;> kw;Wk;> kPs;FbNaw;w cjtp kw;Wk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila mgptpUj;jp ed;ikfs; Mfpatw;iwf; NfhUjy; my;yJ mjd;%yk; mD$yq;fisg; ngWjy; Mfpa ,aYikfspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ltu;fsha; ,Ug;gtu;fSkhtu;. Fwpg;ghf ,t;tifg;gl;NlhUs; ngz;fshy; jhgupf;fg;gLk; FLk;gq;fs;> ciof;ff;$ba Mz; cWg;gpdu;fs; ,y;yhj FLk;gq;fs;> cly;uPjpahfTk; csuPjpahfTk; rthYf;Fl;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;> NghJkhd msT cioj;Jf; FLk;gj;jpw;F Mjutha; ,Uf;fKbahj taJ Kjpu;e;j tYtw;w egu;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jhy; tWikf; Nfhl;bd; fPo; tho;gtu;fnsd mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; MfpadTk; mlq;Fk;.

mehjuthd FLk;gq;fs;: Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf my;yJ mgptpUj;jpapdhy; ce;jg;gl;l ,lg;ngau;tpd; fhuzkhf msTf;fjpfkhf Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shfpapUf;ff;$ba> r%fuPjpahfTk; nghUshjhuuPjpahfTk; Jd;GWk; FLk;gq;fs; ,itahFk;. ngz;fspd; jiyiikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;> mjpf tWikf;Fl;gl;ltu;fs;> khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs;> mfjpfs;> cs;Supy; ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fs;> mehijfs;> eyd;Gup epiyaq;fspy; tho;Nthu;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyj;jpy; mz;ikapy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;Nlhu; kw;Wk; xt;nthU rk;gtq;fs; thapyhfTk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Vida gpwiuAk; ,J cs;slf;Fk;.



13

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; mwpKfk;: %Nyhgha efu mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lkhdJ (%.e.m.f) mjd;; mbg;gilapy; %d;W Mf;ff; $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws; xd;W ghupa fz;b efu jiyaPLfSld; gpujhd mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fUthd Nghf;Ftuj;J neupriy ,yFgLj;jp> efupypUe;J njhlq;Fk; NritfisAk; thof;$ba jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;jp> cyf kuGupik efuj;ij ePbj;j fhyj;jpw;F epiyepWj;Jtjpy; <LgLfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ Mf;ff;$whdJ fiuNahu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw xUq;fpizg;gij mjd; gpujhd mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fUthff; nfhz;l ghupa fhyp efuj; jiyaPLfSld; njhlu;Ggl;L> efu;g;Gw cl;fl;likg;G/Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf cy;yhrg; gazj;Jiwf;Fj; J}z;Ljy; mspj;J efu;g;Gw ikaq;fSld; mij xUq;fpizf;f tpisfpd;wJ. %d;whtJ Mf;ff;$whdJ khefu kw;Wk; cs;Su; kl;lj;jpyhd epWtduPjpahd Mw;wYf;F tYt+l;b> fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jiff;F Mjutspg;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ fUj;jpl;lkhdJ tl ,yq;ifapy; cs;s aho;g;ghzk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; kw;nwhU efu;g;Gwg; gpuNjrj;ij mjd; ehd;fhtJ Mf;ff;$whfr; Nru;j;Jf;nfs;sj; jpl;lkpLfpwJ. Kd;du; r%f Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lfk; vd mwpag;gl;l ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfkhdJ> fz;b kw;Wk; fhyp efu;g;Gwg; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpj; jiyaPLfs; njhlu;ghd r%f fhg;gPl;L cld;ghl;bw;fhf VyNt



14

gpd;gw;wg;gl;l rl;lfj;jpd; jpUj;jkhFk;. ,k;kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l rl;lfkhdJ> fz;bapdJk; fhypapdJk; r%f #o;epiyfspypUe;J NtWgl;L epw;fpd;w aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjr r%f #o;epiykPJ ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;ba Njitf;Fg; gjpyspf;fpwJ.

fUj;jp;l;l tpguk;: Nfe;jpu efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lkhdJ (Nf.e.m.f)> njupT nra;ag;gl;l efu Nritfs; kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; gq;Nfw;Fk; efu;g; gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;s nghJ efu ntspfs; vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;Wtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f; fUj;jpl;lk; ehd;F $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. $W 1. fz;b efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s jiyaPLfisr; #o;e;Js;sJ. $W 2. fhyp efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s jiyaPLfis cs;slf;FfpwJ. $W 3. nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cjtpia toq;FfpwJ. $W 4. aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s jiyaPLfis cs;slf;FfpwJ. mJ ,uz;L gue;j %Nyhgha KjyPl;L tiffis ,yf;F itf;fpwJ: m) efupd; nraw;ghl;L mk;rq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L> xUq;fpize;j efu Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. M) efupd; ftu;r;rpiaAk; thof;$ba jd;ikiaAk; mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy;> nghJ efu ,lg; gug;ig Nkk;gLj;jy;.

fz;b efu;g; gpuNjr efuj; jiyaPlhdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J neupriyf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> thof;$ba jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jp cyf kuGupik efuj;ijAk; mjd; rd mlu;j;jpkpF gFjpfisAk; epiyNgWilajhf;fp khefu Nritfisj; juKau;j;Jtjw;Fk;> Kd;Dupik KjyPLfSf;F Mjutspf;fpd;wJ. fhyp efu;g; gpuNjrj; jiyaPLfs; nts;sg; ngUf;Nfw;gLk; Mgj;ijj; jzpg;gjw;fhf Kd;Dupik Kd;Ndw;wg; gzpfSf;F cjTtJld;> efug; gpuNjrj;ij Kd;Ndw;wp epiyNgWilajhf;Fk;nghUl;L nghJ efu mk;rq;fisj; juKau;j;jTk; Mjutspf;fpd;wJ. aho;g;ghz efug; gpuNjrj; jiyaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupriyj; jzpj;J> nts;sePu;j; jLg;Gf; Fsq;fs; cs;spl;l tbfhy; tplaj;ij Kd;Ndw;wp> thof;$ba jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jp fyhrhu kuGupik efuj;ijAk; mjd; rd mlu;j;jp epiwe;j gFjpiaAk; epiyNgWilajhf;Ftjw;F Mjutspf;fpd;wJ.

,ay; jpwd;nfhz;l r%fj; jhf;fq;fs;:

,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l efu;g; gpuNjrq;fspd; efur; #oiyAk; thof;$ba jd;ikiaAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjd;%yk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f r%fj; jhf;fq;fis cUthf;fNtz;Lnkdg; ngUk;ghyhd fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> efuj; juKau;j;- jYf;fhfTk; tPjp tpupthf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;l Gjpa epu;khzpg;Gfisf;nfhz;l rpy cgfUj;jpl;lq;fspy; fhzpr;RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; fhuzkhf> ePz;lfhy vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fs; voyhk;. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l r%f kjpg;gPl;by; (SA) njspTgLj;jg;gl;lthW> fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Mjpthrpr; r%fq;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; epiyNgwhd kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfspy; ,Ue;J vOfpd;w nrhj;J kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fs; kPjhd vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fspypUe;J kPSif vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;j r%f kjpg;gPl;il mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l xU kPs;;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. midj;Jg; ghjpf;fg;gl;legu;fSk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;duhd kl;lq;fSf;fhtJ ,oe;j nrhj;Jf;fisAk; tho;thjhuq;fisAk; Kd;Ndw;w my;yJ kPl;nlLf;f ,aYkhdtu;fsha; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;



15

vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j xU njhFjp topfhl;ly;fisAk; topKiwfisAk; mJ toq;FfpwJ. mjd;gpufhuk;> nghwpapay; tbtikg;GfSld; jahuhAs;s cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf> kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lq;fs; (RAP) / RUf;fkhd kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lq;fs; (ARAP) kw;Wk; r%f Nrhjid mwpf;iffs; (SSR) Nghd;w Njitahd ghJfhg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifapy; ghy;epiy kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G vd;gtw;iwg;; Nkk;gLj;j> ghy;epiy nraw;wpl;lKk; xU nghJ MNyhrid kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;Gj; jpl;lKk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (RPF): %Nyhgha efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l r%fj; jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;J Fiwg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; ,yq;if rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs;> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk;gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; cupa cyf tq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;Wld; xj;jpirAk; tifapy; RPF jpl;lkpLfpwJ. cupj;Jupikfis toq;Ftjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfisAk; eilKiwfisAk; tpjpg;gJld;> kdf;Fiwafw;wy;> MNyhrid ngWjy;;> gq;Nfw;G> ntspg;gLj;Jif> tsu;r;rpapdJk; tpisTfspdJk; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL cs;spl;l r%f/kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhd epWtduPjpahd xOq;FfisAk; mJ Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. r%f cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; tifg; nghWg;G vd;gtw;wpd; Nfhl;ghLfSld; xUepiyg;gl;l xU gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwf;fhd Fiwepug;G topfhl;ly;fisAk; mJ tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. RPF

ia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L> r%f Nrhjid kw;Wk; jhf;f kjpg;gPL vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L> cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd r%f nraw;wpl;lq;fs; jahu; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. rl;luPjpahd rl;lfKk; fle;jfhy mDgtKk;: ,yq;ifapd; fhg;gPLfSf;fhd rl;luPjpahd rl;lfkhdJ> rl;lq;fs; (Rw;whlw;Wiw kw;Wk; r%f)> mikr;ruitj; jPu;khdq;fs;> Kd;jPu;g;Gr; rl;lq;fs; topahf cUthf;fg;gl;l Kd;Djhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; epUthf eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1950Mk; Mz;bd; fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lkhdJ (LAA) mur Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj; jdpahu; fhzpfs; RtPfupf;fg;gLtijAk;> ,og;gPL nrYj;jg;gLtijAk; kdf;Fiw jPu;f;fg;gLtijAk; mDkjpf;fpwJ. vdpDk;> cupj;jpy;yhjtu;fs; kPjhd jhf;fq;fs; cs;spl;;l kPs;FbNaw;wg; gpur;rpidfis mJ jPu;f;ftpy;iy. 2001,d; NIRP ahdJ> kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpyhd ,og;gP;l;Lr; nrYj;Jif cs;spl;l kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgdg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. 2008 Mk; Mz;bd; kw;Wk; 2013 Mk; Mz;bd; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G xOq;Ftpjpfs; gy NIRP Nfhl;ghLfisf; $l;bizj;Js;sJld;> fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzp> fl;Lkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; gapu;fSf;F re;ijg; ngWkhdj;jpy; ,og;gPL nrYj;jy; cs;spl;l Gjpa eilKiwfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. fhzpr; RtPfupg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fis Kfhik nra;tjpYk;> cyf tq;fp> ADB kw;Wk; JICA Nghd;w ntspf; nfhilahsu;fSf;F Vw;Gila R&R nfhs;iffisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpYk; murhq;fk; Kd; mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. r%f Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jzpg;G eltbf;iffs;: Nfhl;ghLfisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Nkyjpfkhf RPF MdJ> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkplypYk; nraw;gLj;JifapYk; vLf;fg;glNtz;ba gpujhd



16

eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;Jk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. fhzp cupj;Jilatu;fspd; cupj;Jupikf;fhd KbTWj;jw; jpfjp LAA ,d; gpupT 2,d; fPohd mwptpj;jy; gpuRukhd jpfjpahFk;. Mdhy; cupj;jw;wtu;fSf;Nfh mJ njhif kjpg;gPl;bd; njhlf;f ehnsd RPF tiuaiw nra;fpwJ. KbTWj;jw; jpfjpf;Fg; gpd;du; fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzpapDs; mj;JkPwpNahu; ,og;gPl;ilNah my;yJ NtNwJk; tbtpyhd kPs;FbNaw;w cjtpiaNah NfhUtjw;F cupj;JilNahu; Mfhu;. 'cupj;Jupik mikTU" MdJ ,og;gpd; tifiaAk; gpupitAk; kw;Wk; cupj;Jupikf;Fj; jFjpAilNahupd; gpupitAk; tpgupf;fpwJ. LAA MdJ midj;Jtif ,og;GfSf;Fk; jPu;itj; juhjjdhy;> mt;thwhd gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;iffs; (NIRP kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpf; fhg;gPLfs;) gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. SCDP apd; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; tpisthy; Vw;gl;l midj;J ,og;GfSf;Fk; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk;. RtPfupf;fg;gl;l Mjdq;fSf;F epyTk; re;ij tpfpjq;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk;. tUkhd kPl;nlLg;G %NyhghakhdJ> tUkhd / tho;thjhu ,og;Gfisr; re;jpg;NghUf;F MW khj fhy tUkhd cjtp my;yJ tho;thjhuj;ij kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhd Xu; cjtp toq;fg;gLnkd MNyhrpf;fpwJ. fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l twpa kw;Wk; eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fSf;F mtu;fspd; ,og;gpd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J> 2008 kw;Wk; 2013,d; LA xOq;Ftpjpfspy; gl;bayplg;gl;lthW tho;f;ifj; njhopy; my;yJ jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp> tUkhd tha;g;Gf;fs; my;yJ tho;thjhu cjtp toq;fg;gLk;. jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy;> MNyhrid ngWjy;;: gy;NtW cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lq;fis (RAP) jpl;lkpLtjpYk; nraw;gLj;JtjpYk; gq;Fgw;WdH gq;Nfw;Gld; jfty; ntspg;gLj;Jif kw;Wk; MNyhrid ngWjw; rl;lfnkhd;iw RPF toq;FfpwJ. jpl;lkplw; fl;lj;jpypUe;J nraw;gLj;Jifr; nrad;Kiwtiu ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfs; (gh.e) jkJ cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfs; Fwpj;J mwptpf;fg;gLtu;. cgfUj;jpl;l Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jy;> jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;jw; fl;lq;fspd;NghJ gh. e. fsplk; MNyhrid ehlg;gLfpwJ. nraw;gLj;Jif xOq;F: fUj;jpl;lkhdJ> ngUefuq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; (MOM&WD) mu;g;gzpg;Gr; rpe;ijnfhz;l fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT (PMU) xd;wpdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. mj;Jld;> cg fUj;jpl;lq;fs; Mdit> khfhz rigfspd;fPohd efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig (UDA)> tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig (RDA), fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; (CCD), ePu;g;ghrdj; jpizf;fsk;> Njrpa ePpH toq;fy; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;Gr;rig (NSWDB), fz;b khefurig> fhyp khefurig> aho;g;ghz khefurig kw;Wk; ghupa fz;b> ghupa fhyp kw;Wk; ghupa aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspDs; tUk; cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhurigfs; cs;spl;l fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu; mikg;Gfshy; (PPAs) MNyhrid ehlg;gl;L Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLk;. RPF/RAP iar; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epWtd xOq;Ffs; PMU tpy; r%f Kfhikj;Jtj; jdpaiwnahd;iw epWTjy; / tYt+l;ly;> r%f Nrhjid kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s / xUq;fpizf;f xt;nthU PPA ,Yk; LAAkw;Wk; R&R FOf;fis epWTjy; Nghd;w (Njitg;gbd; MNyhrfu;fspd; cjtpAld;) eltbf;iffspd; nghUl;L RAP fisj; jahupj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jy;> xU ehd;F fl;l GRM, (RahjPd fhg;gPl;L fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;Tg; nghwpKiwfs;) vd;gtw;iw



17

cs;slf;Fk;. fhzpr; RtPfupg;G> GdUj;jhgd kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;j xUq;fpizg;ghdJ PMU tpw;F cupajhFk;. kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw (GRM):; gy fl;l kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw xd;W Fwpj;j ,lj;J kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOTld; (LRC) jhgpf;fg;gLk;. mJ Kjw;fl;l kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOthfr; (GRC) nraw;gLk;. gh.e. xUtu; GRC apd; jPu;khdj;jpy; jpUg;jpAwhtpby;> mk; kdf;Fiw xU thuj;jpDs; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsUf;Fr; (PD) rku;g;gpf;fg;glyhk;. PD cupa PPA cld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J 3 thuq;fSs; xU jPu;khdj;ij vLg;ghu;. PD apd; jPu;khdKk; mtUf;F Vw;Gilajha; ,y;iynadpd;> mtu; RahjPdf; FiwNfs; Maj;jpw;F (IGP) Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. IGP ahdJ> fhzp mikr;R> cs;Suhl;rp kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; mikr;R> tpiykjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpepjpfs;> xU rl;lj;juzp> Xu; ,isg;ghwpa rpNu];l mur mYtyu; kw;Wk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l rptpy; rKf mikg;gpd; gpujpepjp mj;Jld;/my;yJ gh.e rhu;ghf Kd;nkhopag;gLk; xU egu; MfpNahiu cs;slf;Fk;. ngUefuq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; nrayhsuhy; toq;fg;gLk; jPu;khdj;ij gh.e. Uf;F Vw;Gilajha; ,y;iynadpd;> mtu; ePjpkd;wj;ij ehlyhk;. MdhYk;> ePjpkd;wj; jiyaPl;il ehLtjw;FKd;> jdJ Fiwfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s gh.e xUtUf;F ehd;F FiwjPu;f;Fk; kl;lq;fs; cz;L. r%f tif $wy;> cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy: ,e;j mk;rq;fs;kPJ tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;ba Njitia RPF typAWj;JfpwJ. MfNt> nghJkf;fs; jftY}lhf r%f tif$wiyAk; cs;slf;fj;ijAk;> jpl;lkplypy; gpui[fspd; <Lghl;ilAk; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; fz;fhzpg;igAk; tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mJ Nfhl;ghLfis toq;FfpwJ. r%f cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; ghy;epiyg; Kf;fpag;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; RPF MdJ> kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkplw; nrad;Kiwapy; ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> nghUshjhuuPjpahf tYtw;w epiyapy; cs;Nshu;f;Fk;> kPs;FbNaw;wj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$ba tho;thjhuq;fisAk; tUkhdq;fisAk; kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhf ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd kw;Wk; eypTw;wepiyapYs;s FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; tpNrl cjtpfis toq;Fk; nghUl;Lk; topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL: cs;sf kw;Wk;; RahjPdkhd ntspthupf; fz;fhzpg;Gk; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwnahd;Wk; ,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf epWtg;gLk;. fz;fhzpg;Gf; Rl;bfis RPF ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L MNyhrfu;fs; fhyhz;L tsu;r;rp mwpf;ifiaAk; tUlhe;j fhg;gPl;L kPsha;T mwpf;iffisAk; toq;Fthu;fs;.



18

;

1. mwpKfk; 1.1 gpd;dzp 1. cy;yhrj; Jiw> JiwKfk; kw;Wk; fy;tp vd;gtw;wpy; ehL ey;y tsu;r;rpj;

jpwidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy;> ,yq;ifapd; efu;g;Gwf; fl;likg;ghdJ Nghl;bj; jd;ik tha;e;j> ed;F ,izf;fg;gl;l efuq;fisf;nfhz;l xU Kiwikahfg; gupzkpf;ff;$ba ,ay;jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gUkdpy; rpwpa ,yq;ifapd; epyg; gug;G> nfhOk;G khefug; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rpykzp Neug; gazj;jpy; mNef efuq;fisr; nrd;wilAk; tpjj;jpyhd mjd; jiuj; Njhw;wk; vd;gd ,t; ,ay;jpwdpd; va;Jifia ,yFgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,g; nghUshjhuj; njhiyNehf;fpd; Ngz;jF epiyahdJ> xU Kiwik my;yJ xU tiyaikg;G vd;w tifapy; ,yq;if efuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpapd; ,ay;jpwidf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; itj;jpUg;gjpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.

2. vdpDk;> ,yq;ifapd; efuq;fs; jkJ nghUshjhu ,ay;jpwid miltij

,q;fpUf;Fk; gy Kl;Lf;fl;ilfs; jLf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf csSu; kl;lq;fspy; cl;fl;likg;G Vw;ghLk; Nrit tpepNahfKk; epWtduPjpahfTk; Jiwfs; uPjpahfTk; gpsTgl;Lf; fplf;fpd;wd. khefurigfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l



19

mjpfhuq;fSf;Nf nghWg;ghAs;sd. mNjNtis NtW gy gpuNjrq;fs; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW Kftu; mikg;Gfshy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L Kfhik nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjpfupj;JtUk; Nfs;tpfisg;; G+u;j;jpnra;a mbg;gil efu NritfSk; cl;fl;likg;GfSk; NghJkhditahf ,y;iy. mNjNtis cs;Su; mjpfhu rigfSf;F ,Uf;ff;$ba kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epjp kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fs; vd;gd jFe;j xUq;fpizg;G ,y;yhjjd; fhuzkhf> ,Uf;fpd;w cs;Su; cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; Nritfspd; tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;l tpepNahfk;> njhopw;ghL kw;Wk; guhkupg;G vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilA+whf cs;sd.

3. Nkw;$wpa fl;Lg;ghLfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ,yq;ifapd; Nfe;jpu

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j efuq;fspyhd efu Nritfs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; thof;$ba jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba fUj;jpl;lk; xd;wpw;fhd mtru Njit ,Ug;gJ Gydhfpwd;J. %Nyhgha KjyPLfSld;$ba efuq;fspd; “fyhrhu kw;Wk; nghUshjhu" nrhj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L efupd; epiykhw;wq;fis tbtikg;gjd;%yk; ,J va;jg;gLk;.

1.2 fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; 4. %Nyhgha KjyPLfs; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l efu;g; gpuNjr fyhrhu kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fj; JiztYT+l;Ltjd;%yk; efupd; epiykhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtij cj;Njr fUj;jpl;lkhdJ Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,yq;if

murhq;fkhdJ> fz;b kw;Wk; fhyp vDk; ,uz;L Kd;Ndhb efuq;fspy; cyf tq;fp jdJ Kjw; fl;l mgptpUj;jpia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F VJthd nghJthd xU jskhf ,yq;if Nfe;jpu efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij ,yq;if murhq;fk; xU rhd;W tpsf;fj;jpD}lhf Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fNtz;LnkdTk;> mJ aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpw efuq;fSf;Fk; tpupTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;LnkdTk; cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murhq;fKk; mj;Jld;/my;yJ gpw mgptpUj;jpg; gq;fhz;ikahsu;fSk; gpw Nfe;jpu efuq;fspy; rkhe;jpukhfNth my;yJ mLj;JtUk; fl;lq;fspNyh NkYk; KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

5. ,f;fUj;jpl;lkhdJ ,uz;L gpujhd tiffspyhd %Nyhgha KjyPLfis ,yf;F

itf;fpd;wJ: 1) efuj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L mk;rq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Kiwikrhu; mbg;gil efu Nritfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jldhd - xUq;fpize;j Nrit tpepNahfk;. 2) efupd; ftUk;jd;ikiaAk; thof;$ba jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,iaG+f;fk; nfhz;l efuj; juKau;j;jy; Kaw;rpfSldhd xUq;fpize;j efuj; jpl;lkply;. efuq;fspd; nraw;gL jd;ik kw;Wk; thof;$ba jd;ik vd;gd ,f; Nfe;jpu efuq;fspd; nghUshjhu uPjpahd Nghl;bj;jd;ikia Cf;Ftpj;Jg; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaf; nfhz;LtUk;.

6. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; njupTnra;ag;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUk; ghupa fz;b kw;Wk;

ghupa fhyp Mfpa ,uz;L efu;g; gpuNjrq;fSk; xNutpjkhd gz;Gfisg; gfpu;fpd;wd. ,yq;iff;fhd ,uT Neu ntspr;rg; gFg;gha;tpd; mbg;gilapy;> ,t;tpU gpuNjrq;fSk; nfhOk;G khefug; gFjpf;F ntspNaahd Mff; $Ljyhf



20

efukag;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. fz;bAk; fhypAk; Nrit tpepNahfj;ij njhlu;e;J Ngzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gijtplTk; tpiuthf rdj; njhifiaAk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisAk; ftu;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.; NkYk; ,uz;L efuq;fSk; jw;Nghija my;yJ jpl;lkpl;l re;ijf;fhd mZFtop ikaq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. (cjhuzkhf fhypf;fhd njw;F mjpNtfg; ghij kw;Wk; fz;bf;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s mjpNtf mZFtopg; ghij) mit rdj;njhifr; nrwptpd; efuf;$l;bdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis czHtjid mDkjpf;fpd;wd. ,U ,lq;fspYk; khefu Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> njhopw;ghl;L efu vy;iyfSf;F ntspNa #o cs;s gpuNjrq;fSk; mg; gpuNjrq;fspd; xU jpul;rpahff; fUjg;gLk;.

7. Nkyjpf epjpaplypd;fPo;> tlkhfhzj; jiyefukhf ,Ug;gJk;> ,yq;ifapy;

ePz;lfhy rptpy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ kpfg; ngupa efukhf tpsq;FtJk;> ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fisj; jd; ngUk;ghd;ik rdj;njhifahff; nfhz;bUg;gJkhd aho;efukhdJ> ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSld; Ngzpte;j ,izg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kWkyHr;rp kw;Wk; Kd;dpiy kPl;G vd;gtw;wpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; efukakhf;fy; epfo;r;rpepuiy tpupTgLj;Jtjw;nfdj; njupTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NghJkhd tsq;fspd; gupkhw;wj;jpD}lhf mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;s gpuhe;jpa Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ,y;yhkw; nra;jy; kPJk; ,J ftdf;Ftpg;Gr; nra;Ak;.

1.3 fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tpguk; 8. ,f;fUj;jpl;lk; ehd;F Mf;ff; $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. 1Mk; Mf;ff;$W fz;b

efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpw;fhd jiyaPLfis cs;slf;Ffpwd;J. 2Mk; Mf;ff;$W fhyp efu;g; gpuNjrj; jiyaPLfs;kPJ ftdf;Ftpg;Gr; nra;fpwJ. 3Mk; Mf;ff;$whdJ> khefu rigfs; jkJ nrhe;j cl;fl;likg;Gf; fUj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhopy; El;gj; jpwid mjpfupf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; nraw;gLj;jy; cjtpiaAk; njhopy; El;g cjtpiaAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. 4Mk; Mf;ff;$W aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjrj; jiyaPLfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;Ffpd;wJ.

1.3.1; Mf;ff;$W 1: fz;b efu;g; gpuNjr efuhl;rpj; jiyaPLfs;

9. ,t;thf;ff;$whdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J neupriy ,yFgLj;jp> khefu Nritfisj; juKau;j;jp> thof;$ba jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jp> cyf kuGupik efuj;jpYk; mjidr; #oTs;s rdr; nrwpthd gpuNjrj;jpYk; Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jpa Kd;Ndw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Mjutspf;fpwd;J. efu Nritfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> fz;b efu;g; gpuNjrg; nghJkf;fspdJk; khefurigapdJk; ,lq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw ,t;thf;ff;$W cs;slf;FfpwJ. 1) njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,izg;G tPjpfspd; Gdu; epu;khzk;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;;; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kfhikj;Jtr; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w Nghf;Ftuj;J Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;> 2) fz;b khefurigapd; ePu; toq;fy; Kiwikapd; tp];jupg;G kw;Wk; Gduikg;G> 3) gpujhd fhy;tha;fspd; Gduikg;G> 4) njupT nra;ag;gl;l tPjpf; fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Nkk;gLj;Jif> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; Kf;fpa epy



21

milahsf; fl;llq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kd;dpiy kPl;Gk;; mtw;wpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba kPs;gad;ghLk; cs;spl;l efuj; juKau;j;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j tpupthd jpl;lnkhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy; vd;gdTk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.

1.3.2 Mf;ff;$W 2: fhyp efu;g; gpuNjr efuhl;rpj; jiyaPLfs; 10. nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtijf; Fiwj;J> efu;g; gpuNjrj;ijg; Ngz;jF epiyapy;

itj;J Kd;Ndw;Wk;nghUl;Lg; nghJ efu mk;rq;fisj; juKau;j;Jtjw;fhf ,t; Mf;ff;$whdJ Kd;Dupik Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F Mjutspf;fpwd;J. ,t; Mf;ff;$whdJ efu Nritfs; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; nghJ efu mk;rq;fspd; Nkk;gLj;Jif vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld; 1) njupT nra;ag;gl;l fhy;tha;fs; kw;Wk; Nkw;gug;G tbfhy; cl;fl;likg;Gfs; vd;gtw;wpd; GdUj;jhgdk; cs;spl;l nts;sf; Fiwg;G eltbf;iffs;. 2) njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; fiuNahu kz;zupg;Gf; Fiwg;G eltbf;iffs;. 3) njupT nra;ag;gl;l tPjpf; fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Nkk;gLj;Jif> tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; Kf;fpa epy milahsf; fl;llq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kd;dpiy kPl;Gk;; mtw;wpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba kPs;gad;ghLk; cs;spl;l efuj; juKau;j;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j tpupthd jpl;lnkhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy; vd;gdTk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.

1.3.3; Mf;ff;$W 3: nraw;gLj;Jiff;fhd cjtp kw;Wk; jpwidf; fl;bnaOg;gy; 11. ,t; Mf;ff;$whdJ> jpwid tYg;gLj;j gpd;tUk; fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffis

epiwNtw;Wtijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ: 1) fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk;> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL> ngWif eltbf;if> epjprhu; Kfhikj;Jtk;> Rw;Wg;Gw kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf;fs; Mfpa nraw;gug;Gf;fspy; mKy;g;gLj;Jiff;fhd Mjuit toq;fy; 2) nghJkf;fs; tpopg;Gzu;itAk; njhlu;ghliyAk; ,yFgLj;jy; 3) fl;Lkhdk;> Nkw;ghu;it> Rw;Wg;Gw kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;GfSf;F mike;njhOfy; 4) njhopy; El;g MNyhrf Nritfs;> njhopw;ghl;L cjtp> thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lr; nryTfSf;F epjpaply; 5) gpw Nfe;jpu efuq;fSf;fhd Maj;jf; fw;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; Nghd;w Njrpa Nfe;jpu efuq;fs; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd cjtpaspj;jy;> gpw nraw;gLj;Jif kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtf; fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

1.3.4 Mf;ff;$W 4: aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjr efuhl;rpj; jiyaPLfs; 12. ,t;thf;ff;$whdJ> Kf;fpa efuj; jiyaPLfspD}lhf efu Nritfs;

tpepNahfj;ij tpupTgLj;jy;> fhy;tha; Kiwikfis Kd;Ndw;Wjy; kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jyq;fis kPs capu;g;gpj;jy; Mfpatw;iw tpupTgLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J 1)mur efu mk;rq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;> kPs;gad;ghl;bw;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f fl;llq;fspd; Kd;dpiy kPl;ly; cs;spl;l Kf;fpa fyhrhu kuGupikj; jyq;fisj; juKau;j;jpg; GJg;gpj;jy; 2) ,izg;G tPjpfspd; Gduikg;G> mur



22

Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w ,izg;Gj; njhlu;Gis Kd;Ndw;wy;; 3) nts;sg; ngUf;iff; Fiwj;J mrhjhuz fhyepiyapd;Nghjhd ePiu mjpfk; gpbj;Jitf;Fk;nghUl;L tbfhyikg;G kw;Wk; ePu;j;Njf;fr; nraw;ghl;bid Kd;Ndw;wy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf 4) fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jiff;fhfTk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpw;fhd njupT nra;ag;gl;l jiyaPLfSf;fhd %Nyhgha TA f;fhfTk; jpwidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtnjdj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1.4 fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; 13. fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfspy; mNdfkhdit efuj; juKau;j;jYf;Fk; Nrit

tpepNahfj;jpd; tpupthf;fj;jpw;Fk; Njitahd kPs;fl;Lkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgd eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;ljha; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mgptpUj;jpf;fhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l neUf;fbahd %Nyhghaj; jiyaPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLifapy; efuq;fspd; thof;$ba jd;ik Kd;Ndw;wg;gLtJld;> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrit tpepNahfkhdJ Kf;fpakhd mgptpUj;jp tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;fp> mjdhy; efuf; FbapUg;ghsu;fSf;Fk>; gazpfSf;Fk;> njhlu;Ggl;l efuq;fSf;Fk; Mw;wq;fiuNahug; gFjpfSf;Fk; ed;ikfis toq;Ffpd;wd. vdpDk;> fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; vjpu;kiwahd r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; voyhnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwd;J. kltis - jpfid tPjp tp];jupg;G> nkhunfhl vy Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lk;> fhyp kj;jpa efu Kd;Ndw;wj;

jpl;lk; kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzj; jiyaPl;bd; tPjp/fhy;thha;/kioePu;j; jLg;Gf; Fsk; Mfpa cj;Njr jiyaPLfspy; mt;thwhd jhf;fq;fs; czug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Wl;rpy jw;fhypfkhdit. Vidait epue;jukhdit. mt;thwhd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf> fUj;jpl;lkhdJ Gjpa epu;khzpg;GfSf;Fg; gjpyhf> Gjpa fhzpr; RtPfupg;igj; Njitg;gLj;jhJ> my;yJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpyhd fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gld; jw;NghJs;s trjp toq;F epiyaq;fis kPs; epu;khzpg;gij my;yJ Gduikg;gijj; njupT nra;Ak;. vq;F fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gk; kPs; ,l mikTk; jtpu;f;fg;gl KbahJs;sNjh> mq;F fUj;jpl;lkhdJ mur rl;lk;rhu; rl;lfk; kw;Wk; tq;fpf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gd mike;njhOfg;gLtij cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; nghUj;jkhd ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

14. fUj;jpl;lkhdJ mjd; tbtikg;gpYk; nraw;gLj;JifapYk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l

mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. mjd; gpufhuk;> fUj;jpl;lkhdJ jdJ ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lkplypy; Xu; ,UKid mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk;;. Muk;gj;jpy; vz;zf;fU uPjpapy; VyNt G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s midj;Jj; Jizf;fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; kPsFbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;. njhlu;e;J tuTs;s jpl;lq;fSf;fhf> nghwpapay; tbtikg;Gfs; G+u;j;jpailAk;NghJ ,f;nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; gpufhuk; kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

15. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l efu;g; gpuNjrq;fspy; RNjrpa kf;fs;

my;yJ FOf;fs; ahUk; trpf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapd; Ntlu;fs; (tdthrpfs;) vd tuyhw;WuPjpahf mwpag;gl;l xU RNjrpa kf;fspdk; kl;LNk 1948 ,d; gp[hTupikr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ,yq;ifg; gpui[fshf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mj;Jld; mtu;fs; ,yq;if murpayikg;gpy; nghjpag;ngw;Ws;s midj;J



23

cupikfisAk; rpwg;GupikfisAk; mDgtpg;gNjhL> murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSlhf ePjpf;fhd rk toptha;g;Gk; mtu;fSf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njupT nra;ag;gl;l fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; tjpfpd;w> fhzpia my;yJ tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Ntlu;fs; vtUk; ,y;iynad r%f kjpg;gPL njspTgLj;jpAs;sJ.

16. ghy;epiy> nghJ MNyhrid kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G vd;gd fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa

gupkhzq;fshFk;.ghy;epiy kw;Wk; r%f cs;slf;fkhdJ Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghz %.e.m.f jiyaPl;by; Kf;fpakhdnjd r%f kjpg;gPPL ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kPs;FbNaw;wk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fs; ngz;fSf;Fj; Jd;gkspj;Js;sjhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. VyNt> Ntiytha;g;Gf; fl;likg;ghdJ Mzhjpf;fg; gz;G nfhz;ljhf tpsq;FfpwJ. aho;g;ghzk; cs;spl;l Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fSk; Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz; rdj;njhifAk; cs;sd. ngz; jiyikapyhd kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba epiyapy; cs;sd. fUj;jpl;lk; njhlu;gpyhd jftiy toq;fy;> fUj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpf;fhf mtu;fSila fUj;Jf;fisAk; gupe;JiufisAk; cs;thq;fy; kw;Wk; KOf;fUj;jpl;lr; nrad; Kiwapd;NghJk; mtu;fSld; gq;fhz;ikiaAk; njhlu;r;rpahd <Lghl;ilAk; fl;bnaOg;gy; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J MNyhridfs; ngwg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. mjd;gpufhuk;> fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapy; ghy;epiy kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;igg; Kf;fpag;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ghy;epiy nraw;wpl;lq;fSk; nghJkf;fs; MNyhrid kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;Gj; jpl;lq;fSk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. jftiyg; gug;gy;> nghJkf;fSld; MNyhridfis elj;jy; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G vd;gtw;iw ,yFgLj;j jdpahd xU njhlu;ghly; %Nyhghak; jahupf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

1.4.1 r%f kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa KbTfs; 17. xt;nthU efuj;jpdJk; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; jdpj;Jtk; fhuzkhf efu;g;

gpuNjrq;fspy; %Nyhgha efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;l (SCDP) jiyaPLfs; NtWgLfpd;wd. fz;b efuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhdhy;> Kf;fpakhf efupd; kj;jpahdJ Nkyjpf gf;fthl;L tp];jupg;Gf;F ,lkpd;wpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehyhgf;fj;jpYkhd Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ikag; gFjpahd efuk; neLq;fhykhfg; Nghf;Ftuj;J neuprYf;F Kfk; nfhLj;JtUfpd;wJ. mNj Ntis fz;bahdJ capNuhl;lKs;s cyf kuGupik efukhfj; jpfo;tJld;> vy;yhtw;iwAk;tplr; rpwe;j ,aw;ifahd Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oYf;fhd kjpg;igAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> nghJkf;fs; cs;spl;l gq;Fgw;WdH kj;jpapy; gpd;tUtd Fwpj;J nghJthd xU fUj;njhUikg;ghL epyTfpwd;J: 1) fz;b njhlu;e;Jk; xU kuGupik efukhfj; jpfoNtz;Lk;> 2) etPd efukhf epiykhw;wk; milifapy; mjd; ,aw;if moF ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;> 3) efupd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahd Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gpur;rpid jPu;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,r; #oiktpy;> SCDP jiyaPLfs; r%fuPjpahf Neu;epiy epge;jidfNshL kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd: m) midj;Jf; fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSk; efuj;jpd;kPJk; mjd; rdj;njhifapd;kPJk; rhjfkhd jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd midj;Jg;; gq;Fgw;WdHfSk; cld;gLfpd;wdu;.



24

M) fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfs; efupd; neupriy ,yFgLj;jp mij kf;fs; el;Gila efukhf khw;wpaikf;Fk;. ,) fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfs; efiu mofpay;uPjpahf kdjpw;F NkYk; ,jk; jUtjhfTk; fz;izf; ftu;tjhfTk; khw;wpaikf;Fk;. <) fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfs; efupd; rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; cy;yhrj; Jiwf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.

18. njd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,ltikT nfhz;Ls;s fhypAk; tuyhw;Wr;

rpwg;Gkpf;f efuq;fSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. SCDP jiyaPLfs; efug; gpuNjrj;jpDs; nts;sj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fisf; Fiwf;Fk;nghUl;L tbfhy;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fis Kd;Ndw;wy;> flw;fiug; ghijfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;> tuuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f Nfhl;iliaAk; mjd; fhg;guizAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; fhyp efuj;jpw;F mZFtopfisf; nfhz;ljhf cs; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijia tpUj;jpnra;jy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;;Ffpd;wd. ,j; jiyaPLfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd: flw;fiuf;fhd toptha;g;ig Kd;Ndw;wy;> efupy; ghjrhupfspd; neupriyf; Fiwj;jy;> fz;izf; ftUk; efupd; moif mjpfupj;jy;> nts;s mgha epiyf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy; kw;Wk; nkhunfhil fhy;thapd; ePNuhl;lj;jpw;F vjpuj; jpirapy; cs;s tptrhaf; fhzpiaAk; fhy;thNahukhd ghij tiyaikg;igAk; Kd;Ndw;wy;. fhyp khefurig> fhyp kuGupik kd;wk; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs; cs;spl;l gq;fPLghl;lhsu;fs; ,f;fUj;jpl;lj;ij tuNtw;gNjhL> mJ ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapy; cy;yhrg; gazj;Jiwiaf; ftu;e;jpOf;fpd;w xU kf;fs; el;Gil efukhf khw;wpaikf;Fk; vd ek;gpf;if ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.

19. aho; efug; gpuNjrkhdJ 20.2 rJu fp. kP. gug;igf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> aho;g;ghz

gp.nr.gpupT> ey;Y}u; gp.nr.gpuptpd; xU gFjp vd;gd ,ize;J aho; khefurigapd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. aho;g;ghzkhdJ tl khfhzj;jpd; jiyefukhf tpsq;FtNjhL> ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg; ngupa efukhfTk; jpfo;fpd;wJ. aho; khefug; gpuNjrj;jpd; nkhj;j rdj;njhif 90>658 MFk;. ,jpy;; ,e;Jf;fs; fpl;lj;jl;l 60 rjtPjKk; fpwp];jtu;fs; Vwj;jho 35 rjtPjKk; Mtu;1. kWGwj;Nj> jPgfw;gj;ij cs;slf;fpa aho; khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;j rdj; njhifahdJ 583>882 MFk;. ,jpy; Mz;fs; 46.3 rjtPjKk; ngz;fs; 53.7 rjtPjKk; Mtu;. khtl;l rdj; njhifapd; 99 rjtPjj;jpdu; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; Mtu;. njhopy;Gupfpd;w 154>562 Ngupy; 26>474 mur mYtyu;fSk; (,jpy; 11>467 Ngu; ngz;fs;) jdpahu; Jiw Copau;fshd 14>242 NgUk; (,jpy; 3>342 Ngu; ngz;fs;) mlq;Ftu;.2 Mf> Ntiy tha;g;G epytukhdJ moFf; fyhrhuk;> khiy Nfhu;j;jy;> Mil cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; czTw;gj;jp Nghd;wit jtpu;j;J> Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fpl;lj;jl;l 200>000 Ngu; efu kj;jpf;Fr; nrd;W tUfpd;wdu;. tPlikg;G mlu;j;jp aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cau;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigapd; (UDA) juTfspd;gpufhuk;> tPlikg;Gj; jl;Lg;ghL 5.8 rjtPjkhfTk;> miu epue;ju kw;Wk; jw;fhypf tPLfs; KiwNa 18 kw;Wk; 13 rjtPjkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghff; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; twpatu;fs; thOk; tPLfs; kpf Nkhrkhd epiyikfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1 aho; khefurig (18.11.2015 eilngw;w MizahsUldhd MNyhridf; $l;lk;) 2khtl;l nrayfk;> aho;g;ghzk; - Gs;sptpguf; ifNaL - 2015



25

tPLfspypUe;Jk; tpahghu epiyaq;fspypUe;Jk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopT ePuhdJ fpUkpePf;fk; nra;ag;glhJ> kioePu; tbfhy; fl;likg;GfSf;Fk; ePu; jLj;Jitf;Fk; Fsq;fSf;Fk; mDg;gg;gLtJ gpujhd gpur;rpidahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

20. khtl;lj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd r%f Fbj;njhifj; Njhw;wg;ghlhdJ Aj;jj;jhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs;> ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;> eyd;Gup epiyaq;fspYs;s egu;fs;> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; tsq;Fiwe;j jPTtho; r%fj;jpdu;> kw;Wk; ntspehLfspypUe;J <l;lg;gLk; tUkhdj;ijg; gzg; gupkhw;;wkhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; FLk;gq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.3 aho;

khtl;lj;jpy; kPs; FbNaw;wg;gl;l nkhj;jk; 97>052 Ngupy; %d;W FOf;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd: cs;Supy; ,lk; ngau;e;J kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;ltu;fs; (39413 Ngu;)> ntspehl;bypUe;J ehL jpUk;gp kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;Nlhu; (2>267 Ngu;) kw;Wk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;Nlhu; (55>372 Ngu;). vdpDk;> eyd;Gup epiyaq;fspy; 4>240 Ngu; ,d;Dk; kPjkhf cs;sdu;.4

21. njhy;ypay; uPjpahfTk;;> tuyhw;W uPjpahfTk;> fyhrhu uPjpahfTk; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;

ngsj;ju;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lq;fisAk; mJNghy; vopy; nfhopf;Fk; ,aw;ifahd flw;fiufisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gij Kd;dpl;L> aho;g;ghzkhdJ ngUk; Gfio <l;bAs;sJ. njhy;ypay;uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fisj; njhy;ypay; jpizf;fsk; milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ. Kf;fpakhd rpy kjj; jyq;fshd ty;ypGuk; tp\;Z Nfhtpy;> ey;Y}u; KUfd; Nfhtpy;> eFNy];tuk; rptd; Nfhtpy;> ehfjPgk; ngsj;j tp`hiu> xy;yhe;ju; Nfhapy;> Gdpj ahfg;gu; Nfhapy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. tuyhw;W uPjpahfg; Gfo; tha;e;j ,lq;fSs; ke;jpup kid> aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;il> `k;kidd; Nfhl;il> neLe;jPTf; Nfhl;il> aho; tuNtw;G myq;fhu tisT kw;Wk; [Kdh Fsk; vd;gd mlq;Ffpd;wd. cy;yhrg; gazj;JiwiaAk; cgrupg;Gf; ifj;njhopiyAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd ,ay;jpwd; nfhz;l ,lq;fshf gq;Fgw;WdHfs;; ,tw;iw ,dq;fz;Ls;sdu;.

22. tPjpfspd; xU tiyaikg;G kw;Wk; xU Gifapujg; ghij vd;gtw;wpD}lhf

aho;g;ghzkhdJ ehl;bd; gpujhdkhd efuq;fSlDk; re;ij ikaq;fSlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. aho; gpuNjr nrayfg;gpupthdJ 35.15 fp.kP. ePskhd tPjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Ws; ‘A’ kw;Wk; ‘B’ gpupT tPjpfs; KiwNa 17.23 fp.kP.> 10.44 fp.kP. ePsj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. kPjp 'C' gpupT tPjpfshFk;. NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd ,izg;Gf;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J NritfSf;Fkhd Njit mq;Fs;sJ. <UUspfSk; ce;JUspfSk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mjpfk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Nghf;Ftuj;J neupriy ,yFgLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mjw;fhd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd jiyaPl;bw;Fr; r%f kl;lj;jpy; Nfs;tp vOe;Js;sJ.

3 ,J tplaj;jpy; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fspd; mtjhdpg;G: twpatu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cjtpiag; ngWtjpy;iy. xg;gPl;lstpy; trjp gilj;jtu;fNs mt;thwhd cjtpiag; ngWfpd;wdu;. NkYk; mj;jifa cjtpfspd; tpisthf aho; jPgfw;gj;jpy; FLk;g topghl;bw;fhfj; jdpahu; Mjdq;fspy; Gjpjhfg; gy Nfhtpy;fs; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4 khtl;l nrayfk;> aho;g;ghzk; - Gs;sptpguf; ifNaL - 2015.



26

23. kioePiuj; jLj;Jitf;Fk; Fsq;fs; cs;spl;l tbfhy; xJf;fPLfs; Nghd;w nghJ ,lq;fs; rpyuhy; mj;JkPwpg; gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.5 kioePiuj; jLj;Jitf;Fk; xU FskhdJ> nghJf; fl;llq;fs; fl;Ltjw;fhf mjpfhupfshy; epykPl;G nra;ag;gl;l xU re;ju;g;gKk; cs;sJ. kiof; fhyq;fspy; jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. kioePiuj; jLj;Jitf;Fk; Fsq;fs; Rw;whly;uPjpahfTk;> r%fuPjpahfTk; Kf;fpa nraw;ghLfSf;F cjTtjhy;> gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSk; r%fq;fSk; mit Gduikf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mf;fiw fhz;gpf;fpd;wdu;. aho; kuGupikapd; xU gFjpahd ,f;Fsq;fs; kuG rhu;e;jitnad tpgupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

24. %d;W jrhg;jfhy cs;sf Aj;j #o;epiyia mLj;J> aho;g;ghzkhdJ xU Jupj

efukag;gLj;jw; fl;lj;jpDs; Eioe;Js;sJ. efukag;gLj;jYf;F ce;Jjy; mspg;gjw;fhd

UDA jpl;lq;fspy; Kd;Ndw;;wfukhd efuj;jpw;Fk; efuhz;ik ikaq;fSf;Fkhd r%f vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; gpujpgypf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjpy; (jw;Nghija aho; khefurigia cs;slf;fpajhf 40 r. fp. kPw;wUf;Fkjpfkhd vy;iyfSf;F ePl;rp nra;ag;gl;l) 'aho;g;ghz efuk;" kw;Wk; khq;Fsk; Nghd;w ,izf;fg;gl;l nra;kjp efuq;fs;6 vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kWGwj;Nj> ey;Y}u;f; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpd;NghJ gpujhd tPjp %lg;gl;L xLq;fpa tPjp xd;wpD}lfg; Nghf;Ftuj;J epfo;tjhy; fLikahd Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; Vw;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l ,t; tPjpia tpupTgLj;JkhW r%fj;jpdu; Nfhupf;if tpLj;Js;sdu;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> KOikahd efu mgptpUj;jpapd;nghUl;L fopTePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;> FbePu; toq;fy; kw;Wk; tbfhy; mikg;G Mfpa gpujhd nraw;gug;GfisAk; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; ,dq;fz;Ls;sdu;. jw;Nghija fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,tw;iw KOikahf cs;slf;f ,ayhJ vd;gijAk; mtu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sfpd;wdu;.

Jupj r%f kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa KbTfspd; RUf;fj;jpid ,izg;G 1 ,y; ghHf;f.

1.4.2 gpujd r%f mgha Neu;Tfs; 25. mbg;gilg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;J> fz;bia xU etPd efukhfTk; Xu; cyf

kuGupikj; jykhfTk; NgZtjw;F fz;bapy; tPjpg; Gduikg;G> kuGupikia kPsf; fl;baikj;jy; Mfpa ,U SCDP fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSk; ,d;wpaikahjitnad mNefkhf midj;Jg; gq;Fgw;Wdu;;fSk; ,dq;fz;Ls;sdu;. SCDP apd; Kjw;fl;lf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vjpu;kiwahd r%fj; jhf;fq;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;ytpy;iy. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F cjTtjw;nfd Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd> tPjpNahuj;jpYs;s FWfpa fhzpj; Jz;Lfs; ghjpf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> mit ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; tPLfs;kPNjh> my;yJ mtu;fspd; tUkhd %yq;fs;kPNjh Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fhJ. xU rpy tPLfs; kl;LNk tPjpfSld; njhlu;Gila

5 gq;Fgw;Wdu ;fSldhd Muk;gf; $l;lj;jpy; 50% Fsq;fs; ,t;thW kf;fshy; mj;JkPwpg; gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

6 khtl;l nrayfj;jpy; 17.11.2015 md;W eilngw;w gq;Fgw;Wdu ;;fSldhd Muk;gf; $l;lj;jpy; UDA

nra;j rku;g;gzk; (presentation)



27

rpy cg fUj;jpl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;glNtz;bapUf;Fk;. GdUj;jhgdr; nrad;KiwahdJ ,e;j ,lq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Ak; cy;yhrg; gazpfisNah nghJkf;fisNah jil nra;ahJ vd;gjhy;> kuGupikf; fl;llq;fspd; kPs;fl;likg;G cs;Su; tu;j;jfq;fs;kPJ vJtpj jhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fhJ.

26. gy jrhg;jq;fshf fhypapy; cs;s nkhunfhil fhy;thahdJ gpuNjrthrpfshy;

jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> cupa mjpfhupfshYk; jtwhd Kiwapy; Kfhik nra;ag;gl;L te;Js;sJ. fhy;tha;f;Fg; gpd;dhy; thOk; r%fj;jpdUld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fye;jhNyhridapd;NghJ> cj;Njr mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;Jj; jhk; cau;e;j vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> nraw;gLj;Jk; Kftu; mikg;Gf;fSld; jhk; xj;Jiof;f tpUk;GtjhfTk;> Vnddpy; jkf;F Neub ed;ikiaj; juf;$ba tifapy; ,j; jiyaPlhdJ jukhd tho;f;ifiaj; jkf;F tpisthfj; jUnkdj; jhk; ek;GtjhfTk; $wpajhfj; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> fhy;tha; Gduikg;ghdJ fhy;tha; xJf;fPl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mj;JkPwpg; gpuNtrpj;jtu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l rl;ltpNuhjf; fl;llq;fs;kPJ jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$Lk;. vdNt> rpy fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffspd; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; tpisthf mq;Nf ngsjPfuPjpahd rpy ,lg; ngau;TfSk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; Njitg;ghLfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.

27. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; efuhz;ikj; juKau;j;Jif> Kf;fpa fyhrhu kuGupikj; jyq;fs;>

kioePiuj; jLj;Jitf;Fk; Fsq;fspd; Gduikg;G vd;gd Kf;fpakhd %Nyhghaj; jiyaPLfs; MFk.; mit efu;g; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapd; rpy Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPs; xUq;fpizg;Gj; Njitfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jPu;j;Jitf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> fye;jhNyhridapd;NghJ ,dk; fhzg;gl;l> fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fr; rpf;fyha; mikaTs;s rpy r%fg; gpur;rpidfSk; mgha Neu;TfSk; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf> kuGupikj; jyq;fSf;Fk; tbfhy; kw;Wk; kioePiug; gpbj;Jitf;Fk; Fsq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;Fk; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;l fhzpfis mj;JkPwpg; gpbj;Jitj;jpUg;NghuplkpUe;J kPl;ly;> Gduikf;fg;gl;lJk; Fsq;fspd; guhkupg;Gf;Fr; rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jk; KiwNflhd ePu; Kfhikj;Jtj;ijr; rPuhf;Ftjpy; cs;s f];lq;fs;> fhzp cupj;J kw;Wk; cupj;J Kiwikfs; vd;gtw;wpy; cs;s rpf;fiyj; jtpHj;jy;;> fhzp fpilj;jypy; cs;s kl;Lg;ghLfs; Kjypad fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapy; jhkjj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l kw;WnkhU tplak; ahnjdpy;> fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; Mfpa nrad;Kiwfspd;NghJ fhzp cupj;jpid ep&gpf;Fk; rl;lG+u;t Mtzq;fis cupa egu;fs; jk;trk; nfhz;bUf;fhik xU tplak;. Aj;j fhyj;jpd;NghJ njhiye;j my;yJ gOjhd rl;lG+u;t Mtzq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfg; Gjpa Mtzq;fis toq;f murhq;fk; mwpKfk; nra;j eilKiwfs;kl;by; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fs; ftdk; vLf;fj; jtwpaiik kw;nwhU tplak;. tPjpfs;> kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk; jiyaPLfs; epu;khzpg;Gf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSf;fhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;l tPjpNahuq;fs;> eilghijfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; jkJ tpahghuj;ij elj;Jk; tpahghupfs;> Kiwrhuh tu;j;jfu;fs; Mfpa rpy efu;g;Gwr; r%fj;jpdupd; tho;thjhuj;jpd;kPJ jw;fhypf my;yJ epue;juj; jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. fUj;jpl;l epu;khzpg;Gfspd;NghJ jkJ tpahghu eltbf;iffisj; njhlu;tjpy; mtu;fs; rpukq;fis vjpu;Nehf;fyhk;. aho; efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; kio ePiug;



28

gpbj;Jitf;Fk; Fsq;fisr; Rw;wptu thOk; mj;J kPwpNahu; cj;Njr jiyaPLfSf;F vjpu;g;igf; fhl;lyhk;. fopT ePiuAk; jpz;kf; fopitAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhf ,f; Fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; Nghd;w njhlu;r;rpahd nray;fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpapd; ed;ikfis mg;Gwg;gLj;jyhk;. rka kw;Wk; fyhrhu kPs; capu;g;G+l;LjNyhL njhlu;Gila tplaq;fs; cs;spl;l r%f Kd;Dupikfs; njhopy; El;guPjpahfr; rhj;jpakhdjhfTk;> epjpuPjpahf xg;Ngwf;$bajhfTk; my;yJ gaDilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;gpDs;nfhz;Ltug;gly; Ntz;Lk;. aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; khztu;fs; kw;Wk; gazpfs; Nghd;w efu Nritfspd; Kf;fpa ghtizahsu;fs; efuj; juKau;j;jy; eltbf;iffspd;NghJ Fog;gq;fSf;F Kfq;;nfhLf;ff;$Lk;. r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l Jbg;ghd mikg;Gf;fs; ,y;yhikAk; jiyaPLfSf;nfhU jilahf cs;sJ. fhzp RtPfupg;G> kPs; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; Kd;dpiy kPl;G eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhd jhf;fq;fisj; jzpg;gjw;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLk;. gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du;> murpay; gupkhzj;ij Kfhik nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epWtd xOq;Ffs; cUthf;fg;gLk;;.

1.5 kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; Nehf;fKk; fl;likg;Gk; 28. IDA tsq;fSld; epjpaplg;gLk; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk;

cyf tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffSld; mike;njhOfNtz;ba Njit cz;L. vdNt> ,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; epjp ngwj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSk; mtw;wpd; $WfSk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; njhlu;ghd rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F ,irthf ele;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> cyf tq;fpapd; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;iffisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jj; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLk.; SCDP apd; fPohd ngUk;ghyhd cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Nfh my;yJ KjyPLfSf;Nfh tpupthd tbtikg;Gf;fs; ,f; fl;lj;jpy; ,Wjp nra;ag;glhjpUg;gjhy;> gue;j r%fg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp nra;a> rl;lf mZFKiw kl;LNk gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

29. ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfkhdJ (RPF) ,ay;jpwd; nfhz;l r%fj;

jhf;fq;fisAk; mghaNeu;TfisAk; ,dq;fz;L> kjpg;gPL nra;J> vjpu;fhy cg fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; gFjpahf mj; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd jpl;lq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf> RPF MdJ jhf;fq;fis ,dq; fhzy;> cupj;Jupikfis toq;Fjy;> kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jy;> MNyhrid $wy;> gq;Fgw;wy;> ntspg;gLj;jy;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tpisTfs;gw;wpa fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; ghjPL cs;spl;l r%f/kPs; FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfisAk; eilKiwfisAk; Kd;itf;fpwJ. RPF MdJ r%f cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy; vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;JtjD}lhf NkYk; gq;Nfw;G Kiwnfhz;l Xu; mZFKiwf;fhd Fiwepug;G topfhl;ly;fis tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. RPF I mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L r%fg; gupNrhjidAk; jhf;f kjpg;gPLk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;



29

gLtJld;> Njitg;gLk;NghJ cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gLk;.



30

2. RatpUg;gw;w fhzp RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfk;

2.1 nghJ

30. cj;Njr fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPohd midj;J eltbf;iiffSk; kPs;FbNaw;wg; gpuaj;jdq;fspd; #oiktpy; nghUj;jKila ehl;bd; gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhd rl;lq;fs;> xOq;F tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mwptpj;jy;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; xj;jpirT nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffs; ,yq;ifapd; rl;l> xOq;Ftpjpr; rl;lfj;Jld; xj;jpirT nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpuptpdJk; (PMU) fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu; mikg;GfspdJk; (PPAs) nghWg;ghFk;. Nkyjpfkhf> ,e; eltbf;iffs; cyf tq;fpapd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; topfhl;ly;fSf;;fikthf cs;sd vd;gJk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. ,g; gpupthdJ> gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhd Njrpaf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfk;> ,f; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fg; gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhd cyf tq;fpf; fhg;gPLfs;> rl;lthf;fj;jpy; cs;s ,ilntspfs;> xOq;F tpjp> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplw; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;gd Fwpj;J Muha;fpd;wJ. ,r; rl;lfkhdJ> Njrpa nfhs;iffSf;F mikTw xOFk; mNj Ntis cyf tq;fpf; fhg;gPl;Lf;nfhs;iffSld; xj;jpUg;gjpy; cs;s ,ilntspfs; Fwpj;Jk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

2.2 Njrpa nfhs;ifAk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfKk; 31. Njrpa kl;lr; rl;lfkhdJ fPNo tpgupf;fg;gl;lthW> rl;l kw;Wk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfk;>

nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; cupa Kftu; mikg;Gfspd; rPuhf;fy; tfpghfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

2.2.1 ,yq;ifapy; fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gg;gw;wpa rl;l kw;Wk; rPuhf;fw; rl;lfk;

32. fhzp RtPfupg;G> mur fhzpfs; kPsg; ngWif> cupj;Jj; jUk; fhytpjpg;G> xJf;fy;fs; gw;wpa ntspg;gLj;jy;fs;> Mjd ,og;Gf;fhd ,og;gPL> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd ,og;gPL Nghd;w fhzpAld; njhlu;Gila tplaq;fNshL rk;ge;jg;gl;l jw;Nghija ,yq;ifr; rl;lq;fs; gpd;tUk; gy rl;lthf;fq;fspy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; mtw;wpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy:

01. 1950 ,d; 09Mk; ,yf;f fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lk; 2008,Yk; 2013,Yk; jpUj;jg;

gl;lthW> kw;Wk; fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;Ftpjpfs; 02. 1949 ,d; 13Mk; ,yf;f mur fhzpfs; rl;lk; 03. 1979 ,d; 7Mk; ,yf;f mur fhzpfs; (cilik kPsg;ngwy;) rl;lk; 04. 1935 ,d; 19Mk; ,yf;f fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 05. 1971 ,d; 22Mk; ,yf;f fhy tpjpg;G fl;lisr; rl;lk; 06. rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; 07. 2014/02Mk; ,yf;f fhzp Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; Rw;wwpf;if 08. 1980 ,d; 47Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; rl;lk;



31

09. 1981 ,d; 73Mk; ,yf;f tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; 10. 1978 ,d; 41Mk; ,yf;f efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; 11. 1947 ,d; 29Mk; ,yf;f khefurigfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 12. 1980 ,d; 2Mk; ,yf;f efu mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lq;fs; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;)rl;lk; 13. 1968 ,d; 15Mk; ,yf;f ,yq;if fhzp kPl;nlLg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp $l;Lj;jhgdr; rl;lk; 14. Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; Njthyfk; rl;lk; 15. 1972 ,d; thliff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; 2006 ,d; thlifj; jpUj;jr;

rl;lk; 16. nghJr; nry;top fl;lisr;rl;lk; 17. Kbf;Fupa fhzp mj;JkPWif fl;lisr;rl;lk; 18. 1977 ,d; kfhtyp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; 19. td fl;lisr;rl;lk; jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; Vida nghUj;jkhd rl;lthf;fq;fs; 20. Njrtoikr; rl;lk; 01) 1950 ,d; 09Mk; ,yf;f fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lk; (LAA) 33. nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fhzp RtPfupf;fg;gLtjhdJ 1950Mk; Mz;bd; 9Mk;

,yf;f fhzpRtPfupg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;why; topelj;jg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> 2008 ,d; fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;F tpjpfs; 2009 khu;r; 17 ,y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> 2009 Vg;uy; 7,y; ntspte;j 1596/12 Mk; ,yf;f tu;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRukhfp> md;wpypUe;J mKYf;F te;jJ. ,r; rl;lkhdJ ehl;bDs; fhzpr; RtPfupg;ig ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lfnkhd;iw toq;FtJld;> LAA ,d; fPo; cs;s Vw;ghLfs; jtpHe;j, ve;nthU egUk; fhzpia ,of;fhjpUg;gij cj;juthjg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk;> RtPfupg;gpw;F Kd; ghjpf;fg;gLk; egu;fSf;Fj; jk; fUj;jpidf; $Wtjw;fhd cupikia toq;FfpwJ. toikahf fhzpr; RtPfupg;ghdJ Neuj;ij tpOq;Ftjhf ,Ug;gJld;> ,r; nrad;KiwahdJ KOikailtjw;F rpy khjq;fs; Kjy; 2 - 3 tUlq;fs;tiu vLf;fpwJ. ,jw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r fhyk;> mjd; %yfq;fs;> nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhff; fhzpiar; RtPfupf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; eilKiwfs; Nghd;w gpujhd mk;rq;fs; ,izg;G III ,y; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkyjpf xOq;FtpjpahdJ LAA ,d; fPo; 2009,y; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> 7.4.2009 Me; jpfjpa 1956/12 ,yf;f tu;j;jkhdp tpsk;guj;jpd; %yk; mKYf;F te;jJ. Njitapy;yhj RtPfupg;Gf;F ,r; rl;lk; Mjutspf;fhj mNjNtis> vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU fhzp RtPfupf;fg;gLfpwNjh> me; Nehf;fj;jpw;Nf mf; fhzp gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

34. fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpy; Vw;gLk; jhkjj;jpw;fhd gpujhdkhd xU fhuzk; rl;luPjpahd

eltbf;iffNshbize;j ,og;gPl;L eilKiwfs; njhlu;gpy; vOfpwJ. mtru Njitfspd; epkpj;jk; fhzpiar; RtPfupf;fTk; LAA ,d; 38A gpuptpd;fPo; Vw;ghL cs;sJ. xU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfr; RtPfupf;fg;gl;l fhzp NtnwhU Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjhYk;> gad;gLj;jg;glhJs;s fhzp Muk;g



32

cupikahsUf;F kPsf; ifaspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhYk;> mehtrpa RtPfupg;Gf;fisr; rl;lk; Cf;Ftpg;gjpy;iy. ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd fhzpf;Fr; re;ij tpiyg;gb ,og;gPLtoq;fy;> Nja;khdk; ,y;yhj fl;Lkhdq;fSf;F kPs;fl;Lkhdr; nryit toq;fy;> ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd fhzpj;Jz;bd; myF xd;wpd; tpfpjhrhukhd nryitj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf KOf; fhzpiaAk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy;> tpahghu ,og;Gf;fs;> kPs; ,ltikT cjtp Nghd;w mNef Kd;Ndw;wfukhd Vw;ghLfs; 2008 ,d; LA xOq;F tpjpfspy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. (,izg;G: 2)

35. RtPfupf;fg;glTs;s fhzpapd;kPjhd cupj;Jilikia ep&gpj;jy;> njspthd

cWjpiaf; fhz;gpj;jy;> midj;J tpguq;fisAk; jpul;b ,og;gPl;bw;fhd Nfhupf;ifiar; rku;g;gpj;jy; Mfpa midj;Jg; ghuq;fisAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;kPJ Rkj;JtJ LAA ,d; NghjhikfSs; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; jkJ cupikfisg;gw;wpNah> LAA ,d; fPo; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba fhy ml;ltizfisg;gw;wpNah mwpahJs;sdu;. my;yJ mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;> mJFwpj;j eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; trjpaw;wtu;fsha; my;yJ gy;NtW mjpfhupfisj; njhlu;Gnfhs;tjpYk; Mtzg;gLj;JtjpYk; mDgtkw;wtu;fsha; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,ij vjpu;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;L> nraw;gLj;Jk; xOq;Ffs; njhlu;ghd mj;jpahaj;jpy; Muhag;gl;l MNyhrid kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahf> SCDP ahdJ LAA ,d; fPo; jkJ Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itg;gjw;F ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;F cjtpnra;Ak;. jkJ cupj;Jupikf;fhd toptha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;F cjTtjpy; r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fSk; (CDO fs;) rptpy; r%f mikg;GfSk; trjpg;gLj;Jk; tfpghfnkhd;iw Mw;Wtu;. fhzp RtPfupg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; SCDP ahy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; nrad;Kiw ,izg;G 3 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

36. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; fhzp RtPfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; Nkhrkhd jhkjq;fSf;F

Kfk; nfhLf;f Neuplyhk;. vdNt ,r; nrad;Kiwiaj; Jupjg;gLj;j xUq;fpizg;G cjtpia toq;FKfkhf> fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT (PMU) tpNrl fhzp mYtyu; xUtiu epakpf;Fk;.

37. LAA ,d; fPPohd Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; 2009 Vg;uy; 07Me; jpfjpa 1596/12Mk; ,yf;f

mur tu;j;jkhdpapy; gl;bayplg;gl;l ,og;gPL vd;gd xd;W Nru;e;J ,og;gPL nrYj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if 4.12 ,d; (OP 4.12) Njitg;ghLfisg; ngUkstpy; G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wd. vdpDk;> OP 4.12 ,y; $wg;gl;lthwhd> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fupa> Fwpg;ghff; fhzpapy; mku;e;jpUg;gtu;fSf;Fupa ,og;Gf;fspd; midj;J mk;rq;fs;kl;bYk; LAA jd; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jtpy;iy. mbg;gilapy;> rl;lkhdJ fhzp cupikahsupd; jw;Nghija r%f nghUshjhu epiyikfs; Fwpj;Njh> my;yJ ePz;lfhy mbggilapy; fhzpr; RtPfupg;ghdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tUkhdq;fs;kPJk; tho;thjhuq;fs;kPJk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Njh myl;rpakha; cs;sJ.

38. ,og;gPl;ilj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> tu;j;jkhdp tpsk;guk; ntspahd

ehsd;W> tpUg;gg;gLk; tpw;gidahsu; xUtuhy; jdJ fhzpiaj; jdpahd xU



33

Jz;lhf jpwe;j re;ijapy; tpw;Fk;NghJ fpilf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; njhifNa nghJthff; fhzpnahd;wpd; re;ijg; ngWkjpnadf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fhy;tha; xJf;fPLfspy; ,Ue;j fhzpf; fPw;Wf;fs; Fiwe;j re;ijg; ngWkhdk; nfhz;l 'jdpj; jdpf; FWfpa fhzpj;Jz;LfshfNt" Kd;du; fzpf;fg;gl;ld. rJg;Gf; fhzpfSf;Fk; mj;JkPwg;gl;l fhzpfSf;Fkhd ,Ug;Gg; ngWkjpahdJ Fiwe;j re;ijg; ngWkhdk; nfhz;ljhfNt fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. 2008 ,d; LA xOq;F tpjpfNshL ,jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjd;gb> fhzpapd; myFg; ngWkhdkhdJ FWfpa fhzpf;fPw;W vdg; ghuhJ> fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd KOf; fhzpj; Jz;nldf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;Nl fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

39. LAA,d; gpufhuk;> RtPfupg;G mYtyu;fSf;$lhf fhzpr; RtPfupg;ig

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gJ fhzp mikr;Nr MFk;. ,t;tikr;Nr fhzp RtPfupg;G mYtyu;fis epakpj;J nghJkf;fs; jftYf;fhf mij tu;j;jkhdpapYk; mwptpj;jJ. midj;Jg; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fSk; gjtp topahfr; RtPfupg;G mYtyu;fshfTk; flikahw;Wtu;. Mdhy; kjpg;gPl;ilg; nghWj;jtiuapy; kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsNk mjw;Fg; nghWg;ghFk;. nry;Ygbahd fhzp cWjpfisj; jk;trk; itj;jpUg;gtu;fSk;> mtw;iw cupa fhzpg; gjptfq;fspy; gjpT nra;J itj;jpUg;gtu;fSkhd ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;F kl;LNk ,og;gPL nrYj;jg;gLnkdr; rl;lk; tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. rl;lG+u;t cupj;Jupik ,y;yhJ fhzpapy; mku;e;jpUg;gtu;fs; my;yJ mjpypUe;J tUkhdk; ngWgtu;fs; Nghd;w cupj;jpy;yhjtu;fis mJ mq;fPfupg;gjpy;iy. MfNt> LAA ,d; fPPo; mtu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; vjpu; khwhd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghL vJTkpy;iy. MapDk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cupj;Jupik te;jilAk; top (EM)ahdJ> ghjpf;fg;gl;l cWjp ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,og;gPl;ilAk; kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgd cjtpiaAk; (R&R) toq;FfpwJ.

40. LAA MdJ fhzpfSf;Fk; Vida mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; mjpy;

mlq;fpatw;wpw;Fk; (fl;Lkhdq;fs;> kuq;fs;> goj;Njhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gapu;fs;) ,og;gPL toq;FfpwJ. mj;Jld; LAA ,d; gpupT 07,d; fPohd mwptpj;jy; gpuRupf;fg;gLjw;F cld; Kd;duhd %d;WtUlq;fSf;fhd cau;e;jgl;rj; Njwpa ruhrup tUkhd ,og;ig Mtzq;fs; %ykhf ep&gpf;ff;$batu;fSf;Fk; tUkhd ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 2008,d; LA xOq;F tpjpfspy; Mtzr; rhd;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l eguhy; tUkhd tup nrYj;jg;gl;lik Nghd;w gpw rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; tUkhd ,og;G kw;Wk; gpw jhf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F ,og;gPL toq;Ftjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

vdpDk;> tUkhd ,og;Gf;fhfr; rhd;Wfisf; fhl;lKbahky; ,og;gPl;Lf; Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itg;Nghiu 2008 ,d; LA xOq;F tpjpfs; cs;slf;ftpy;iy.

41. fhzp RtPfupg;gjw;fhd Muk;gf; Nfhupf;if Kjy; fhzpiar; RtPfupj;J cilik

nfhz;L> cupa rhd;wpjo;fisg; gjpT nra;tJ tiuahd toikahd fhzp RtPfupg;ghdJ> mjpf fhyk; gpbf;fpd;w ePz;lnjhU nrad;KiwahFk;. ,aYkhdtiu Mff; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpDs; ,e;jg; gzp epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gijf; ftdpg;gjw;fhf fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupthdJ cupa



34

mjpfhupfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,aYkhdtiu Fiwe;j fhyj;jpDs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fis kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtijg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ,yFgLj;Jk;nghUl;L fhzpia ciliknfhz;L Fbrhu; Ntiyf;fhf mjidf; ifaspg;gjw;FKd; ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdTk; kw;Wk; gbfSk; xU ngupa njhifahfr; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

02) Njrpa RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if (NIRP) 2001 42. LAA ,d; FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fis ePjpahd epaha

G+u;tkhd Kiwapy; elj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf NIRP 2001MdJ mikr;ruitapdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,lk;ngau;e;Njhupd; cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gLtijAk; mtu;fs; tYtpof;fhjpUg;gijAk;> my;yJ mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; fUj;jpl;l mKyhf;fj;jpd; tpisthy; mtu;fs; mehtrpakhfj; Jd;GWj;jg; gltpy;iynad;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L> mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fSf;fhf ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lfnkhd;W ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W mJ typAWj;jpaJ. NIRP topahf> ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs; jhk; ,lk;ngau;e;jNghJ vt;tifg;gl;l tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy; ,Ue;jdNuh> mjNdhL xg;gplf;$ba xU tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy; itf;fg;gLtnud cWjp toq;fg;gl;ldu;. NIRP apd; gpujhd Nfhl;ghLfs; my;yJ mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW vLj;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;:

vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;Fjy; my;yJ Fiwj;jy;. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd khw;wPLfis kPsha;T nra;tjd;%yk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wq;fisj; jtpu;f;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

cupa fhyj;jpy; fpilf;fj;jf;f tifapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd ,og;gPl;il toq;Fjy;. ,og;gPlhdJ nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryT cs;spl;l KOikahd khw;wPl;Lg; ngWkjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJld; fhzp> fl;Lkhdq;fs;> Vida nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdk; Mfpatw;wpd; ,og;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpajhff; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhzpapy; jkf;fpUf;Fk; Mu;tj;jpd; Mtzr; rhd;wpidf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fSf;nfd ,og;gPL kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdj;ij kPs; epWTtjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fis ,f; nfhs;if toq;FfpwJ.

kPs; ,ltikT kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wr; nrad;Kiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fis cs;slf;Fjy;. ,lk; ngau;e;j kw;Wk; gfpuq;fkhfg; gpuRupf;fg;glNtz;ba kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;J> nfhs;ifahdJ ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspyhd tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fis (RAP) toq;FfpwJ. 20 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;aNtz;ba NjitAs;s ve;jnthU fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; RAP jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 20I tplf; Fiwe;jpUe;jhy;> Fiwe;j tpguq;fs; nfhz;l RAP

jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd ,lq;fisj; njupTnra;tjpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; KOikahf <LglNtz;Lnkd tpjpf;fpwJ. ,r; nrad;KiwapD}lhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; KOr; nrad;KiwapdJk; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;.



35

43. m) fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; NghJkhd msT ,og;gPPL toq;fg;gl;L> kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;gl;L> Gdu; tho;tspf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. M) fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jhkjq;fs; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; nrytpdq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; ,) rpwe;j r%f cwT epiyfis kPs Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gdtw;iw ,f;nfhs;if cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; ePjpahfTk; epahag+u;tkhfTk; elj;jg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;JtijAk;> ,r;nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ mtu;fs; tYtpof;fr; nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtijAk; ,J Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpy; ru;tNjr rpwe;j eilKiwapd; kl;lj;ij vl;lTs;s fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkplYf;Fk; nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fkhd rl;lfnkhd;iw epWTtij ,f; nfhs;if ,aYkhdjhf;FfpwJ. kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fis kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fk; mq;fPfupg;gjw;Fkhd nghWg;G fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;rplNk cz;L.

44. NIRPahdJ ,d;Dk; rl;lkhf Vw;W mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy. nraw;gLj;Jk;

Kftu; mikg;Gf;fs; NIRP apy; Ngzg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpuNahfpf;fNtz;ba flg;ghl;ilf;; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> jkJ fhzp RtPfupf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; NIRP Nfhl;ghLfs;kPJ jq;fpapUf;f ,ayhjtu;fshf cs;sdu;. mtw;wpd;gb KOikahf mike;njhOFtjhdJ> mr; rl;lq;fisj; jpUj;jpaikg;gij murhq;fj;jpd; Njitahf;fpAs;sJ. vdpDk;> NIRP ahdJ mjpfhuG+u;tkhdJk;> nraYwf;$baJk;> murpay; tpUg;gq;fspd; epge;jidfSf;Ff; fPo;g;gl;lJk;> epiyahd jPu;Tfisj; juf;$baJk;> fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpYk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; xOf;fnewp rhu;e;j kw;Wk; eilKiw rhu;e;j nra;tjwpah epiyfspypUe;J ntsptuf;$ba xU topahfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

45. LAA (1950) ,y; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfis epug;Gk; Kfkhf> NIRP apy; cs;s

rpy Vw;ghLfis mjpy;; $l;bizf;Fk;nghUl;L> murhq;fkhdJ rl;lj;ijg; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jpUj;jpAs;sJ. 2001,y; ,Ue;J LAA njhlu;ghf murhq;fk; nfhz;Lte;j xOq;FtpjpfisAk; jpUj;jq;fisAk; gpd;tUk; gpupTfs; tpgupf;fpd;wd:

03 ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdTf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if 46. 2008 etk;gupy; mikr;ruitahdJ ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdit xNu rPuhf;Ftjw;fhd

Njrpa nfhs;ifnahd;iw mq;fPfupj;jJ. mJ> mikr;ruitapd; mt; mq;fPfupg;G ehsd;Nw mKypypUe;j jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; rpwg;G ,og;gPl;Lg; nghjpfs; midj;ijAk; ,y;yhnjhJf;fp mtw;wpdplj;jpy; jd;id mku;j;jpf;nfhz;lJ. vdpDk;> mj;jifa epthuzj; jpl;lq;fs;> 01.09.2008f;F Kd;du; LAA ,d;fPo;; ntspaplg;gl;l gpupT 2 vd;gtw;iw VyNt mwpKfk; nra;j fUj;jpl;lk; vd;gd gpuNahfpf;$bajhd nghjpAld; njhlu mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld.

47. ,f; nfhs;iifapd;fPo; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf;FOtpd; (LARC)

jPu;khdq;fspy; mjpUg;jpaile;j jug;gpdu;> eilKiwapy; LARC jPu;khdq;fis



36

xU tpjpahf cWjpg;gLj;jpa ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd kPsha;Tr; rigf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

04. 2008,d; fhzpr;; RtPfupg;G xOq;Ftpjpfs; (LAR) 48. 1950,d; fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 63 (2) (F) ,d; fPo; ntspaplg;gl;l

LAR 2008MdJ 2009 khu;r; 17,y; mKYf;F te;jJ. mJ ,og;gPLfspd; epajpf; nfhLg;gdTfSf;F Vw;ghL nra;jJ (,izg;G 2). NfL tpistpf;Fk; ghjpg;G kw;Wk; fLikahd ghjpg;G vd;gtw;wpw;fhd ,og;gPL (RtPfupf;fg;gl;l fhzpapd; re;ijg; ngWkhdj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l KOikahd ghjpg;Gr; nrytpw;Fr; rkdhdJ)> kw;Wk; njhe;juTfs; (gpupT 3.11 ,d;gb ghjpf;fg;gl;l eguhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l vOj;J%yf; Nfhupf;iffspd; gpufhuk; 'ghjpf;fg;gl;l Mjdj;jpd; cupikahsUf;Fg; ngWkjp tha;e;jJ" vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapyhdJ) (2009.04.07Mk; jpfjpa 1596/12 Mk; ,yf;f tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy;) kw;Wk; Nja;khdk; ePq;fyhf kPs;fl;Lkhdr; nryTf; fzpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mDkjp kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzpj;Jz;Lf;fhd tpfpjhrhu myFr; nryitj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf KOf; fhzpf;fhd kjpg;gPL> tpahghu ,og;G> kPs; ,ltikT cjtp Nghd;w ,og;gPLfisf; $l;bizg;gjd;%yk; re;ijg; ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghyhd ,og;gPl;il ,J Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. fhzp RtPfupf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;> ghjpf;fg;gLk; egu;fSf;F ePjpKiw tprhuiznahd;wpw;Fj; Njhw;wpj; jk;gf;f epahaj;ijf; $Wtjw;fhd cupikf;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. vdpDk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdUf;fhd ,og;gPlhdJ Kw;wpYk; tpiy kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jhNyNa epu;zapf;fg;gLk;. fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;fhd Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gzpfs;> %yq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs;; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;rf; fhy tiuaiwfis xOq;Ftpjp tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

05. 2013,d; fhzpr;; RtPfupg;G xOq;Ftpjpfs; (LAR) 49. 2013,d; xOq;Ftpjp fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;fhd mZFKiwapy; kpfTk;

Kd;khjpupaha; tpsq;FtJld;> 2009 xOq;Ftpjpfspy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPl;bw;Fk; mg;ghy; nry;Yk; KOikahd Xu; ,og;gPl;bw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. NkYk;> epajpf; nfhLg;gdTfs;kl;by; jpUg;jpailahj jug;gpdu; mj;Jld; my;yJ LAR 2008 ,d;fPo; epajpf; nfhLg;gdTfspypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;Nghd;w kdf;Fiw cilatu;fSf;F LARC kw;Wk; kPAau; LARC Mfpa KiwikfspD}lhf ,J Xu; 'cgfhu ,og;gPl;Lf;" nfhLg;gdTf;Fk; epajpr; rl;lk;rhuh ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdTf;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ.

50. 2008,d; Njrpa nfhs;if> kw;Wk; LAR 2008 Mfpatw;wpd; nghwpKiwfspd;fPo;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; Nfhupf;iffs; rku;g;gpj;j rk;gtq;fisaLj;J> 2013 xOq;F tpjpfs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fis ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; xg;Gjy;; mspf;fg;gl;l fhzp mikr;rpdhy; 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fs;" vdg; ngauplg;gl;L miof;fg;gLtij mDkjpj;jd (,izg;G 4). mjd;gpufhuk;> ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdT Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf 22.11.2013Mk; jpfjpa 1837/47Mk; ,yf;f mur tu;j;jkhdpapy; 18 mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l



37

fUj;jpl;lq;fs;" vdg; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;ld. SCDPahdJ> 2015 A+d; 24k; jpfjp ,lg;gl;lJk;> 15/0773/614/022 vDk; njhlu;gpyf;fk; nfhz;lJkhd mikr;ruitg; gj;jpuj;jhy; xU 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lk;" vd mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. (,izg;G 5).

51. ,f; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lkhdJ fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf;

FOf;fis (LARC) gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfspy; epWtj; jFjp ngw;Ws;sJ. ,q;F fhzpr; RtPfupg;ghy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; jkJ gpur;rpidfisf; $wyhk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu; LARC tprhuizf;FO Kd; Njhw;Wk; tha;g;igf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. LARC jPu;khdq;fspy; my;yJ ,og;gPl;by; jpUg;jpailahNjhu; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s kPAau; LARC FOKd; nrd;W Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;.

52. ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdT njhlu;gpy; LAA ,d; Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; 2008 kw;Wk;

2013,d; (,izg;G 2 kw;Wk; 4) fhzpr; RtPfupg;G xoq;Ftpjpfspy; gl;bayplg;gl;l ,og;gPL vd;gd xd;WNru;e;J njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if 4.12 (OP 4.12) ,d; Njitg;ghLfisg; ngUkstpy; G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wd. vdpDk;> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; fhuzkhf> Fwpg;ghf OP 4.12 ,d; gpufhuk; mj;JkPwp mkHe;jpUg;gtH fhuzkhf vOk; ,og;Gfspd; vy;yh mk;rq;fSf;Fk; mit jPu;T fhz;gjpy;iy. mbg;gilapy; rl;lkhdJ fhzp cupikahsupd; jw;Nghija r%f nghUshjhu epiyikfspNyh my;yJ ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapy; tUkhdj;jpNyh my;yJ tho;thjhuj;jpNyh fhzpr; RtPfupg;G ghjpf;fg;gLNthu;kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpy; (RPF) tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;s cupj;Jupik mikTUthdJ (EM) ,t; tplaq;fs; midj;ijAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Ls;sJld;> midj;J tifg;gl;l ghjpg;Gw;w egu;fSk;> mtu;fsJ r%f> nghUshjhu me;j];J NtWghbd;wp> ,og;GfSf;fhd ,og;gPl;ilg; ngw cupj;Jilatu;fs; vd;gijAk; cWjpnra;fpwJ.

53. ,og;gPl;il epu;zak; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy;

ntspaplg;gl;l ehsd;W> fhzpnahd;wpd; re;ijg; ngWkhdkhdJ nghJthf> mf; fhzpiaj; jdpj;J Ntwhf;fpa xU Jz;lhf> tpw;f tpUg;Gf;nfhz;l tpw;gidahsu; xUtuhy;> jpwe;j re;ijapy; tpw;Fk;NghJ fpilf;ff;$ba xU njhifahFk;. fhy;tha; xJf;fq;fspy; mike;j fhzpf;fPw;Wf;fs; Fiwe;j re;ijg; ngWkhdj;ijf;nfhz;l 'jdpNtwhd FWfpa fhzpj;Jz;LfshfNt" Kd;du; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;ld. rJg;Gepyf; fhzpfs; kw;Wk; mj;JkPwpa fhzpfSf;fhd tpy;yq;fj;Jldhd ngWkjpahdJ> Fiwe;j re;ijg; ngWkhdk; nfhz;ljhfNt fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhzpapd; myFg; ngWkhdkhdJ FWfpa fhzpj;Jz;lhf my;yhJ fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd KOf;fhzpahff; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;Nl fzpf;fg;gLk; vd;w 2008,d; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G xOq;Ftpjpfs; ,jid khw;wpaikj;jJ.

54. LAA ,d; gpufhuk;> fhzp mikr;rupdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;Lg; nghJkf;fspd;

jftYf;fhf mur tu;j;jkhdpapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l fhzpr; RtPfupg;G



38

mYtyu;fSlhf> fhzp mikr;Nr fhzpr; RtPfupg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghWg;ghf cs;sJ. midj;Jg; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fSk; gjtptopr; RtPfupg;G mYtyu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> fhzpapd; ngWkjpf;F tpiykjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsNk nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. me;je;jf; fhzpg; gjptfq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l nry;Ygbahd cupj;jhtzq;fisj; jk;trk;nfhz;Ls;s ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;Fkl;LNk ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLnkd rl;lk; tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. jhk; thOfpd;w my;yJ tho;thjhuk; ngwg; gad;gLj;Jfpw fhzpfSf;Fr; rl;lg+u;t cupj;jhtzq;fisf; nfhz;buhj mj;JkPwp mkHe;jpUg;gtHfspd;; cupikfis mJ mq;fPfupg;gjpy;iy. MfNt> LAA,d;fPo;> mtu;fSf;Nfw;gLk; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwf;f ve;j Vw;ghLk; ,y;iy. vdpDk;> ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpy; (RPF) toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cupj;Jilik mikTUthdJ> (EM) ghjpf;fg;gl;l mj;JkPwp mkHe;jpUg;gtHfSf;Fk;; ,og;gPl;ilAk; kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgd (R&R) cjtpiaAk; toq;FfpwJ.

55. LAA MdJ fhzpfSf;Fk;> mjdfj;NjAs;s epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;

tsu;f;fg;gl;l (fl;Lkhdq;fs;> kuq;fs;> goq;fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; gapu;fs; Nghd;w) gpw nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,og;gPL toq;FfpwJ. mj;Jld; LAA ,d; gpupT 07,d; fPohd mwptpj;jy; gpuRupf;fg;gLjw;F cld; Kd;duhd %d;WtUlq;fSf;fhd cau;e;jgl;rj; Njwpa ruhrup tUkhd ,og;ig Mtzq;fs; %ykhf ep&gpf;ff;$batu;fSf;Fk; tUkhd ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 2008 ,d; LA xOq;F tpjpfspy; Mtzr; rhd;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l eguhy; tUkhd tup nrYj;jg;gl;lik Nghd;w gpw rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; tUkhd ,og;G kw;Wk; gpw jhf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F ,og;gPL toq;Ftjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk;> 2008 xOq;Ftpjpfs;> tUkhd ,og;gpw;F ,og;gPL NfhUtjw;fhd rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;buhNjhiu cs;slf;ftpy;iy.

56. fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk; Muk;gf; Nfhupf;if Kjy; RtPfupg;gpd;%ykhd

cilikahf;fw; rhd;wpidg; gjpT nra;jy;tiuahd nraw;ghlhdJ xU ePz;l> fhyk; EfUk; nrad;KiwahFk;. RtPfupg;Gg; gzpahdJ ,optsthd fhyj;jpDs; epiwT nra;ag;gLtij cWjp na;Ak;nghUl;Lf; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt myF (PMU) cupa mjpfhupfSld; neUq;fpa gpd;D}l;ly; njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,aYkhdtiu FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fis Kd;gpUe;j epiyf;Ff; nfhzu;tijg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ,yFthdjhf;Fk;nghUl;L> fhzp cilik nfhs;sg;gl;Lr; rptpy; Ntiyf;fhff; ifaspf;fg;gLKd;> ,og;gPL kw;Wk; ,ju gbfspd; nfhLg;gdT ngupa njhifahf cupatu;fsplk; ifaspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

06. 1949,d; 13Mk; ,yf;f mur fhzpfs; rl;lk; 57. ,r;rl;lkhdJ> ,yq;ifapy; mur fhzpfisf; nfhilaspj;jy; kw;Wk;

xOq;fikj;jy;> mt;thwhd fhzpfisAk; fiuNahuj;ijAk; Kfhik nra;J fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> Vupfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ePNuhilfspd; ePupd; gad;ghL Fwpj;j xOq;Ftpjp> kw;Wk; Kd;nrhd;d tplaq;fspd; ,il epfo;thd my;yJ mtw;Nwhbize;j Vida tplaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd Vw;ghLfis toq;FfpwJ. ,r; rl;lk; 14 ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.



39

58. mur xJf;fPl;Lf; fhzpfs; cilikapd;nghUl;L my;yJ gad;ghl;bd;nghUl;Lr;

RtPfupf;fg;glyhfhnjd ,jd; 51Mk; gpupT tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. 53Mk; gpupT xJf;fPl;Lf; fhzpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F ,og;gPL toq;Fk; nghWg;gpypUe;J muRf;F tpyf;fspf;fpwJ. ,f; fl;lisr;rl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljw;Fg; gpd;duhd vf; fhyj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ve;j Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;fhfTk; murplkpUe;J ve;j ,og;gPl;ilAk; ngw vtUf;Fk; cupj;jpy;iynad mJ gfu;fpwJ. mj;Jld; mj;jifa ,og;gPL Fwpj;j ve;jf; Nfhupf;ifAk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk; tprhuizf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhfhJ vdTk; tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ. gpupT 54 MdJ> mur xJf;fPl;Lf; fhzpfspy; rl;ltpNuhjkhf cilik nfhz;bUg;gjpy; Fw;wthspfshff; fhzg;gLNthupd; RUf;fKiw ntspNaw;wj;ij Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ.

59. mur fhzpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 103 gpd;tUkhW Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ: fhzpnahd;iw

cilik nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ve;jnthU egUk; muRf;nfjpuhff; fhytpjpg;G cupj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhhs;s KbahJ. mj;jifa rpy fhzpfs; ,Ue;jhy; m) fl;lisr;rl;lk; njhlq;fg;gLKd; fhzpf; FbNaw;wf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Kbf;Fupa fhzp vdg; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;;> my;yJ M) mj;jifa jpfjpf;Fg;gpd; LAA ,d;fPo; murpdhy; RtPfupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;; my;yJ ,) mj;jifa jpfjpf;Fg;gpd; fhzp kPl;Gf; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd;fPo; murpdhy; kPs Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L> epy msitahsu; ehafj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd;fPo; vy;iyf; FwpaPL nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;;.

07. 1979,d; 7k; ,yf;f mur fhzpfs; (cilik kPl;G) rl;lk; 60. mur fhzpfis mjpfhukpd;wp ciliknfhz;bUg;gtu;fsplkpUe;J my;yJ

FbapUg;gtu;fsplkpUe;J kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis 1979,d; 7Mk; ,yf;f mur fhzpfs; (cilik kPl;G) rl;lk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ePjthdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ntspNaw;Wiff; fl;lisf;nfjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jyhfhnjd ,jd; gpupT 10 tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Fwpj;j fhzpia cilik nfhz;bUg;gtu; mt;Tilikiaf; iftpl epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjd;fhuzkhf vOk; ghjpg;gpw;fhd epahaG+u;tkhd ,og;gPl;bw;fhd Vw;ghl;il gpupT 13 tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

08. 1935,d; 19Mk; ,yf;f fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 61. ,f; fl;lisr;rl;lkhdJ ,yq;ifapd; Kbf;Fupa fhzpapd; Kiwrhu;e;j

mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; guhjPdg;gLj;Jif Fwpj;Jr; nrayhw;WfpwJ. 62. fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; (LDO) 7Mk; mj;jpahakhdJ

epge;jidAld;$ba mDkjpg; gj;jpunkhd;wpd;%yk; my;yJ mJNghd;w epge;jid ,y;yhj xU nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;l Xu; mur fhzpia ,uj;Jr; nra;tjw;fhd eilKiwgw;wp vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; epge;jid kPwg;gLifapy;> gpupT 106 mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; itj;jpUg;gtUf;F mwptpj;jy; toq;FfpwJ. egnuhUtu; tprhuiz nra;Ak; mYtyu;Kd; Njhw;wj; jtWk;gl;rj;jpy;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ij ,uj;Jr; nra;tjw;Ff; Fwpj;j fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 109 Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ.



40

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; itj;jpUg;gtu; tprhuizf;Fj; Njhw;wp> mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; Vw;ghl;Lf;fikaf; fhzpia mgptpUj;jp nra;aj; jtwpaikf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fhl;Lk; eilKiwia gpupT 110 tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. gpupT 112MdJ> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; itj;jpUg;gtUf;F murhq;f mjpguhy; toq;fg;gltpUg;gJk;> fhzpapy; xl;lg;gltpUg;gJkhd Mizgw;wpf; Fwpj;Jiuf; fpwJ. murhq;f mjpgupd; Mizf;nfjpuhff; fhzp MizahsUf;Fr; nra;af;$ba Nkd;KiwaPL Fwpj;J gpupT 113 Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ.

63. murpdhy; nfhilahff; nfhLf;fg;;gl;l xU fhzpapy; FbapUg;gtiu ntspNaw;W

tjw;fhd eilKiwahdJ fh.m.rl;lj;jpd; 9Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. mur fhzp njhlu;gpyhd Fw;wr; nray;fis LDOtpd; gpupT 168 tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. mur mjpgupd; mDkjpapd;wp ahNuDk; egu; VNjDk; mur fhzpia tptrhaj;jpw;fhfj; Jg;GuT nra;jhy; my;yJ Jz;lhbdhy;> my;yJ VNjDk; mur fhzpapy; VJk; fl;llj;ij my;yJ epu;khzpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lhy;> mf; fhzpapy; epw;Fk; VJk; kuj;ij tPo;j;jpdhy; my;yJ mf;fhzpapDs; mj;J kPwpdhy; mtu; Fw;wnkhd;iwg; Gupe;jtuhff; fUjg;gl;L> Fw;wg;gzj;jpw;Fk; rpiwj; jz;lidf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gLthu;. Mf> jPnaz;zk;nfhz;l cilikahsupd; cupikfs; ,yq;ifr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ,og;gPl;bw;F my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mq;fPfupf;fg;glkhl;lh. mur fhzpfspy; xJf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; mur fhzpfspd; kPl;nlLg;Gj; njhlu;ghd Nkw;nrhd;d Vw;ghLfs; vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> %Nyhgha efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; (SCDP) ghjpf;fg;gl;l ve;j egUk;> mtuJ me;j];J vJthapUg;gpDk;> mtuJ tjptplj;jpypUe;J my;yJ tpahghuj; jyj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glkhl;lhu; vd;gJld;> ,e;j RPF ,y; toq;fg;gl;l cupj;Jupik mikTUtpy; (EM) ,y;$wg;gl;lthwhd nghUj;jkhd kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgd (RR&R) cjtpiaAk;> mtu; jFjpAiilatuha; ,Ug;gpd;> mtUf;F toq;FfpwJ.

; 09. 1971,d; 22Mk; ,yf;f fhytpjpg;Gf; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 64. jdpahu; fhzpfspy; 10 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhfj; jq;Fjilaw;w cilikapy;

,Ue;Njhupd; cupikfisr; rl;lr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpD}lhf cWjpg;gLj;J tjw;fhd xU fl;lisr;rl;lk; ,JthFk;.

65. ,yq;ifapy; mur fhzpf;F egnuhUtu; fhytpjpg;G cupj;jpidg; ngwKbAkh?

,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l vJTk; Kbf;Fupa murpd; cupikfisg; ghjpj;jyhfhnjdf; fhytpjpg;Gf; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 15 tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. vdNt fhytpjpg;G muRf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLtjpy;iy. vd;ndd;d topfspy; egnuhUtu; fhzpj; Jz;nlhd;wpd; cupikia> 10 tUlfhy mikjpahd kw;Wk; jq;Fjilaw;w cilik nfhs;sypd; Clhfg; ngwyhk; vd;gjw;fhd Vw;ghl;il 1971 ,d; 22Mk; ,yf;f fhytpjpg;Gf; fl;lisr;rl;lk; gpd;tUkhW njspthfj; jUfpwJ. 'VNjDnkhU nraypy; fhzpfs; my;yJ mirah Mjdk; vd;gtw;;wpy; gpujpthjp xUtuhy; my;yJ ahupd;fPo; Nfhupf;if itf;fpd;whNuh mtuhy;> Nfhupf;ifahsuhy; my;yJ gpujpthjpahy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; rhd;Wf;F Kuzhd cupj;jpdhy; my;yJ mjpdpd;Wk; Rje;jpukhd cupj;jpdhy;> mr;nraiy



41

Mw;Wtjw;F 10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;jhd Fog;gkw;w> 10 tUl fhy jq;Fjilaw;w cilikf;fhd rhd;wpidf; nfhz;l gpujpthjp> nryT njhifAld; mtu; rhu;gpyhd cupj;jhizia toq;Fk;".

10. Kd;Ndw;w NtiyfSf;fhd ,og;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; 66. cilikiaj; Ja;f;Fk; egnuhUtu; ey;nyz;zk; nfhz;ltuhfNth my;yJ

jPnaz;zk; nfhz;ltuhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. 'fhzp jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Mjdky;y> jdJ cilik rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ" vdj; njupe;Jitj;jpUg;gtu; jPnaz;zk; nfhz;ltu;. Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jPnaz;zk; nfhz;l cilikahsu; xUtUf;F ,Uf;fpd;w cupikfSk; gupfhuq;fSk; ey;nyz;zk; nfhz;l cilikahsupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; gupfhuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd. nghJ tpjp ahnjdpy;> jPnaz;zk; nfhz;l cilikahsu; gaDs;s Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;Lf;F cupj;Jilatuhtjpy;iy vd;gjhFk;. Mf> fhzp mgptpUj;jpr; rl;lk;Nghd;w ,yq;ifapd; rl;lq;fs; jPnaz;zk; nfhz;l cilikahsuhy; my;yJ mur xJf;fPl;Lf;fhzpapy; FbapUg;gtuhy; nra;ag;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;L cupikia mq;fPfupg;gjpy;iy. ,r;rl;l Vw;ghLfs; vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> mur fhzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; jPnaz;zk; nfhz;l cilikahsu;fs; vdr; rl;luPjpahf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpDk;> jFjpAila> tjpfpd;w kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLfpd;w cupj;Jfsw;w egu;fSf;F cupj;Jupik mikTU (EM)

nghUj;jkhd R&R cjtpfis toq;FfpwJ. mjhtJ> ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;w nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; (RPF) gpufhuk;> fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l mur fhzpfspYs;s ghjpf;fg;gl;l jPnaz;zk; nfhz;l cilikahsu;fs; R&R cjtpfs; toq;fg;glhJ ntspNaw;wg;glkhl;lhu;fs;.

11. fhzp Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; 2014/02Mk; ,yf;f Rw;wwpf;if 67. Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,oe;JNghd my;yJ gOjile;j Mtzq;fs; njhlu;ghf

kf;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz fhzp Mizahsu; 2013 [dtup 31Mk;; jpfjpa 2013/01Mk; ,yf;fr; Rw;wwpf;iftopahf> gpuNjr nrayhsu;fs;/gpujpf; fhzp Mizahsu;fs;/cjtpf; fhzp Mizahsu;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fpdhu;. vdpDk; nraw;gLj;Jifr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ mNef rpf;fy;fs; vOe;jd. vjpu;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,g;gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; vof;$ba ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l midj;Jg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; jPu;Tfhz 2014 [dtup 23Mk;; jpfjpa 2014/02Mk; ,yf;fr; Rw;wwpf;iftopahf NkYk; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; njspTWj;jy;fSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

12. 1980,d; 47Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa #oy; rl;lk; 68. xU Filr; rl;lkhf 1980 ,y; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Njrpa #oy; rl;lkhdJ

(NEA) #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fkhd KOikahd xU rl;lfj;ij toq;FfpwJ. 1988 jpUj;jkhdJ #oiyg; ghJfhj;J> Kfhik nra;J kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lk;> Fwpg;ghf #oy; khriltijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;Lk;> Njrpa #oy; mjpfhurigf;F (CEA) rl;lG+u;t mjpfhuq;fis



42

toq;fpaJ. CEA MdJ khrilAk; midj;Jf; fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Fwpitj;J xU #oy;rhu;; cupkk; toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfk;nra;J> #oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhfj; (EIA) Njitg;gLk; khriljiyj; jzpf;Fk; xOq;Ftpjpfs; (1990) kw;Wk; epajpr;rl;lk; vd;gtw;iw epWt cjtpaJ. Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd Gjpa fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fr; #oy;rhu; jilePf;fr; rhd;Wfis ,r;rl;lk; Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ.

69. jkJ ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l jhf;fq;fspd;nghUl;L mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs;

Nrhjidaplg;gLtij EIA Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; EIAw;fhd rl;l Vw;ghL Kjypy; 1981,d; 57Mk; ,yf;ff; fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpNyNa cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;Ntw;ghLfs; fiuNahu tyaj;jpw;Nf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NEA w;fhd 1988 jpUj;jq;fs;%yk;> EIA jPT KOtjw;Fkhf Mizaplg;gl;lJld;> CEA w;Fr; rPuhf;fw; flikfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;gb> NEA ,d; gpupT 23 Z ,d;fPo; tu;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;F" kl;LNk ,yq;ifapy; EIA nrad;Kiw gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f; fl;lisahdJ> nraw;gLj;Jiff;F Kd;djhf Xu; Muk;g #oy; gupNrhjidj; (IEE) / EIA Njitnfhz;l ,U FOf;fspyhd fUj;jpl;lq;fisg; gl;baypLfpwJ. 1988 jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfk; IV, CgpupthdJ 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l" mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfs; EIA w;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;Ntz;Lk; vd;gij CEA Njitg;gLj;Jtijf; fl;lhakhdjhf;fpaJ. ,jdhy; #oy;kPjhd cj;Njr fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; ghjfkhd kw;Wk; rhjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;> mj;jifa ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffSld; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;. Nrhjidapliy mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L> KOikahd (EIA)> gFjpastpyhd(IEE) Njitg;gLj;jg;glyhk; my;yJ #oy; kjpg;gPL Njitapy;iynadj; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;.

70. 1988,y; jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhd 1980,d; 47Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa #oy; rl;lkhdJ>

RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk;gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 1993 A+d; 24Mk; jpfjpa 772/22Mk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l kw;Wk; 1995.02.23Mk; jpfjpa 859/14Mk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy;fs;%yk;> vt;tiff; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fr; rl;lj;jpd; ghfk; IV (C) , gpuptpd; fPohd EIA Njit vd;gij mikr;ru; jPu;khdpj;Js;shu;. EIA Njitg;gLk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;l ml;ltizahdJ> 'mtru epiyikfs; tpisthf eilngw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; jtpu;e;j 20 FLk;gq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l RatpUg;gw;w kPs; FbNaw;wk;" gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w 12 tplaq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspahd mikr;rupd; Mizg;gb> vf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; fUj;jpl;l mq;fPfhu Kftu; mikg;GfsplkpUe;J (PAAs) mq;fPfhuk; ngwg;glNtz;LNkh> mf; fUj;jpl;lq;fisf; Fwpj;Jiuj;Js;shu;. tifkhjpupf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;tifapy; PAAAk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fr; rhu;ghdtuha; ,Ug;gNjhL> CEA topfhl;ly;fSf;fika Xu; IEE my;yJ EIA iaj; jahupf;FkhW Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;.

13. 1981,d; 73Mk; ,yf;f tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; 71. tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurignahd;iw epWTtjw;Fk;> mt;thwhd mjpfhurigapd;

mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jiug;gjw;Fk;>



43

mjNdhbize;j kw;Wk; ,ilNeu; tpisthd tplaq;fis toq;Ftjw;Fkhd tplaq;fis ,r;rl;lk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. 1981 brk;gu; khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp mKYf;F te;j ,r; rl;lk; Ie;J (5) ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

14. 1978,d; 41Mk; ,yf;f efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; 72. ,r;rl;lkhdJ> xU efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigia epWTtjw;Fk;> mikr;ru;

mtu;fshy; efu mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrq;fnsdg; gpufldk; nra;ag;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspd; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; ngsjpf mgptpUj;jpapd; xUq;fpize;j jpl;lkpliyAk; nraw;gLj;JifiaAk; mjNdhbize;j kw;Wk; ,ilNeu;tpisthd tplaq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fkhd Vw;ghLfisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J> 1978,d; 41Mk; ,yf;f efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; vdg; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;. mikr;rupd; Mizg;gb tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gl;l jpfjpad;W nraYwj; njhlq;fpa ,r; rl;lk; nkhj;jkhf MW gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

15. 1947,d; 29Mk; ,yf;f khefurigfs; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 73. khefu rigfs; njhlu;ghd rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jp tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1947 Mf];l;

15 md;W mKYf;Fte;j ,f; fl;lisr;rl;lkhdJ 16 ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 16. 1980,d; 2Mk; ,yf;f efu mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk; 74. efu mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s mtrukhfj; Njitg;gLk;

fhzpfisg; gpufldk; nra;tjw;Fk; mjNdhbize;j kw;Wk; ,ilNeu;tpisthd tplaq;fis Vw;ghL nra;tjw;Fkhd ,r;rl;lk; 2013 rdtup 14Mk; jpfjp mKYf;F te;jJ. ,J VO (7) ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

17. 1968,d; 15Mk; ,yf;f ,yq;if fhzp epykPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;

$l;Lj;jhgdr; rl;lk; 75. nghwpapay; Jiwapy; epu;khzpg;G kw;Wk; MNyhrid xg;gilfis Nkw;nfhs;s>

nghWg;ghd mikr;rupd; Mizg;gb gpufldk; nra;ag;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzp epykPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Njrpa nfhs;ifapd;gpufhuk;> ,yq;if fhzp epykPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; (SLLRDC) vd mwpag;glTs;;s xU $l;Lj;jhgdj;ijAk; mjNdhbize;j kw;Wk; ,ilNeu; tpisthd tplaq;fisAk; toq;Ftjw;F ,r;rl;lk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. 1968 nrg;lk;gu; 22Mk; jpfjp mKYf;Fte;j ,f;fl;lisr;rl;lkhdJ nkhj;jkhf Ie;J (5) ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

18. Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; Njthyfk; rl;lk; 76. (rka Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lq;fshd) Nfhtpy;fSf;Fk; Njthyaq;fSf;Fk;

mtw;wpd; guhkupg;Gf;fhf Ml;rpahsu;fshy; mu;g;gzpg;G cWjpnahd;wpd;%yk; (rpy rkaq;fspy; rd;dhrhf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ) jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfs;



44

gw;wp ,r;rl;lk; ifahs;fpwJ. Vida Vw;ghLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;fhf ,og;gPL ngWtjw;F Nfhtpy;fs; kw;Wk; Njthyaq;fspd; ghJfhtyu;f;F ,Uf;Fk; cupikfs;gw;wp ,r; rl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

19. Kbf;Fupa fhzp mj;JkPwy;fs; fl;lisr;rl;lk; 77. kWjiyahd cz;ik ep&gpf;fg;gLk;tiu fopTf;fhzpfs;> tdq;fs;>

FbapUg;Gf;Fk; gapu;r; nra;iff;Fk; cl;glhj fhzpfs; Mfpa midj;Jf; fhzpfSk; muRf;F (mf;fhyj;jpy; Kbf;F) cupad vd;w cj;Njrj;ij Kbf;Fupa fhzp mj;JkPwy;fs; fl;lisr;rl;lk; (gpupT 09) mf;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpj;jpUe;jJ. mt;thwhd fhzpfisg; nghWj;jkl;by; rd;drhf;fis my;yJ nfhilg; gj;jpuj;ijf; fhl;bj;jhd; toq;fg;gLk; NritfSf;fhd tof;fkhd tupfs; Kbf;Nfh my;yJ jdpahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpfshapd; gpwUf;Nfh nrYj;jg;gl;ld. fhytpjpg;G murpw;nfjpuhfr; nraYWtjpy;iyahjyhy;> 10 tUlq;fSf;FNky; jq;Fjilaw;w cilik nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> (ntl;b vupf;fg;gl;l) Nridf; fhzpfspy; rl;ltpNuhjkhff; FbapUg;gtu;fs; fhytpjpg;G cupikfisf; NfhuKbahJ.

20. 2008,d; 40Mk; ,yf;fg; nghJr;nry;top fl;lisr;rl;lk; 78. tPjp tiyaikg;G mgptpUj;jp MNyhridg; NguitiaAk; khtl;l tPjp

mgptpUj;jp xUq;fpizg;Gf; FOf;fisAk; epWTtjw;Fg; ngUe;njUf;fs; mjpfhurigf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;; tPjp xJf;fq;fspDs; mjpfhukspf;fg;glhj epHkhzpg;Gfisj; jLj;jy;; Gjpa tPjpfs; mikj;jy;> tPjpfisj; jpir jpUg;gy;; cs;Su; mjpfhurigapd;fPOs;s fhzpfisr; RtPfupj;jy;; Kbf;Fupa fhzpf; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd;fPo; tpNrl nfhilfis cUthf;fy;; fhzpfisg; guhjPdg; gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;; xU tPjpia> nghJ tPjpia my;yJ Nrpa neLQ;rhiyiaj; jw;fhypfkhf %Ljy;, tPjpNahuq;fspy; Ntypfs; eLjy;; tPjpNahunkhd;wpy; fl;Lkhd vy;iyfisg; gpufldk; nra;jy;; mwtplg;glNtz;ba gadu; fl;lzk;> Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fl;lzq;fis mikr;ru; ngauply;; kPs;FbNaw;Wk; ,lq;fSf;fhff; fhzpfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;; kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; tbtikg;;Gfs; kw;Wk; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwfisj; Jupjg;gLj;j cjTfpd;w epy msit kw;Wk; RtPfupg;G vy;iyfisf; Fwpaply; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf epy msitahsu;fisf; fhzpfSl; Gf mDkjpj;jy; vd;gd Nkw;nrhd;d rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fshFk;. ,r;rl;lk; mKYf;F tUKd; LAA ,d;fPohd gpupT 02 mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dNu epy msitahsu;fs; jdpahu; fhzpnahd;wpDs; Gf mDkjpfg;gLtu;. mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> cupa mur epWtdq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;l fhzpfs; fhzp mikr;rpdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l RtPfupg;G mYtyu;fshNyNa ,Jtiu RtPfupf;fg;gl;ld. fhzpf; nfhs;tdit Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngUe;njUf;fs; mjpfhurigf;F mjpfhukspg;gJ kPs;FbNaw;wr; nrad;Kiwiaj; Jupjg;gLj;Jk;. nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;GfSf;F ,og;gPPL toq;f mYtyu;fSf;F mjpfhuk;



45

mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkhj;jj;jpy;> fhzpr; RtPfupg;G> ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdT kw;Wk; Jupj kPs;FbNaw;wk; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd cs;spizf;fg;gl;l nghwpKiwfspd; fhuzkhf> ,r; rl;lkhdJ> Gjpa tPjpfspd; epu;khzpg;;G kw;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;w tPjpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gtw;iw NkYk;; Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. rl;lj;jpd; midj;J Vw;ghLfisAk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F> rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ghuhSkd;wk; tpjpfis ,aw;wNtz;Lk;.

21. 1977,d; kfhtyp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk; 79. 1977,d; kfhtyp mjpfhurigr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo;> tdk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;F cs;spl;l

fhzp epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd midj;J tplaq;fSk; kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrdk;> fkey Nritfs;> tptrhak; Kjypad njhlu;ghd mr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpDs; midj;J tplaq;fSk; ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhurigapd; nghWg;ghFk;.

22. jpUj;jg;gl;l tdr; rl;lk; 80. tdf; fhzp vdg;gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l fhzpahdJ tdg; ghJfhg;Gj;

jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; (DFC) epUtfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhzpia ePz;lfhyf; Fj;jiff;F tpLk; mjpfhuk; mjw;F ,y;iy. GJg;gpf;fg;glf;$ba tUlhe;j mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd;fPo; kl;Lk; fhzpia tpLtpf;f mjw;F ,aYk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpDs;Sk; fz;bg;ghd xJf;fPl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpDs;Sk; tUk; fhzpfs; tdg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf tpLtpf;fg;glkhl;lh. nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLk; fhzpfs; cupa PMU f;fshy; Nfhug;gLk;NghJ> tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf NEA My; tpjpf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfij; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jpagpd;> DFC My; tpLtpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. 10 fp.kP. ePsj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l xU Gjpa tPjpia epu;khzpj;jy; my;yJ xU n`f;uaUf;Fk; mjpfkhd fhzpia tdk; rhuh eltbf;iffSf;fhf khw;wp mikj;jy; vd;gJ xU tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mgptpUj;jp eilngWk; ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;l xU tdj;jpd; vy;iyapypUe;J 100 kP. J}uj;jpDs; ,Ug;gpd;> PMU tpdhy; EIA mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl;L mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

23. Njrtoikr; rl;lk; 81. 1896,d; 05Mk; ,yf;f Njrtoikr; rl;lkhdJ> 1706,y; MSeu; irkd;];

mtu;fspd; Mizg;gb njhFf;fg;gl;lthwhd aho;g;ghz khfhzj;jpd; kyghu; (jkpo;) FbapUg;ghsu;fspd; tof;fq;fSf;F KO tYT+l;Lk; xOq;FtpjpahFk;. nghJthf> Njrtoikr; rl;lq;fSk; mjd; jpUj;jq;fSk; jpUkztop Mjdq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGupikg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;Gw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mJ ',yq;if" vd;w xNu tho;tfj;ijNa mq;fPfupf;fpwJ.

82. Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Kd;-thq;Fupik vd;gJ mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fs; tpw;gid

njhlu;ghd Xu; cupikahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb Fwpj;j fhzpnahd;wpd;



46

kPJ milkhdk; xd;iwf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,iz cupikahsu;> ,izg; gq;fhsu; my;yJ maw;fhzp cupikahsu; xUtu;> mf;fhzp tpw;gidf;F tplg;gLifapy;> mijj; jdf;Nf tpw;Fk;gb NfhUk; cupikAilatuhthu;. ey;nyz;zk;nfhz;l ahNuDk; thq;fw;fhuu;> Fwpj;j me;j cupikahsiutplTk; mjpfk; tpiy nfhLf;fj; jahuhapUg;gpd;> mijAk; mtu; nfhLj;jhfNtz;Lk;. Njrtoikapd;fPo;> jpUkzkhfpr; nry;Yk; ngz; jd; je;ijapd; fhg;G epiyapypUe;J jd; fztdpd; fhg;G epiyf;Ff; fle;Jnry;tjhy;> fztd; jd; kidtpapd; khw;wKbahj khw;Wupikahsu; Mfpwhu;.

83. tptrhar; r%fnkhd;wpw;Fr; Nritahw;wntdj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Njrtoikr;

rl;lkhdJ rhjp> mbikj;jdk;> jpUkzk;> jpUkz cupikfs;> ghJfhty; epiy> jj;njLj;jy;> ngw;Nwhu; - gps;is rl;lk;> kuz rhjdkpy;yh gpd;Dupikg; NgW> Kd; - thq;Fupik> xw;wp> mbik Ntiy Nghd;w Njrtoikf;NfAupa milkhd tbtq;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs;gw;wpa rl;lk;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ney; vd;gtw;iwf; fldhfg; ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;why; tptrha r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; xg;ge;juPPjpahd flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa tplaq;fisf; ifahs;fpwJ. 1844,d; 20Mk; ,yf;f xOq;Ftpjpahy; mbikj;jdk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;lJ. etPd fhyq;fspy; Njrtoikapy; cs;slq;fpa Vw;ghLfspy; gy tof;fw;Wg;Nghapd. 1706,y; xy;yhe;ju; mjid Kiwg;gLj;jpdu;. gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau; 1806,d; 18Mk; ,yf;f Njrtoik xOq;Ftpjpahy; mjw;Fr; rl;lG+u;t tYT+l;bdu;.

2.2.2 ,yq;ifapd; kfspu; rhrdk; 84. ,yq;ifapd; ngz;fs;gw;wpa murpd; nfhs;ifahdJ 1993,d; ,yq;if kfspu;

rhrdj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd midj;J tbtpYkhd ghFghl;il mfw;Wjy;gw;wpa If;fpa ehLfs; rkthaj;ij (UNCEDAW) ,J mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> ,J Njrpa nghwpKiwapdJk; mur rhu;gw;w ngz;fs; mikg;GfspdJk; xU $l;LKaw;rpahfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. (rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs;> fy;tpf;Fk; gapw;rpf;Fkhd cupik> nghUshjhu eltbf;if kw;Wk; ed;ikfSf;fhd cupik> Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; Nghrizf;fhd cupik> FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;Nsahd cupikfs;> r%fg; ghFghl;bypUe;jhd ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cupik kw;Wk; ghy;epiyia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l td;KiwapypUe;J ghJfhg;G Mfpa) ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; Fwpj;j fupridapd; VO nraw;gug;Gfs; ,r;rhrdj;jpy; Fwpitf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l rdhjpgjpahy; epkpf;fg;gl;l gjpdhd;F JiwfspypUe;jhd epGzu;fisAk; xU jtprhsiuAk;nfhz;l ngz;fs;gw;wpa Njrpa FOit (NCW) ,r;rhrdk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. rhrdj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; nraw;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpf;fTk; cWjpg; gLj;jTk; NCW f;F Mizaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

85. ,yq;if kfspupd; vOj;J%ykhd ed;nfhilfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs;kPJ ,r;

rhrdk; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. ,r;rhrdj;jpy;> ,yq;if rdehaf Nrhryprf; FbaurhdJ> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghypay; fhuzq;fshy; ghFghL fhl;lg; gLtjpypUe;J tpLjiy vd;gij mbg;gil cupikahf mq;fPfupg;gJld;> ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd Vw;ghl;ilAk; nra;fpwJ.



47

murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; cupikfs; Mz;> ngz; rkj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp> mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwfspy; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd ghFghl;il ,y;yhJ nra;fpd;wd. NkYk;> rhrdj;jpdhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l flg;ghLfspd; epiwNtw;Wifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwptjw;Fk;> mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; va;jg;gLtijf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;FNk xU NCW epWtg;glNtz;Lk; vdj; jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.

2.2.3. ,yq;ifapd; RNjr kf;fSf;fhd tiuTr;rl;l%yk;

86. ,yq;ifahdJ td;dpayj;Njh vd;Wk; Mjpthrp my;yJ NtLt kf;fs; vd;W mwpag;gl;l RNjr kf;fSf;F ciwAshf ,Ue;jik gpurpj;jkhdJ. ,tHfs; Gjpa fw;fhyk; njhl;L ,e;ehl;by; FbapUe;J tUfpd;wdH. etPdj;Jtk; vd;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;Wk; gy rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;Jte;j NghjpYk; 2007,y; RNjr kf;fSf;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lthW ,yq;ifapd; RNjr kf;fs; jk; nrhe;j milahsj;ijAk; ghuk;gupa mwpitAk; tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tho;f;if Kiw vd;gtw;iwAk; Ngzpte;jhHfs;.

87. 1948,d; gpurhTupik rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; RNjr kf;fs; ehl;bd; gpuirfs; vd mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L ,yq;if murpayikg;gpy; nghjpag;gl;l midj;J cupikfisAk; rpwg;GupikfisAk; mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;$lhf RNjr kf;fs; cs;spl;l midj;J ,yq;ifg; gpuirfSk; ePjpf;fhd rktha;g;gpw;F cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.

88. RNjr kf;fspd; ,Ug;igAk; cupikiaAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd tiuTr; rl;l%yj;ij ghuhSkd;w rghgPlj;jpy; rkHg;gpg;gjw;F fyhrhu mYty;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa kuGupik mikr;Rf;fshy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; %d;W tUl fUj;jpl;lk; xd;iw ,yq;if murhq;fk; Muk;gpj;J itj;jJ. Vida gpwtw;Ws; mtHfSila ghuk;gupa mwpitAk; kUj;Jt KiwfisAk; ghJfhj;J mtHfsJ kuGupik gw;wpa mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;ij epWt cjTKfkhf fUj;jpl;lkhdJ rl;luPjpahd trjpiaAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. jkJ tho;f;if Kiwia ghJfhg;gjpy; Cf;Ftpirahf tpsq;fpa RNjr r%fk; gw;wp NkYk; tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf mNef fyhrhu epiyaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; mtHfsJ r%f tuyhw;wiwAk; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; Mtzg;gLj;jpAKs;sJ. kdpj cupikfspd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fkhd xU Njrpa nraw;jpl;lk; 2011,y; murhq;fj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J RNjr kf;fspd; jd;dhl;rp kw;Wk; cupikfs; kl;by; $ba ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba Njitapid typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; 2016Mk; Mz;lstpy; RNjr kf;fspd; cupikia ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,Uf;fpd;w rl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fk; my;yJ nfhs;iffis tFg;gjw;Fkhf nraw;wpl;lkhdJ fyhrhu mYty;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa kuGupikfs; mikr;rpw;F gzpg;GiuiaAk; tpLj;Js;sJ.

2.2.4. cupa KftH mikg;Gf;fspd; rPuhf;fy; tfpghfk;

89. fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt xOq;Ffs; cg fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffs; kPJ jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jk; jw;Nghija murpd; epHthf fl;likg;Gf;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.



48

efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig

90. UDA ,d; gpujhd eltbf;if ahnjdpy; xUq;fpize;j jpl;lkpliyAk; ngsjPf mgptpUj;jpiaAk; Kd;Ndw;wpr; rPuhf;Fjy;> r%fj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l trjpfs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> mt;thwhd mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhf mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis jahupj;jy; vd;gdthFk;. NkYk; mJ efuf; fhzpg; gz;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffisAk; #oy; epakq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; kw;Wk; mj;jifa jpl;lq;fspd; nraw;gLj;JifiaAk; Kiwg;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 1978,d; 41Mk; ,yf;f UDA rl;lj;jpd; 5Mk; ghfkhdJ mirahj nrhj;Jf;fspd; RtPfupg;G njhlHghd Vw;ghLfis tpjpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

91. csSuhl;rp mjpfhurigapd; fPOs;s ahJnkhU fhzp UDAapw;F Njitg;gLfpd;wJ vd mikr;rH cWjpg;gLj;Jifapy; tHjj;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;fg;gLk; XH Mizapd; %yk; mikr;rH mjid UDAapw;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhf;fyhk;. fhzpnahd;W mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa gpuNjrk; vd gpufldk; nra;ag;gLifapy; mJ nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;Fupa fhzpahf fUjg;gLifapy; mJ LAA ,d; fPo; murhq;fj;jhy; RtPfupf;fTk;glyhk;. mt;thW XH mgptpUj;jpf;F vd gpufldk; nra;ag;gLk; fhzpfSf;F ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifia epHzapf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf re;ijg;ngWkhdj;jpw;F mika gzk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (gpupT 16[2]).

92. 1980,d; 2Mk; ,yf;f efu mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lkhdJ efu mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s mtrukhf Njitg;gLk; fhzpfis gpufldk; nra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghl;il toq;FfpwJ. mtrukhd xU efu mgptpUj;jpia nraw;gLj;jj; Njitahd xU fhzpia rdhjpgjp mtHfs; tHj;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;Fk; Miz xd;wpdhy; gpufldk; nra;ayhk; (gpupT 2). mt;thwhd fhzpapd; RtPfupg;ig jilnra;Ak; nghUl;L RtPfupg;gpdhy; ,lUWk; xU jug;gpw;F ,Uf;ff;$ba gupfhu eltbf;iffis jLg;Gf;fl;lis> jilnra; fl;lis my;yJ epWj;jw;; fl;lis Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;jp gpupT 3 fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. rl;lj;jpd; 7Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; vf;fhzp njhlHgpy; 1979,d; 7Mk; ,yf;f mur fhzpfs; (cilik kPl;G) rl;lj;jpd; 2Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; Miznahd;W gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh mf;fhzpia LAAapd; fPo; mJ RtPfupf;fg;gLk;tiu fhj;jpUf;fhky; murhq;fk; cilik nfhs;syhk;. RtPfupg;G eltbf;ifia jilnra;tjw;F ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfSf;F ,Uf;Fk; cupikfs; ePjpkd;wpy; kWf;fg;gLk;NghJ efu mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; xU jdpahH fhzpia tpiue;J cilik nfhs;s ,r;rl;lk; UDAapw;F ,lkspf;fpd;wJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rl;l Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; UDAapd; Nkw;nrhd;d mjpfhuq;fs; vg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; SCDPahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ve;j FLk;gNkh my;yJ egNuh ,r;rl;lfj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cupj;Jupik mikTUtpd; (EM) gpufhuk; jFjp cs;s kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; kPs; fl;Lkhd (R&R) ed;ikfs; toq;fg;glhJ vt;tifapYk; ntspNaw;wg;glNth my;yJ Fog;gg;glNthkhl;lhHfs;.



49

fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;R 93. 'fhzp' vd;w tplaj;jpw;fhd mikr;rhdJ 1931 mur Nguitapd; fhzp kw;Wk;

tptrhak; vd;w tplak; njhlHgpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l FOtpd; tpjg;Giuf;F mika 1931,y; epWtg;gl;lJ.

94. ehl;bDs; mur fhzpf; nfhs;iffis Kiwg;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;jy;> mur fhzpfis ghJfhj;jy;> fhzpf;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fhzpia RtPfupj;jy; vd;gd ,e;j mikr;ir epWTtjw;fhd gpujhd Nehf;fq;fshf ,Ue;jd.

95. epy msit> fhzpr;RtPfupg;G> fhzp guhjPdg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tFj;jikj;jy;> fhzpf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp> fhzpg; gad;ghl;Lf;nfhs;if> jpl;lkply;> fhzp cupj;jpidg; gjpTnra;jy; Mfpatw;wpid ,J ifahz;lJ. ,yq;if fhzp kPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; (SLLRDC)

96. nfhOk;gpYk; kw;Wk; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l ve;jg; gpuNjrj;jpYkhd fhy;tha;fspd; guhkupg;G $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpypUf;Fk;. nfhOk;G khtl;l jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fspd; kPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp rigahdJ 1968,d; 15Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jhy; mNj rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2,d; fPo; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l rJg;G kw;Wk; jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fis kPl;L mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; mt;thW cilikahf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspd; ghJfhty;> Kfhik kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;il jf;fitj;jy; Mfpa ,U Nehf;fq;fSld; 1968,y; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpypUe;J nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j ,e;j mikg;gpd; eltbf;iffs; 1979,y; nfhOk;Gf;F mg;ghYk; ePl;rp nra;ag;gl;L jpl;lkplg;gl;l kPl;gpd; ed;ikfs; KOj;jPTf;Fk; tpupTgLj;jg;gl;ld. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l 1968,d; 15Mk; ,yf;f rl;lkhdJ 1982,d; 52Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jhy; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJld;> epWtdKk; ,yq;if fhzp kPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; (SLLRDC) vd kWngauplg;gl;lJld; eltbf;iffspd; gug;ngy;iyahdJ nghwpapay; Jiwfspy; epHkhzpg;G kw;Wk; MNyhrid Nritfis cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

97. mz;ikapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l 2006,d; 35Mk; ,yf;f jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpdhy; $l;Lj;jhgdkhdJ mjpfhukw;w fhzp kPl;G eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ePHj;Njf;fq;fis khRgLj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;if vLf;f mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd jz;lid Vw;ghLfs; 20C kw;Wk; 22A Mfpa gpupTfspd; $l;bizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L 2006Mk; Mz;bd; 35Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpd; jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.

fhy;tha;fspd; ghJfhty;> Kfhik> jpUj;jk;> guhkupg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUj;jYk; fhy;tha;fs; khriltij jLj;jYk;.

$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; vOj;J%y mDkjpapd;wp rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2A kw;Wk; 2Bapd; fPo; xU fhzp kPl;G mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrk; vd gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l ve;jf; fhzpapYk; epug;Gjy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;jiyj; jLj;jy;.

fhzp kPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrk; vd gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lit jtpHe;j Vida fhzp gpuNjrj;ijAk; gpupT 2,d; fPo; jho;epy rJg;G> fopT my;yJ Nrw;Wepyg; gpuNjrk; vd gpufldk; nra;jy;.

fhy;tha; fiuapd; ve;jnthU gpuNjrj;ijAk; “fhy;tha; xJf;fk;” vdg;gpufldk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; vOj;J%y mDkjpapd;wp mt;thwhd gpuNjrj;jpy; fl;llq;fis my;yJ fl;Lkhdq;fis mikj;jiy jilnra;jy;.



50

98. $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; gyd;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd

,yq;ifapd; vg;ghfj;jpYk; fhzpia RtPfupj;jy;> kPl;ly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;J gy;tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l eltbf;iffspy; <LgLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jhy; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lik.

fhzp mgptpUj;jp> kioePiu ntspNaw;Wk; tbfhyikg;Gf;fs;> FbrhH ve;jputpay; epHkhzpg;G> cs;sf NrWmfw;wp Mokhf;Fjy;;> nra;J cUthf;fy; kw;Wk; #oy;rhH fw;iffs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd epGzj;Jt mwptpdJk;; ,ae;jpuq;fspdJk; fpilg;gdT.

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj ngWkjpAldhd epHkhzpg;G fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLtij $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpw;F ,aYkhf;Fk; tifapy; ICTAD–M1 vd;w xg;ge;jj;jFjpiag; ngw;wpUj;jy;.

rl;lj;jpd;fPo; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspYk; fhy;tha; xJf;fq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mjpfhukw;w fhzp kPl;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;if vLf;Fk; ,aYik.

99. Kftuikg;gpd; tha;g;Gf;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd

fl;Lkhdj;jpw;F cfe;j fhzpfSf;F ntt;NtW gadHfsplkpUe;J tUk; mjpfupj;j Nfs;tpfs;.

ePHj;Njf;fq;fs; #o;e;j gpuNjrq;fspd; cs;Sk; GwKk; nghOJNghf;F trjpfSf;F ,Uf;Fk; mjpfupj;j Nfs;tpfs;.

$l;Lj;jhgdk; VfNghf cupik nfhz;Ls;s cl;gFjpfspy; NrW mfw;Wk; gzpfspy; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfupj;j Nfs;tpfs;.

Mw;W kzy; mfo;tpdhy; Vw;gLk; #oy;rhH Mgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf fiuNahu kz; mfo;tpd; %yk; fl;Lkhdf; ifj;njhopYf;F fly; kz; tpepNahfk; nra;jy;.

flw;gpuNjrj;ij kPl;nlLg;gjhy; fhzpfis cUthf;fy;. 100. fle;j 40 tUlq;fshf SLLRDCahdJ rJg;G epy tbfhyikg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd

jpl;lq;fisAk; gy;khb fl;blq;fSf;Fk; ePupay; fl;Lkhdq;fSf;Fkhd fl;bl tbtikg;Gf;fisAk; toq;Ftjpy; <Lgl;L te;Js;sJ. SLLRDCahdJ ,yq;ifapy; kioePH ntspNaw;wy; njhlHghd tbtikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;fhd ePupay; kw;Wk; ePupay; Ma;T gw;wpa tpNrlj;Jt mwpitg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

101. 1982,d; 52Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jhYk; 2006,d; 35Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jhYk; jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhd 1968,d; 15Mk; ,yf;f SLLRDC rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 4[a]1 ,d; fPo; mikr;ruhy; toq;fg;gl;l XH Mizapd;gb fhy;tha; xJf;fPLfis tiuaiw nra;tjw;fhd xU eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ. Nky;khfhzj;jpy; cs;s fhy;tha;fspd; fiufspy; ,Ue;J xJf;fg;gl Njitahd gpuNjrq;fs; vd;w tifapy; midj;Jf; fhy;tha;> Jizf;fhy;tha; kw;Wk; Cl;lf;fhy;tha; Mfpatw;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; mfyj;ijg; gpufldk; nra;fpwJ. 2010,d; [_iy 14Me; jpfjpa 1662/17Mk; ,yf;f tHj;jkhdpapy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lthW tha;f;fhy; fiuNahuq;fSf;fhd Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l vy;iyfis fPNo cs;s ml;ltiz jUfpwJ.



51

Table 1: ml;ltiz: fhy;tha; xJf;fq;fspd; Fwpj;Jiwf;fg;gl;l mfyk; (kPw;wHfspy;)

tha;f;fhypd; Nkw;gug;G mfyk; (kPw;wHfspy;)

fhy;tha; fiuapypUe;J xJf;fk;

jpwe;j tha;f;fhy;fSf;fhd (kPw;wHfspy;)

Nkw;gug;G %lg;gl;l fhy;tha;fSf;fhd (kPw;wHfspy;)

1.0-1.2 1.0 0.3

1.3-3.0 2.0 1.0

3.1-4.5 2.75 1.0

4.6-6.0 3.5 1.5

6.1-9.0 4.5 1.5

9.0w;F Nkw;gl;lit

6.5 2.0

Mjhuk;: 1662/17Mk; ,yf;f 2010 [_iy 14Me; jpfjpa mjptpNrl tHj;jkhdp

102. UDA> ePHg;ghrdj; jpizf;fsk;> kj;jpa #oy; mjpfhurig> fkey Nritfs; jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l ePsq;fs; Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;iwtpl mjpfupj;jhy; me;epWtdq;fshy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l ePsq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; 103. 1947,d; 29Mk; ,yf;f khefu rigfs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 97Mk; gpupthdJ

khefu rig gpuNjrj;jpd; tpisjpwd;nfhz;l tbfhyikg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd tifapy; milf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gpwfhzpfSf;F Clhf nghJ gpujhd tbfhy;fisNah my;yJ NtW tbfhy;fisNah rhf;filfisNah> ePH tha;f;fhy;fisNah epHkhzpf;fNth> khw;wpaikf;fNth my;yJ ePl;lNth khefu rigfSf;F mjpfhukspf;fpwJ. Fwpj;j fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 100Mk; gpupthdJ midj;Jg;nghJ tha;f;fhy;fs;> kjFfs;> tbfhy;fs; kw;Wk; ePH tha;f;fhy;fs; vd;gd nghJkf;fSf;Fj; njhy;iy jUtjhfNth my;yJ Rfhjhuj;jpw;F NfL tpistpg;gjhfNth ,uhjtifapy; fl;lg;gl> Ngzg;gl kw;Wk; Kiwahf Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl my;yJ ntWikahf;fg;gl Mtdnra;a khefu rigfSf;F mjpfhukspf;fpd;wJ. ahNuDk; xU egH ve;jnthU nghJ fhy;thapdJk; jd;dpr;irahd Xl;lj;ij jLf;Fk; tifapy; mij epug;gpdhy; my;yJ ,ilA+W nra;jhy; mtH jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wthspahthH (gpupT 102). khefu rigapd; vOj;J%y mDkjpapd;wp ve;jnthU nghJ tha;f;fhy;> kjF> tbfhy; kw;Wk; ePH tha;f;fhy; kPJk; VJk; fl;llj;ij epHkhzpf;f vtUk; mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhH (gpupT 104{4}).

104. 1939,d; 61Mk; ,yf;f efu rig fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 104-109 tiuahd gpupTfs; efu rigapd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;F cs;shd tbfhyikg;G njhlHgpyhd Vw;ghLfis $l;bizf;fpwJ. efuj;jpd; ve;jg; gpuNjrj;jpYk; tpisjpwd; nfhz;l tbfhyikg;gpd; nghUl;L VJk; nghJ tbfhy;fis>



52

kjFfis> tha;f;fhy;fis> ePHtha;f;fy;fis miktpf;f> Mf;f> khw;w my;yJ ePl;l gpupT 104 mjpfhukspf;fpwJ. njhy;iy VJk; Vw;glhkypUf;Fk; nghUl;L ve;jnghJ tha;f;fhy;fisAk; kjFfisAk; ePH tha;f;fhy;fisAk; NgZtjw;F jpUj;Jtjw;F my;yJ ngupjhf;Ftjw;F my;yJ khw;Wtjw;F gpupT 105 mjpfhukspf;fpd;wJ. ,ilA+W nra;jy; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;kPJ fl;llk; vOg;Gjy; vd;gdtw;iw NkYk; jilnra;Ak; tifapy; nghJ tha;f;fhy;fs;> kjFfs;> ePHtha;f;fhy;fs; kPJ Gjpa fl;llq;fs; vOg;gg;glyhfhJ.

105. Nkw;$wg;gl;l Vw;ghLfs; vJthapUg;gpDk; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rl;l Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; vOg;gg;gl;l rl;ltpNuhjkhd ve;j fl;likg;Gk; mjhtJ nghJf;fhzpapNy fl;lg;gl;l vt;tpj rl;ltpNuhjkhd epHkhzpg;Gk; Fiyf;fg;glkhl;lh. mf;fiw nfhz;l FLk;gk; my;yJ egH ,e;j SCDPahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l cupa FLk;gk; my;yJ egH fUj;jpl;lk; njhlHghd Ntiyf;fhf ntspNaw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Njit ,Ue;jhy; me;j FLk;gNkh my;yJ egNuh ,e;jr; rl;lfj;jpNy toq;fg;gl;l cupj;Jupik mikTU (EM)tpd; gpufhukhd mtUf;fhd R&R ed;ikfs; toq;fg;glhky; ntspNaw;wg;glkhl;lhH my;yJ Fog;gg;glkhl;lhH.

2.3. cyf tq;fpapd; r%f fhg;gPl;L nfhs;iffs;

106. fLg;G+l;Lk; r%fg; gjw;wq;fisj; jtpHj;J midj;J mgptpUj;jpj; jiyaPLfSf;$lhfTk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd RKfkhd jPHit cj;juthjg;gLj;Jk; KfkhfTk; RPF jsuh Cf;fj;Jldhd xU nrad;Kiwia Ngz tpisfpwJ. cyf tq;fpahy; epjpaplg;gl;l midj;J fUj;jpl;lq;fSk; tq;fpapd; r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfSf;F mike;njhOf Ntz;Lk;. fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifapd;NghJ ghJfhg;GfSs; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;w RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;F topfhl;Lfpd;w fhzpr;RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; mJnjhlHghd kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; ,og;gPL njhlHghd gpur;rpidfSf;F ,JnthU Kf;fpakhd tplakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpapd; ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;Wf;F mikthf r%f jhf;fq;fspd; nghUl;L cg fUj;jpl;lq;fis NrhjidapLtjd;%yk; ,J cjTfpwJ. mgptpUj;;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; vjpHkiwahd tpisTfis mfw;Wk; nghUl;L my;yJ Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;L cyf tq;fpahdJ fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;l %d;W r%f fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;iffis nfhz;Ls;sJ:

OP/BP 4.10: RNjr kf;fs;

OP/BP 4.11: ngsjPf fyhrhu tsq;fs;

OP/BP 4.12: RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk;

2.3.1 RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if (OP/BP 4.12)

107. fhzp> gpw nrhj;Jf;fs;> tho;thjhuk;> my;yJ tho;f;ifj;juk; vd;gtw;wpd; ,og;Gf;fhff; fUj;jpl;lnkhd;W ,og;gPL nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gq;fis RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; cs;slf;FfpwJ. SCDP ahdJ ngUk;ghyhd fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; jdpahu; fhzpfisg; ghupa mstpy; RtPfupf;Fk; Njitiaf; nfhz;buhJ. Mdhy;>



53

rpy jiyaPLfspy; ghupa fhzpr; RtPfupg;G Njitg;glyhk;. vdpDk;> fhy;tha; my;yJ ePu; Njf;Fk; Fsf;fl;Lfs; kw;Wk; xJf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l mur fhzpfspd; cilik kPl;gpy; mJ <LgLfpwJ. ,f;fPw;W epyq;fspy; FbapUf;Fk; kf;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fis SCDP cg fUj;jpl;lq;fs; vjpu;kiwahfg; ghjpf;fyhk;. ,r; #o;epiyfspy; Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wg; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gl itf;fyhk;.

108. KOikahfj; jahupf;fg;glhj cg fUj;jpl;lq;fs; kf;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fs;kPJ vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w ,t;tifahd fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;F kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfnkhd;W jahupf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;W tq;fpapd; nfhs;if $WfpwJ. (,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd RPF I toq;Fk;) ,e;j RPF MdJ r%fj; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk;nghUl;L> fhg;gPl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfisj; jUtJld;> mtw;iw Nrhjpj;J Ma;e;J kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;wpl;lnkhd;iwj; (RAP) jahupg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfisAk; toq;FfpwJ. mj;Jld; ,og;gPl;ilAk; kPs;FbNaw;w ed;ikfisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd jFjpfhz; gpukhzq;fSldhd cupj;Jupikia tpjpj;Jiuj;J> cg fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; nraw;gLj;Jifapd;NghJ jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;jj; Njitahd nraw;gLj;Jif xOq;FfisAk; toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j RPF MdJ mt;thwhd nraw;wpl;lq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhd khjpupfisAk; jUfpwJ (,izg;G 6).

109. cUg;glf;$ba khw;Wf; fUj;jpl;l tbtikg;Gfis Muha;e;J ghu;j;jgpd;du;> cyf tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; rhj;jpag;gLkplj;J> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s my;yJ ,optsthf;fNt mJ tpiofpwJ. ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;F> ,lk;ngau;tjw;F Kd;gpUe;jijtplr; rpwe;jjhf ,y;yhtpbDk;> mjw;Fr; rkdhd my;yJ fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; Muk;gj;jpy; epytpa kl;lj;jpyhd> ,jpy; vJ cau;e;jNjh me;j kl;lj;jpy; xU tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid toq;FtNj kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkply; gpupTf;fpUe;j Nehf;fq;fshFk;. Ra tpUg;gw;w fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpdhy; tpise;j jhf;fq;ff;Fg; gupfhu eltbf;ifahf> ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; jk; kPs;FbNaw;wk;njhlu;ghf mtu;fspd; njupTfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs;gw;wp mwptpf;fg;gLtu; vd;gij RPF

cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. mtu;fSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l MNyhridfisaLj;J> njhopy;El;guPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhuuPjpahfTk; rhj;jpakhd kPs;FbNaw;w khw;wPLfs; kw;Wk; KOikahd kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,og;gPLk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ngsjpfuPjpahd kPs ,ltikT jhf;fq;fspDs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> RPF

MdJ ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;F efu;Tg; gbfSk; tjptplj;jpw;fhd tPLk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

110. KO ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fSf;Fkhd jhf;fq;fs; rpwpjha; ,Ue;jhy;> 200f;Fk; Fiwthdtu;fNs ,lk; ngau;e;jpUe;jhy;> RUf;fkhd kPs;FbNww;wj; jpl;lk; fld;gLdUld; ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ngsjpfuPjpahf ,lk; ngauhjJld;> cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; nfhz;l mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fspy; 10%w;Fk; FiwthditNa ,of;fg;gl;bUg;gpd;> jhf;fkhdJ Fiwthdnjdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

2.3.2 RNjr kf;fs; (OP 4.10)



54

111. RNjr kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtq;fSk; fyhrhuq;fSk; mtu;fs;thOk; fhzpfSlDk;> mtu;fs; jq;fp thOk; tsq;fSld; tpLtpj;Jf;nfhs;s ,ayhjthW ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j; njspthd #o;epiyfs; mtu;fis ntt;NtW tifahd mghaNeu;TfSf;Fk;> jdpj;Jtk;> fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; toikahd tho;thjhuk; vd;gtw;wpd; ,og;G cs;spl;l mgptpUj;jpapd; jhf;fq;fspd; kl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Neha;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F Kfk; nfhLf;fitf;fpd;wd. ,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; RNjr kf;fs; rhjfkhf my;yJ ghjfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sduh vd ,dq;fhz ,f; fUj;jpl;lq;fis ,f; nfhs;if Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ. mg;gbahdhy; jpl;ltl;lkhd MNyhrid eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> ghjpf;fg;gLk; ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l ,k;kf;fs;kPJ Vw;glf;$ba jhf;fq;fisj; jtpu;f;f my;yJ Fiwf;f mJ gzpf;fpwJ.

2.3.3. ngsjPf fyhrhu tsq;fs; (OP/BP 4.11)

112. fyhrhu tsq;fs; gw;wpa fUj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpfspd; tpisthf vOk; vjpHkiwahd ghjpg;Gf;fis jtpHg;gjw;fhd my;yJ Fiwg;gjw;fhd cyf tq;fpapd; Njitg;ghLfis OP 4.11 tpgupf;fpd;wJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf njupTnra;ag;gl;l %d;W efuq;fSk; tuyhw;W uPjpahfTk; fyhrhu uPjpahfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lq;fshf ,Ug;gJld; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPohd KjyPlhdJ ftdkhd jpl;lkpliyAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd tbtikg;Gf;fisAk; efuj;jpy; cs;s ngsjPf kw;Wk; fyhrhu tsq;fis juKaHj;Jtjpy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba cupa ftdj;ijAk; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt ,f;nfhs;if mKYf;F te;jhy; #oy; kw;Wk; r%f kjpg;gPLfs; mj;jifa Mjdq;fs; kPJ VJk; jhf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; mtw;wpd; gUkid kPsha;T nra;Ak;. ,t;tplakhdJ EAMF ,d; fPohd xU EIA

%ykhf KOikahf ifahsg;gLfpwJ. 2.4. Njrpa kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp ghJfhg;Gj; Njitg;ghLfspd; ,ilntspg;gFg;gha;T

113. RUf;fpf; $Wtjhapd; ,yq;ifahdJ fhzp RtPfupg;ig Kfhik nra;J fhzpg; gad;ghl;il rPuhf;Fk; nghUl;L kpfTk; ed;F tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l rl;l Kiwik xd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; Kd;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW NtWgl;l Kiwfisf; nfhz;l tpNrlj;Jtkhd my;yJ tpNrlj;Jtkw;w Mjd kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd caHju Kiwik xd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhzp RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs; FbNaw;wk; njhlh;ghd cyf tq;fpapd; ghJfhg;G Njitg;ghLfSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhdjhf jw;NghJs;s rl;l Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; NIRP kw;Wk; 2008Mk; Mz;bd; 2013Mk; Mz;Lfspd; fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;FtpjpfSk; cyf tq;fpapd; ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;iffSf;F fUj;jpl;lk; neUq;fpapUf;fj;jf;fjhf mq;Fs;s ,ilntspfis epug;g tpisfpwJ. NIRPahdJ ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfspd; nraw;gLj;Jifia topelhj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;ltl;lkhd tpjpfNsh tpjpg;GiufNsh ,y;yhj nfhs;ifj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU $w;whFk;. ,r;#oiktpy; ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;w nfhs;ifr; rl;lfkhdJ (RPF) cupj;Jupikf;fhd mikTU xd;iwAk; (EM) RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijAk; tq;fpapd; OP 4.11 kw;Wk; 4.12 vd;gw;Wf;F mike;njhOFk; tifapyhd ngsjPf kw;Wk; fyhrhu tsq;fSld; ,ize;j mghaNeHTfisAk;



55

Fwpj;J nrayhw;Wtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy;> fhzpr;RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lkhdJ (LAA) fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd jdpahH fhzpia RtPfupg;gjw;fhd gpujhd rl;l Mtzkhf njhlHe;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfSk; FLk;gq;fSk; ,e;j RPF,y; toq;fg;gl;l EM,d; gpufhuk; ,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ciwtplj;ij> tpahghuj;ij nrhj;Jf;fis kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis ,og;gjw;F Kd; mtHfsJ cupj;J my;yJ FbapUg;G me;j];J vJthapUg;gpDk; jFjpahd ,og;gPl;ilAk; kPs; FbNaw;w ed;ikiaAk; ngWtH.

114. UNCEDAWit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l 1993,d; kfspH rhrdkhdJ rl;luPjpahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU rhjdkhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. kfspH Fwpj;j Njrpa FO (NCW)thdJ kfspH rhrd Vw;ghLfspd; mKyhf;fj;ij fz;fhzpf;Fk; Miziag;ngw;wpUg;gpDk; epWtd uPjpahd cjtpaw;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. NCWit Njhw;wkstpyhd (QASI) ePjpKiw nraw;ghLfSldhd cj;Njr Njrpa Mizf;FOthf khw;Wk; nrad;Kiw ,d;Dk; Kw;Wg;ngwtpy;iy. 2000Mk; Mz;by; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l kfspH gw;wpa Njrpa nraw;jpl;lkhdJ ,d;Dk; ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

2.5. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;

115. Nkw;nrhd;d gFg;gha;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpje;Jiu nra;ag;gl;l kPs;FbNaw;wk; / fhzpr;RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; jhf;f Fiwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW.

2.5.1. fUj;jpl;l kPs;FbNaw;w / fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs ; 116. SCDPahdJ jdpahH fhzp cupikahsH kPJk; mjpfhuj;JlNdh my;yJ

mjpfhukpd;wpNah mur fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpte;j cupj;Jupikaw;wtHfs; kPNjh vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fis jtpHj;jy; my;yJ Fiwj;jy; vd;w typAWj;JifAld; $baJk; khw;W tbtikg;Gf;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;tJkhd mgptpUj;jp jiyaPLfisAk; eltbf;iffisAk; njupTnra;Ak;. vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fis Fiwg;gjw;F SCDP gpd;tUk; Nfhl;ghLfis gpd;gw;wpr; nraw;gLk;.

khw;W topfspd; gFg;gha;tpd; Clhf fl;lhak; Njitnad cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; md;wp jdpahH fhzpfspd; RtPfupg;igj; jtpHj;jy; my;yJ Fiwj;jy;.

cUg;gbahd midj;J njupTfisAk; Muha;tjd; %yk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; (IR) kw;Wk; fhzp> fl;blq;fs;> gpwnrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; ,og;Gf;fisj; jtpHj;jy; my;yJ Fiwj;jy;.

,aYkhdtiu mj;JkPwYk; gpw tpy;yq;fq;fSkw;w mur fhzpfis gad;gLj;jy;.

tzf;fj;jyq;fs;> Nrkf;fhiyfs; kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf> kj uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; jyq;fis fUj;jpl;lk; ghjpf;fhjpUf;Fk; tz;zk; khw;W tbfhyikg;Gf;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;sy;.

r%f Kfhikj;Jtk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jifr; nrad;Kiw vd;gtw;wpy; ghy;epiy Fwpj;j guprPyidia $l;bizj;jy;.



56

2.5.2. jhf;ff;Fiwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

117. vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fs; jtpHf;fg;gl Kbahjit vdf; fhzg;gLifapy; SCDPahdJ gpd;tUk; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fika mtw;iw Fiwf;fj;jpl;lkpLk;.

topfhl;lYf;fikthf (,izg;G 7) ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l r%fg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdJk; cyf tq;fpapdJk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;iffSf;F xj;jpirthd jhf;ff;Fiwg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf SCDPahdJ midj;J mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; kPJk; r%f NrhjidiaAk; mjidaLj;J r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfspd; kPs;FbNaw;wkhdJ jpl;lkplg;gl;L mgptpUj;jp jiyaPLfspd; cs;slq;fpa xU ghfkhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

nghJf;fhzpg; gad;ghl;lhsH kl;by; rl;lG+Ht cupj;jhtzq;fs; ,y;yhik cjtpngw (r%f> nghUshjhu uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;l eypTw;w FOtpdUf;F) xU jilahf ,uhJ.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfspd; FLk;gq;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu gz;Gfs; njhlHgpyhd eypTw;w epiyahdJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;L ,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l cs;slf;fk;> Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; tUkhd cjtp vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

tsq;fs;> Nritfs; kl;by; ngz;fSf;F rktoptha;g;G toq;fg;gLtJld;> mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; mtHfis gq;Nfw;fr; nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fSk; toq;fg;gLk;. ghy;epiyapy; eLepiy NgZk; Nfhl;ghLfs; nfhs;ifapy; nghjpag;gLk;. cjhuzkhf. fhzp cWjpfisAk; ,og;gPl;L cupj;JupikfisAk; fztd; kidtp ,UtuJ ngaupYk; toq;fy;> ,isQUf;fhd Ntiytha;g;gpy; Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk; rkkhf Fwpitj;jy;.

twpa kw;Wk; eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs; cs;spl;l tPl;Lg;gz;iz ,og;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; cWjpapy;yhjtHfs; (mj;JkPwp ,Ug;NghH/ mur fhzpfspy; mj;JkPwp FbapUg;NghH / nghJ ,lq;fspy; trpg;NghH) tPLfs;> ePH tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; Jg;guNtw;ghL Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfSld; ngsjPf uPjpapyhd kPs;,ltikT cjtpfs; toq;fg;ngWtH.

mgptpUj;jp jiyaPLfs; r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; rhH trjpfs; Nghd;w r%f trjpfisg; ghjpf;Fk;NghJ kPs;,ltikT nra;ag;gl;l egHfSlDk; tuNtw;Fk; r%fj;JlDk; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;L kPs;,ltikT nra;ag;gl;l ,lj;jpy; mt;trjpfs; kPs Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLf;fg;gLk;.

cupik njhlHghd me;j];J vJthapUg;gpDk; ,lk;ngaHe;j filf;fhuUf;F mtHfs; jFjpAilNahuhf ,Uf;fk; gl;rj;jpy;> khw;Wf;filfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;a> MNyhridf; fyg;Gk; ntspg;gLj;Jif Njitg;ghLk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.

fhzp RtPfupg;G> kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jif Mfpatw;wpd; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jif nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FbrhH NtiyfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; fhzp FbrhH Ntiyf;fhf ifaspf;fg;gLKd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfs; jkf;Fupa cupj;Jupik toq;fg;gl;L nghUj;jkhd tifapy; kPs;,ltikT nra;ag;gLtJ cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.



57

118. fhg;G tpjpf;F mike;J xOFjiyAk; RR&R eltbf;iffspd; RKfkhd nraw;gLj;jYf;F VJk; mr;RWj;jy; ,Ug;gpd; mij ,dq;fz;L jPHj;J itf;fg;gLtijAk; cWjpnra;a fhzpr;RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; RR&R eltbf;iffspd; Kd;Ndw;w Ntfk; kw;Wk; juk; vd;gd RahjPdkhd %d;whk; jug;G MNyhrfHfspd; cjtpAld; fzpfhzpf;fg;gLk;.



58

3. r%f Kfhikj;JtKk; jhf;fff;Fiwg;G eltbf;iffSk; 3.1. nghJ

119. ,t;tj;jpahakhdJ fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; jdpegHfs;> FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fis ,dq;fz;L> cg fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l r%fj;jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;J> VJk; vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mij jtpHg;gjw;fhd / ,optsthf;Ftjw;fhd kw;Wk; Kfhik nra;tjw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; toq;FfpwJ. jpl;lkpLjy;> epiwNtw;Wjy; kw;Wk; ntt;NtW eltbf;iffspd; njhopw;ghL / Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpy; r%ff; fhg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij NghJkhdsT $l;bizg;gij fUj;jpl;lk; nraw;gLj;Jk; KftH mikg;GfSf;F ,aYkhdjhf;FtNj RPF ,d; nghUshFk;. RPF MdJ fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; midj;J r%f> nghUshjhu cl;fl;likg;G eltbf;iffisAk; nghWg;Ngw;W jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;JkhW epjpAjtpAld; $ba nraw;gLj;Jk; KftH mikg;GfSf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;.

3.2. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; epfo;jfTila vjpHkiwahd r%fj;jhf;fq;fs;

120. r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; r%ff; fhg;gPLfs; kPJ mtjhdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F fhuzkhd %d;W Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; cs: (1) fhzp RtPfupg;G eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; ngsjPf uPjpahd ,lk;ngaHjiyj; jLj;jy; / Fiwj;jy; (2) nghUshjhu uPjpahd ,lk;ngaHjiyAk; mj;Jld; my;yJ tho;thjhu ,og;igAk; Fwpj;J Mtdnra;a jpl;lkply; (3) fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrj;jpd; cs;Sk; GwKk; thOk; twpa kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk; nghUl;Lk;> fUj;jpl;l jhf;fq;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; nghUl;Lk; ed;ikfisg; gfpHtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs;. ,k;%d;W gpur;rpidfSf;fhd nraw;gug;Gfspy; fhzpr;RtPfupg;Ng kpfTk; ,luhd kw;Wk; fhj;jpukhd rthy; MFk;. mur fhzpfisf; ifkhw;wy; Clhf ngWjy; Nghy; my;yhJ jdpahH fhzpapd; RtPfupg;ghdJ rpf;fyhdJk; nghJthf $UzHT nfhz;lJkhd xU tplakhFk;. kf;fs; mjpfk; gw;Witj;jpUf;Fk; r%f fyhrhu tsq;fSf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;Jtij tplTk; ,J fbdkhdjhFk;. NghJkhd mwpT> ftdkhd jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; cs;SUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %Nyhghaq;fs; Mfpa ,tw;wpy; vJTNk ,y;yhky; ,j;jhf;fq;fs; mHj;jKs;s ve;j topapYk; Fiwf;fg;gl KbahJ. vdNt SCDPapd; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; tpisthf> fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfs; re;jpf;fTs;s ,ay;jpwd; nfhz;l r%f> nghUshjhu> ngsjPf kw;Wk; fyhrhuj; jhf;fq;fis Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;J epr;rag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;SKfkhfNt epfo;jfT nfhz;l cg fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; r%f kjpg;gPLfSk; r%f NrhjidfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;g Nrhjidg;gb I Mk; eltbf;iffs; toptha;g;G kw;Wk; efHjpwd;> Nghd;w nghJ ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,lk;rhHe;j kw;Wk; jw;fhypfj; jhf;fq;fs;> Ntypfs;> vy;iyr;RtH Nghd;w fl;Lkhdq;fSf;F Vw;gl;l gFjpastpyhd ghjpg;Gfs;> ghJfhg;G gpur;rpidfs;> Ntiy kw;Wk; Ntjdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw <LgLj;jpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; Kd;dH $l;bf;fhl;bathW jw;NghJs;s tPjpfspd; tpupthf;fKk; Fwpj;j rpy efu cl;fl;Lkhdq;fSk; NtW jhf;fq;fisAk; cUthf;ff;$Lk;. vg;gbapUg;gpDk; ,it ghupa mstpyhd



59

fhzpr;RtPfupg;igj; Njitg;gLj;jhJ> rpy tPLfs;> filfs;> ngl;bf;filfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; kPs; ,ltikTf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yyhk;.

121. fl;lk; II ,d; KjyPLfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpujhd r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; cl;fl;likg;G NtiyfSf;F Njitg;gLk; rhj;jpakhd jdpahH fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpy; ,Ue;J ntspg;glyhk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; nts;sk; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G Kfhikj;Jt KjyPLfs; fhuzkhf fhy;tha; Xuq;fspy; Kiwrhuhf; FbNaw;wq;fspy; cs;s tPLfs; kw;Wk; tpahghuf; filfs; kPJ tho;thjhu ,og;gpdhy; cz;lhFk; jhf;fq;fSk; ,jpy; gFjpastpy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. gq;Fgw;Wk; khefu rig mjpfhupfshy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l rpy Ntiyfisg; nghWj;jstpy; fhyp> fz;b> aho;g;ghdk; Mfpa efuq;fspy; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G my;yJ nghJf;fhzpfspy; FbapUg;igj; njhlHjy; vd;gd fhuzkhf RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;w jhf;fq;fis cUthf;ff;$ba jpl;ltl;lkhd eltbf;iffspy; gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;: tbfhyikg;G Kfhikj;Jt Ntiyfs; (aho;g;ghdj;jpy; cs;s kio ePiuj; Njf;fpitf;Fk; Fsq;fspd; GdUj;jhgdk; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk;> nts;s mghaj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf tbfhy;fspYk; fhy;tha; KiwfspYk; NrW mfw;wy; kw;Wk; tpupTgLj;jy;; ePHg;ghrdj; jpizf;fsj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fz;b thtpiar; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ePNuhl;lj;jpw;F vjpHj;jpirg; gpuNjrq;fspd; Gduikg;G cs;SH kw;Wk; khefurig tPjpfspd; Gduikg;G mj;Jld; / my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wk; cs;spl;l gq;Fgw;Wk; khefu rigfshy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l FbrhH Ntiyfs;; tuyhw;Wr;rpwg;Gkpf;f fl;llq;fisg; GJg;gpj;jy; Kjypad. jdpahH fhzpfs; / fl;llq;fspd; RtPfupg;ig ,e;eltbf;iffs; Njitg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJld; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s tjptplaq;fisAk; tpahghuj;jsq;fisAk; r%f eyd;rhH trjpfisAk; ngsjPf kw;Wk; fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fisAk; ghjpf;fyhk;. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; rptpy; NtiyfSf;fhf mur fhzpfspy; mjpfhukw;wtHfspd; FbapUg;gpd; fPo; cs;s tjptplq;fs; kw;Wk; filfs; vd;gtw;iw kPl;nlLf;Fk;NghJ kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpy; jhf;fq;fs; cUthfyhk;. Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;j; njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfs; fyhrhu kw;Wk; kuGupikj;jsq;fs; kw;Wk; tPjp xJf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; cs;s mj;JkPwy;fs; vd;gd aho;g;ghd efHg;gpuNjr jiyaPLfspy; vjpHnfhs;sg;gLk; rpy gpujhd r%f fupridfs; MFk;. fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrq;fs; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPs;FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fkhf ,Ue;jhy;> fUj;jpl;lkhdJ jdpj;Jtkhd r%fg; gpur;rpidfis vjpHnfhs;tjpy; tpNrl mtjhdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. fhzp cupikia ep&gpg;gjw;fhd rl;l uPjpahd Mtzq;fis cupikahsHfs; nfhz;buhjNghJ ,og;gPL nrYj;Jtjpy; gpur;rpidfs; voyhk;. mt;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; ghjpg;GWk; jug;gpdH LARC vdg;gLk; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOit mZFjy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

3.3. kPs;FbNaw;w nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk;

122. SCDPapw;fhf RPF ,y; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;s kPs;FbNaw;w Nfhl;ghLfs; cupa rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ij xOq;Ftpjpfis kw;Wk; topfhl;ly;fis Fwpg;ghf



60

LAA kw;Wk; NIRPAk; kWGwj;Nj cyf tq;fp ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfisAk; nfhz;ljhf mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. SCDPahdJ “xU Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lk;”khf cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. RPF ,y; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jzpg;G eltbf;iffSf;F topfhl;Lfpd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; ml;ltiz 2,y; RUf;fkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Table 2: r%f jhf;fq;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk

Nfhl;ghLfs; topfhl;ly;fs; Nfhl;ghL 1: vq;F vq;F ,aYNkh mq;F kdpj ,lk;ngaHjiyAk; kPs;FbNaw;wiyAk; ,optsthf;Fjy;.

vq;F vq;F rhj;jpaNkh mq;F fhzpr;RtPfupg;G RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wKk; jtpHf;fg;gLk; my;yJ r%f fupridfis ,e;jf; fUj;jpl;lj; njupTfSf;Fs; $l;bizg;gjd; Clhf ,aYkhd msTf;F ,optsthf;Fjy;. cjhuzkhf> vq;F fhzp RtPfupg;G Njitg;gLfpd;wNjh mj;Jld; fhzpNah tPNlh my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fNsh ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; fUj;jpl;lj;ij njupTnra;Ak;NghJ fUj;jpl;l gq;fhz;ik KftH mikg;Gfs; (PPA) tbtikg;igAk; khw;wPl;L jsj;ijAk; Fiwe;jgl;r fhzp kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fs; nfhz;ljhf khw;wPl;L tbtikg;igAk; jsj;ijAk; njupTnra;tH. ,jd; Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;why; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; nfhz;l fhzpia my;yJ nghUshjhu nrhj;Jf;fis ciwtplj;ij my;yJ fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fs; kPjhd jhf;fj;ij Fiwg;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.



61

Nfhl;ghL 2: midj;J fUj;jpl;lj; jhf;fq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L midj;J ,og;Gf;fisAk; Kiwahf gjpT nra;jy;

jhf;fq;fs; ,optsthf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; (200 egHfSf;Fk; FiwthNdhH ,lk;ngaHe;jpUj;jy;) r%f Nrhjidapd; KbTfisfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> xU njhifkjpg;Gf; fzf;fPl;bd; Clhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;l jhf;fq;fisg; gjpTnra;J xU RUf;fkhd kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk;. xU KOikahd kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lj;ij Njitg;gLj;Jk; msTf;F r%f Nrhjid NghJkhd msT jhf;fq;fisf; fhz;gpj;jhy; xU r%fj;jhf;f kjpg;gPL (r%f nghUshjhu Ma;T xd;wpdhy; Fiwepug;gg;gl;l xU njhifkjpg;gPL) midj;J ,ay;jpwd; nfhz;l jhf;fq;fisAk; tpgukhf gjpTnra;Ak; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfs;> FLk;gq;fspd; juTj;jsk; xd;W epWtg;gLk;. mJ gpd;tUtd gw;wpa jfty;fis cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.

khw;wPl;Lg; ngWkjpapyhd ,og;gPl;ilAk; kw;Wk;; Fiwg;G eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L fhzp cilik kw;Wk; cilikf;fhyk;; fhzp> fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; kPl;f Kbahj ,og;G.

FLk;g Mf;f tpguk; kw;Wk; rKjhag; Gs;sp tpguq;fs;nfhz;l njhif kjpg;gPl;Lj; jfty;

FLk;gq;fspd; jw;Nghija tUkhd topfs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fs;.

jdp egu;fs;> FLk;gq;fspd; cupj;Jupikfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf> nrhj;Jf;fs;gw;wpa ,Ug;NgLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk; RR&R ed;ikfisf; nfhz;L> ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; vt;thW jk; ciwtplj;ijAk; tho;thjhuq;fisAk; kPs epWtf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijf; fz;fhzpf;f r%f nghUshjhuj; njhif kjpg;gPl;Lj; juTfs; gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. mj;Jld;> jpl;lkply;> nraw;gLj;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw ,yFgLj;j> midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.



62

Nfhl;ghL 3.: gpd;tUk; gbepiyfSlhf fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gk; Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffs; fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw; gLj;ifapd; gpupf;fKbahj xU ghfkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wr; nryTfs; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jg; ghjPl;bDs; xU Neu;ikahd nrythf cs;spizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. cupj;Jupik vJthf ,Ug;gpDk;> ,og;gPlhdJ kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,Uf;Fk;. fhzpr; RtPfupg;igAk; Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fisAk; jtpu;f;Fk;nghUl;L my;yJ Fiwf;Fk;nghUl;L> tbtikg;Gk; js miktpg;Gk; r%f NrhjidaplYld; jahupf;fg;gLk;. cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd tpupthd fUj;jpl;l mwpf;ifahdJ> r%f Nrhjidaply;/SIA

KbTfs; kw;Wk; kP.F. nraw;wpl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf; $l;bizf;Fk;. LA kw;Wk; RR&R vd;gtw;wpw;fhd ml;ltizfs; Kiwahf ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; tifapy;> r%f mgptpUj;jpapdJk; nghwpapay; gpupTfspdJk; tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; xUq;fpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk;tifapy;> epWtduPjpahd rl;lfnkhd;W epWtg;gLk;. gzpaplj; Jg;Gutpw;F Kd;djhf ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdTk; kPs; FbNaw;wKk; G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij ,t;nthOq;Ffs; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;> LA nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; gpujhd kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffs; rptpy; Ntiyf;fhf xg;ge;jk; ifaspf;fg;gLKd; epiwT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Nfhl;ghL 4: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw; gLj;Jifapd;NghJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSlDk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fs; Nghd;w gpw gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSlDk; nghJf; fye;Jiuahly;fis mwptpj;J elhj;Jjy;

rhj;jpa Ma;Tf; fl;lj;jpy; cg fUj;jpl;lk;gw;wpa jftiy ntspg;GLj;jpg; gug;Gjy;. kP.F. nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; (RAP) jahupg;gjw;FKd; rKjha Nrhjid kw;Wk; r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;wpd; ngWNgWfis (LA kw;Wk; RR&R jhf;fq;fs;) ntspg; gLj;jpg; gug;Gjy;. kP.F. nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; jahupg;gpd;NghJk; nraw; gLj;Jifapd;NghJk; cupj;Jupikfs;> ,og;gPL> RR&R cjtpf; nfhLg;gdT ml;ltiz> RAP nraw;gLj;Jifj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; kdf;Fiwafw;Wk; eilKiw vd;gitgw;wp ntspg;gLj;jpg; gug;Gjy;. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F tpNrl mtjhdk; nrYj;Jf:

cg fUj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jif ml;ltizfs;gw;wp kf;fSf;F mwptpj;jy;

ciwtplk; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fspd; Kd;dpiy kPl;ly;> tbtikg;gpYk; nraw;gLj;JifapYk; jkJ gq;Nfw;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy; Mfpa eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J kf;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;

kPs; ,ltikT kw;Wk; fhzpr;RtPfupg;G vd;gtw;wpd; jpfjpfs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;wpd; eilKiwFwpj;Jk;



63

ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;F Kd;$l;bNa mwptpj;jy;.

cgfUj;jpl;lg; gzpaplq;fspy; mwptpg;Gg; gyifia epWTjy;

RAP nraw;gLj;Jifapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fspd; cjtpia ehLjy;

Nfhl;ghL 5: r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkplypYk; ghy;epiyrhu; rYiffis cs;slf;Fjy;

xU ghy;epiy %Nyhgha kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy; njhif kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu Ma;tpd;NghJ ghy;epiyrhu; gjpw;nray; GupAk; MNyhrid %Nyhghak; kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ gpd;tUk; ghy;epiy rhu; rYiffis cs;slf;Fjy;:

kPs; ,ltikT kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wr; nrad;Kiwapy; ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l tho;thjhu cjtpfSld; ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fSf;F tpNrl mtjhdk; nrYj;jy;

fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahfg; ngz;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l nghOJNghf;F ,lq;fspy; Jg;GuT Vw;ghL> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jsghlk; kw;Wk; trjpfs; cs;spl;l ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;Tnfhz;l cl;fl;likg;G Vw;ghL

kPs;FbNaw;wf; fl;llq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpj;jy;



64

Nfhl;ghL 6: jk; tho;thjhuq;fis Kd;ida me;j];jpw;Fr; rkdhf my;yJ mjpYk; rpwe;j epiyfSf;F ,Wjpahf kPl;L Kd;Ndw;Wk; nghUl;L ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;F cjTjy;

gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfSf;$lhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fis kPl;L Kd;Ndw;Wtij mtu;fSf;F ,aYkhdjhf;f> fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;J Kftu;fs; gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis vLg;gu;:

fhzpf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;Fk; Vw;gl;l vy;yh ,og;GfSf;Fk; khw;wPl;L tpfpjq;fspy; ,og;gPL toq;fy;

fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; Vw;gl;l nrhj;jpog;Gf;fhf fhzp cupj;Jfsw;wtu;fSf;F mr; nrhj;Js;s ,lj;jpy; RR&R cjtpfis toq;Fjy;

,oe;j my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l tPl;il/filia my;yJ NtNwJk; fl;Lkhdj;ijf; fhR %ykhf mj;Jld;/my;yJ khw;wplk;> mj;Jld;/my;yJ kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpyhdd fl;llk; (filfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil trjpfs; kw;Wk; NritfSldhd tjptplq;fis mJ fl;bf; nfhLf;Fk;) vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l tPLfisAk; tu;j;jf myFfisAk; kPs epWt cjTjy;

ngsjpfuPjpahd kPs; ,ltikT Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gbfs; cs;spl;l kPs; ,ltikT cjtpia toq;fy;

tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;gpw;Fk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; MjuT toq;fy;

Nfhl;gL 7: eypTWk; epiyapYs;s FLk;gq;fSf;fhd fUj;jpl;l ed;ikfis Nkk;gLj;j tpNrl cjtp

fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l khw;wq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl epiyapy; cs;s my;yJ mtw;wpd; ed;ikfspypUe;J js;spitf;fg;gl;l (Kjpa> kw;Wk; tyJ Fiwe;j> ngz; jiyikapyhd) eypTWk; epiyapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs; kPjhd vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fSf;F tpNrl mtjhdk; nrYj;jy;. ,f;FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Fuy; nghJthfg; gaDW tifapy; Nfl;fg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt> mtu;fspd; cupj;Jupikf;fhd toptha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;> mtu;fspd; kdf;Fiwfs; jPu;f;fg;glTk; mtu;fSf;F tpNrl cjtp Njitg;gLk;. nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;> ciwtplk; kw;Wk; r%f ed;ikfSf;fhd toptha;g;Gf;fspd; ,og;gpw;fhf> fUj;jpl;lk; toptha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;jp> ,og;gPl;ilAk; toq;Fk;.



65

Nfhl;ghL 8: kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G eilKiwfs; cupa Kiwapy; nraw;gLk;

kdf;Fiw Nfl;lwpAk; nghwpKiwia cs;Su; kl;lj;jpYk;> fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu; kl;lj;jpYk; epWtp> rptpy; r%fj;jpypUe;J gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l cau; kl;lj;jpyhd xU RahjPd FiwNfs; Maj;ij Vw;gLj;jy; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G> kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;G vd;gd njhlu;gpyhd cupa fhg;gPl;Lf; ftdpg;igf; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; kPsha;T nra;a> RahjPd fhg;gPl;Lf; fz;fhzpg;G Kftu; mikg;G (MNyhrfu;fs;) epWtg;gLk;. fz;fhzpg;ghdJ> vz;zpf;if rhu;e;j kw;Wk; juk; rhu;e;j Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> eilngw;WtUk; cs;sf kw;Wk; fhyhz;bw;fhd ntspaff; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; juj;jpw;fhd tUlhe;j kPsha;Tr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;.

Nfhl;ghL 9: kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkplyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpr; #oikitf; fzf;fpy; vLf;Fk;.

eypTWk; epiyapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fspd; tWikiaj; jPu;g;gij ,yf;Fitj;j Kd;ndLg;Gfs; cs;spl;l> fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; jw;NghJ eilngWfpd;w/ jpl;lkplg;gl;l VJk; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fs;/ epjp toq;Fk; Kftu; mikg;Gfspd; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Kd;ndLg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jkJ gzpiaj; njhlu;tij ,yFgLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfs; vd;gtw;iw kPs; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkplyhdJ ftdj;jpnyLf;Fk;.

Nfhl;ghL 10: kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nrw;gLj;JifahdJ ,yq;ifapd; rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;if Vw;ghLfSf;Fk; cyf tq;fpapd; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;iffSf;Fk; mike;njhOFk; (,tw;Ws; Kuz;ghL fhzg;gLkhapd;> gpd;idajpw;F mike;njhOFk;)

kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nrw;gLj;JifahdJ

r%f Kfhikj;Jtk;

nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; ntspg;ghL

fhzp cilikAupik;> njhopy;> RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; ,og;gPL

cs;Suhl;rp> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Nrit toq;fy; vd;gd njhlu;ghd fUj;jpl;lf; nfhs;iffs;> cupa Njrpa rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpapd; nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;wpw;F mike;njhOFk;.

Nfhl;ghL 11: kPs;FbNaw;wg; gzpaplq;fspy; epiyNgwhd Ra Kfhikj;Jtj;ij cWjp nra;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwfis epWTjy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; r%f tiyaikg;Gfs; vjpu; kiwahfg; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j> kPs; ,ltikTr; nrad;Kiwf;fhf gq;Nfw;Gldhd jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;>vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;f gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fisAk; r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l mikg;GfisAk; ehb MNyhrid ngWjy;.



66

kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; FOf;fspd; Kfhikj;J tj;jpw;fhd Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F fuk; gpbj;J cjTk; Mjuit toq;Fjy; rpWtu;f;fhd gfy; guhkupg;G epiyak;> ngz;fSf;fhd nghJ miw> Kfhikj;Jtf; FOTf;fhd mYtyfk;> jpwe;j ntsp> kio ePu; tbfhyikg;G> Jg;GuT Vw;ghL Kjypatw;iw toq;fy;. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fis mNj gpuNjrj;jpy;/gp.nr.gpuptpy; kPs;FbNaw;wy;;

3.4 RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wifapd; Kf;fpa gbepiyfs;

123. kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lkplypd; gpujhd gbepiyfs; gpd;tUtdthFk;: r%f Nrhjidaply;> r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL> ,Ug;Gg; gjpNtL kw;Wk; tpiykjpg;G> jFjpiaAk; cupj;JupikiaAk; jPu;khdpj;jy;> MNyhridAk; KbTfspd; ntspg;gLj;JifAk;> (RUf;fkhd my;yJ KOikahd kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhd) kPs;FbNaw;w rhjdq;fisj; jahu; nra;jy;> RAP fs;gw;wpa MNyhridAk; ,Wjp nra;jYk;> kPs;FbNaw;wg; gzpaplq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp> ,Wjp RAP apd; ntspg;gLj;Jif (jhf;fq;fs;> cupj;Jupikfs;> nraw;gLj;Jk; Kftu; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ml;ltiz)> jFjpAila ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; gl;bay;> kdf;Fiwafw;Wk; nghwpKiwfs; (GRMs)> fhzpr; RtPPfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gpg;G> ,og;gPl;bw;Fupa gzj;ij toq;fYk; RR&R cupj;JupikfSk;> kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd jpl;lkplYk; cz;ikahd kPs; ,ltikTk;> kdf;FiwfNsJk; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;wpw;fhd jPu;T> gzpaplj;ijj; Jg;Guthf;fy;> rptpy; NtiyfSf;fhfg; gzpaplj;ij xg;ge;jfhuUf;Ff; ifaspj;jy;> kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd cjtp eltbf;iffs;> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL. ,r; nrad;KiwahdJ fPNo tpgupf;fg; gl;Ls;s jhf;fq;fspd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;jYld; Muk;gkhfpwJ.

3.4.1 r%f Nrhjidaply; kw;Wk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;

124. RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf> ,izg;G 7 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s r%f Nrhjidaply; gbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> cupa fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftuikg;ghy; (PPA) r%f Nrhjidaply; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,r; Nrhjidia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpdhy; epfof;$Lkhd jhf;fq;fspd; msTFwpj;j juTfs; kw;Wk; cg fUj;jpl;;l fhg;gPl;Lj; Njitg;ghLfs; vd;gd gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;:

A. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f (tif A) - cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisthf 200 my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; ghupa jhf;fq;fis mDgtpj;jhy;> mjhtJ> tPl;bypUe;J ngsjpf uPjpahf ,lk;ngau;e;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ cw;gj;jpj;



67

jpwd;nfhz;l (tUkhdk; jUk;) jkJ nrhj;Jf;fspy; 10 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhf ,oe;jpUe;j;jy;.

B. Njitaw;w (tif B) - cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisthf 200f;Fk; FiwthNdhu; tPl;bypUe;J ngsjpf uPjpahf ,lk;ngau;e;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;nfhz;l (tUkhdk; jUk;) jkJ nrhj;Jf;fspy; 10 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthf ,oe;jpUe;jhy; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; mtu;fspd; jhf;fq;fSf;Fr; rkkhfj; jahupf;fg;gLk;.

C. kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jhf;fkw;wJ (tif C) - jw;fhypf kw;Wk; epue;juf;

fhzpr; RtPfupg;ig cg fUj;jpl;lk; Njitg;gLj;jhjNghJ fhzp> fl;Lkhdq;fs;> gapu;fs; kw;Wk; kuq;fs;> tpahghuq;fs; my;yJ tUkhdk; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila jhf;fq;fSk; ,uhJ. kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lKk; Njitg;glhJ. ,t;tiff; FbNaw;wk; jw;fhypfkhdJ Mdhy; Njitaw;w jhf;fj;ij cs;slf;Fk;. vdpDk;> epHkhzpg;G Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xU gFjpahf> EM ,Yk; fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jif xOq;Ffs;gw;wpa mj;jpahaj;jpYk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW> ghjpf;fg;gl;l egUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> xg;ge;jfhuuhy; ,J Fiwf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

125. RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd;kPjhd jhf;fq;fspd; NrhjidAk; tifg;gLj;jYk;

fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftuhy; (PPA) jd; nrhe;j r%ftpay; epGzu;fshYk; cupa gpw gzpahl;nlhFjpapduhYk;> my;yJ mj;jifa Mw;wy; cs;stu;fs; ,y;iynadpy;> ntspthup MNyhrfu;fspd; cjtpAlDk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. r%f Nrhjid mwpf;ifahdJ PPA apd; r%f tpQ;Qhdpahy; jahupf;fg;gl;L> cg fUj;jpl;l Kfhikahsuhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L> PMU tpdhy; jilnahopg;gpw;fhf rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. PMU tpy; cs;s gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (r%fg; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL) ,Wjpahf cj;Njr cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; r%f Nrhjid kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L tifg;gLj;jYf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspg;ghu;.

126. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; ahJnkhU cg fUj;jpl;lkhdJ (tif A)

KO mstpyhd SIA / njhiff; fzf;nfLg;igj; Njitg;gLj;JtJld;> KOikahd xU RAP Ij; jahupj;Jr; nraw;gLj;JtijAk; Njitg;gLj;Jk;. Mdhy;> 200f;Fk; Fiwthd egu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; tif B cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;F RUf;fkhd RAPfNs jahupf;fg;gLk;. Xu; cg fUj;jpl;lkhdJ vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fnkJTk; ,y;yhjpUf;ff; fhzg;gl;lhy;> mij cWjpg;gLj;jp mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; njuptpj;J> xU r%f Nrhjid mwpf;ifNah (SSR) my;yJ Xu; cupa ftd mwpf;ifNah (DDR) rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. rptpy; Ntiy xg;ge;jq;fSf;F mit ifaspf;fg;gLKd;> kPsha;tpd;nghUl;Lk; jilePf;fypd; nghUl;Lk; SSRfs;> DDRfs;> RUf;fkhd kw;Wk; KOikahd RAP fs; vd;gd cyf tq;fpAld; gfpug;gLk;. RUf;fkhd kw;Wk; KOikahd RAP fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhd khjpup tbtq;fs; crhj;Jizf;fhf ,izg;G 6 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,og;gPL> GdUj;jhgdk; kw;Wk; kPs; ,ltikT xOq;Ffs; vd;gd ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifj; Njitg;ghLfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; jpl;kplg;gl;Lg; ghjPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijr; RUf;fkhd kw;Wk; KOikahd RAPfs; ,uz;Lk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. ,Wjp nra;ag;gl;lJk;



68

RAP ahdJ PMUthy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. fhg;gPl;L Mtzg;gLj;jw; Njitg;ghLfis ml;ltiz 3 RUf;fkhfj; jUfpwJ.

Table 3: fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; r%fg; fhg;gPl;L Mtzq;fspd; tif

vjpu;kiwahd r%fj; jhf;fq;fSs; mlq;Fgit

Njitg;gLk; Mtzq;fspd; tif

tjptplq;fSf;fhd top tha;g;igg; ghjpj;J rpwpa jhf;fq;fis tpisthfj; jUk; cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf ,Uf;fpd;w nrhj;Jf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;

ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfisAk; epu;khzpg;gpdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;;F vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffisAk; tpsf;Ffpd;w r%f Nrhjid mwpf;if my;yJ cupa ftd mwpf;if

200 NgUf;Fk; FiwthNdhu; ghjpf;fg; gLtij tpisthfj; jUk; KjyPL (ngsjpfuPjpahf ,lk; ngauhNjhu;) cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;nfhz;l jk; nrhj;Jf;fspy; 10%Fk; Fiwthdij ,oe;Njhu; (WB -OP 4.12)

RUf;fkhd kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lk; Njit. RUf;fkhd kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;l cUkhjpup ,izg;G 6,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjpfk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fq;fs;> 200f;Fk; mjpfkhNdhupd; ,lg;ngau;T 10%Fk; mjpfkhd cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; nfhz;l nrhj;Jf;fs; ,og;G (WB -OP

4.12)

KOikahd RAP apd; jahupg;G Njit. RAP apd; cUkhjpup ,izg;G 6,y; jug;gl;Ls;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;sJ. r%f nghUshjhu Ma;T kw;Wk; tUkhd Kd;dpiy kPl;G eltbf;iffs; jpl;lj;Js; mlf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

ngsjpf fyhrhu tsq;fspd; Nrhjid (OP 4.11)

fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lj;jpd;fPohd ghjpg;Gf; Fiwg;gpw;fhf> ghjpf;fg;gl;l fyhrhu nrhj;Jf;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;. #oy; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLspd;fPo; ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. r%ff; fye;jhNyhridahdJ fyhrhu nrhj;Jf; fs; Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lj;jpd; xU ghfkhFk;.

RNjr kf;fs;kPjhd vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fk; (OP 4.10)

gpuNahfpf;fw;ghyjd;W. Muk;gj; njhif kjpg;gPl;Lj; juTfs; kw;Wk; r%f kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;wpd;gpufhuk;> fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; RNjr kf;fs; trpf;ftpy;iy.

3.4.2 r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL> ,Ug;Gg; gjpT kw;Wk; tpiy kjpg;G

127. fUj;jpl;lkhdJ tif A my;yJ tif B vd r%f Nrhjid fhl;Lkhf ,Ue;jhy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; 100% njhif kjpg;gPL cs;spl;l SIA xd;iw PMU elj;Jk;. xg;gilf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; epGzj;Jtk;> jd;ik> tif> mtruk; kw;Wk; msT vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;J PPAfs; jkJ nrhe;jg; gzpahl;nlhFjpiaf; nfhz;Nlh my;yJ MNyhrfu;fs; %ykhfNth ,ijr; nra;ayhk;. Rw;W tPjpfs; Nghd;w ghupa NtiyfSf;F ntspapypUe;J MNyhrfu;fis mtu;fs; thliff;F mku;j;j tpUk;gyhk;. jdp



69

egu;fshYk;/FLk;gq;fshYk; kw;Wk; r%fq;fshYk; mDgtpf;fg;gl;l ,og;G> ghjpg;G kw;Wk; RNjr kf;fs;> eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s r%fq;fs; vd;Nghu;kPjhd jhf;fk;gw;wpa jftiy r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL (SIA) toq;Fk;.

128. epu;khzpg;G tbtikg;Gf;fis ,Wjp nra;jjd;gpd; cz;ikahd jhf;fq;fisg;

gjpT nra;J> ,Ug;Gg; gjpNtl;ilj; jahu; nra;Ak; nghUl;L> ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzp mj;Jld;/my;yJ fhzp my;yhj nrhj;J vd;gdgw;wpa tpupthd mstPl;lha;T (DMS) kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; njhif kjpg;gPl;lha;T vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpd; xU gFjpahf kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpyhd kjpg;gPnlhd;W (my;yJ nrhj;J tpiykjpg;G) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzpf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fkhd ,og;gPl;ilj; jPu;khdpf;f ,JNt mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk;.

129. jftyhdJ> fhzpAupik> gad;ghL> cw;gj;jpj;;jpwd; kw;Wk; tUkhdk; kw;Wk;

eypTw;w epiyapyhd r%fq;fs;kPjhd jhf;fq;fs; cs;spl;l rKjhag; Gs;sptpgu kw;Wk; r%fg; nghUshjhu tpguq;fs; cs;spl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; xU Njhw;wg;ghl;ilAk; cs;slf;Fk;. Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyg; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;> eypTw;w r%ff; FOf;fs;> r%fj; jiytu;fs;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fs;> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (NGOs) kw;Wk; r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;Wld; elj;jpa fye;jhNyhridfSf;$lhf (Ftpikaf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;) Nkyjpf jfty;fisj; jpul;lyhk;. rhjf/ghjfj; jhf;fq;fs;> rhjfkhd jhf;fq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fkhd eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd;kPJ ,f; fye;Jiuahly;fs; ftdf; Ftpg;G nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

130. ,yq;ifapd; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk;gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;ifahdJ

ghjpf;fg;gl;l nrhj;jpd; ,og;gpw;fhf kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLtij tpjpj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapd; fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lk; (LAA)> 2008Mk; 2013Mk; Mz;Lfspd; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G xOq;Ftpjpfs; (LAR) vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuk; fhzp mikr;rhdJ fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;Fk;> tpiy kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fskhdJ tpiy kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; nghWg;ghf cs;sd. nrhj;Jf;fspd; tpiykjpg;gPlhdJ 'fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,yhg Kiw"> 'KjyPL my;yJ tUkhd Kiw" kw;Wk; 'xg;gPl;L Kiw" cs;spl;l mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;;l Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg; gLfpwJ. efu;g;Gw Mjdq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xg;gPl;LKiwiag; gad;gLj;jpNa tpiy kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. cw;gj;jp jUfpd;w my;yJ thliff;F toq;Ftjd;%yk; vjpu;fhyf; fhRg;gha;Tfis cUthf;Fk; ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l tpNrlj;Jtkw;w (tjptpl my;yJ tu;j;jf) Mjdq;fSf;F KjyPL my;yJ tUkhd Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Kd;ida tpw;gidfs;Fwpj;J ey;y rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;l tpNrlj;Jtkw;w Mjdq;fSf;F xg;gPl;LKiw gad;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. tptrhaf; fhzp Nghd;w tpNrlj;Jt ,yhgq;fisj;jUk; Mjdq;fSf;F fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,yhg Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ,J mwpT rhu;e;jjha; ,uhJ.



70

3.4.3 jFjpAk; cupj;JupikfSk; 131. cgfUj;jpl;lj; jhf;fq;fspd; tpisthf Vw;gl;l gy;tif ,og;Gfs; kw;Wk;

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd ,og;gPL kw;Wk; RR&R ed;ikfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Vw;ghLfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J mjdbg;gilapy; Xu; cupj;Jupik mikTU (EM) tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpd; gUkd;> jhf;fj;jpd; msT vd;w Ngjkpd;wp> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jhf;fq;fSld; njhlu;Gila midj;J cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j mikTU gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Xu; cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpd; VNjDnkhU fl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpf kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;lhy;> EM ,d;gpufhuk; mt;thwhd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> ,og;gPl;Lld; RR&R ed;ikfis tof;Ftjw;Fkhd Vw;ghLfSld; cupa PPA My; mJ milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,e;j mikTUthdJ ml;ltiz 4 ,y; RUf;fkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;s r%f kjpg;gPL (SA) my;yJ Jupj r%f kjpg;gPL (RSA) ,d;fPohd Muk;g r%f Nrhjidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gy;NtW tifahd ,og;Gfs; kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Table 4: r%f kjpg;gPl;bd;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ,og;Gfs; kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fspd; tiffs; tFjp ,og;gpd; tif

jdpegu;fshy;/ tPLfshy; ,og;G

fhzp tptrha my;yJ tPl;Lj;Njhl;lf; fhzp

tPl;Lf; fhzp (cupikahd my;yJ FbapUf;fpd;w)

tpahghu ,lq;fs; (cupikahd my;yJ FbapUf;fpd;w)

ntWq; fhzp fl;Lkhdk; tPLfspd;/tu;j;jff; fl;llq;fspd; KOikahd ,og;G

tPLfspd;/tu;j;jff; fl;llq;fspd; gFjpastpyhd ,og;G

ngsjpf Jizf; fl;llk;

tu;j;jf/cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; gad;gLj;jpa fl;Lkhdq;fs;

thlif my;yJ gpw FbapUg;G myFfspypUe;J ,lk;ngau;T

thlif my;yJ gpw FbapUg;G cw;gj;jp myFfspypUe;J ,lk;ngau;T

tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk;

tPLfis thliff;F tpLtjhy; tUkhdk;

gpw fl;llq;fis thliff;F tpLtjhy; tUkhdk;

Ntjdk; <l;Ltjhy; tUkhdk;

kPd;gpb> czT gjdply;> tpw;gidNghd;w nghUshjhu eltbf;if fshy; ngWk; tUkhdk;

fpilf;ff;$bajhd tUkhdk;/njhopy; tha;g;G

toptha;g;gpd; ,og;G Ntiyf;Fk;> ghlrhiyf;Fk;> itj;jparhiyf;Fk;> kw;Wk; re;ijf;Fkhd toptha;g;G

r%fj;jpy; Kiwrhuhf; flDf;Fk;> elkhLk; tpahghupf;Fkhd toptha;g;G

ePupw;Fk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;jpw;Fkhd toptha;g;G r%fk; gad;gLj;Jk; fhzp kw;Wk; fhzpf;fhd toptha;g;G



71

fhzp r%fKk; fyhrhu ,lq;fSk;

ghlrhiyfs;> r%f epiyaq;fs;> re;ifs; kw;Wk; itj;jparhiyfs;

tzf;fj; jyq;fs;> Vida kj milahsq;fs;> my;yJ jyq;fs;

topghl;blq;fs; - Myak;> Nfhtpy;> gs;spthry;

mayz;ilapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpapUj;jy;

r%f/,dj;Jtf; FOf;fspypUe;J tpyfpapUj;jy;

r%f tho;f;if

gpw topghl;blq;fs;

132. EM MdJ gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f ,yq;ifr; rl;lq;fs;> xOq;F tpjpfs;> kw;Wk; NIRP

vd;gtw;why; MSif nra;ag;gLtJld;> cyf tq;fpapd; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;iffSf;F mike;njhOfpAk; tUfpwJ. EM MdJ fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhd ,og;gpw;F mtw;wpd; kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,og;gPl;il toq;FfpwJ. cupj;jpy;yhkw; FbapUg;NghUf;F (Fe;jpapUg;Nghu;/mj;JkPwpNahu;) fl;Lkhd ,og;ig toq;FtJld;> ,lk;ngau;e;j filf;fhuUf;F ePz;lfhyf; Fj;jif mbg;gilapy; filfis toq;Ftjpy; Kd;DupikiaAk; toq;FfpwJ. Kiwrhuh tpahghu cupik ahsu;fSf;Fk; jw;fhypfkha; tUkhdj;ij ,oe;jtu;fSf;Fk; cjtp toq;FfpwJ. eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s ,lk;ngau;e;j FLk;gq;fSf;F Nkyjpf ed;ikfis toq;fp> r%f trjpfis kPs Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gJld;> jw;fhypfj; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fpd;wJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; cupikfisg; nghWj;J> kP.F.nfh. rl;lfkhdJ (RPF) kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtjpYk; nraw;gLj;JtjpYk; r%f cs;slf;fk;> tifg;nghWg;G kw;Wk; ghy;epiyr; rYiffs; vd;gtw;iw xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf Nkyjpf topfhl;ly;fis toq;FfpwJ. EM ,d; jahupg;ghdJ 1950,d; LAA> 2008,d; LAR, 2013,d; LAR kw;Wk; NIRP apd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cupa cyf tq;fpf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; Vw;ghLfisg;; gue;Jgl;l tifapy; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nkw;nrhd;d rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;FtpjpfSs; mlq;fhJNghFk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; EM ,dhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lthW> cupj;Jupik kjpg;gPl;Lf; FOtpD}lhf (EAC) ,og;gPl;bw;Fj; jFjpAilNahuhtu;.

133. xU jdp egNuh> tPNlh> FLk;gNkh my;yJ xU r%fNkh cupj;Jupikapd; Xu;

myfhf ,Uf;fyhk;. juTfs; jpul;ly; kw;Wk; jhf;f kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;wpw;fhd mNdf jpl;lkplw; gapw;rpfshy; tPL vd;Dk; vz;zf;fU Vw;Wf;;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. EM MdJ cupj;Jupikapd; myifj; jPu;khdpf;f ,og;gpd; myiff; fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpwJ. tPLjhd; cupj;Jupikapd; myfhf ,Ue;jhYk;> fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhd ,og;gpw;fhf ,og;gPL toq;Fk; tplaj;jpy; RR&R ed;ikfisg; ngWtjw;fhd cupj;Jupikahsu; - xU jdpeguhf> xU tPlhf my;yJ jdpegu;fisf;nfhz;l xU FOthf ,Uf;Fkplj;J> cupj;Jupikapd; Xu;; myfhf khWfpwhu;. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Xu; Mjdj;jpd;kPJ rl;lG+u;t my;yJ toikapd;gpufhukhd cupikfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> ,og;gPlhdJ mt; midtuhYk; gfpug;gl;lhfNtz;Lk;.



72

jFjpg; gpukhzq;fs; 134. fUj;jpl;lj;jhf;fj;jpdhy; fhzpf;fhd> ciwtplj;jpw;fhd kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdj;jpw;fhd>

tpahghuj;jpw;fhd> tUkhdj;jpw;fhd> tho;thjhu %yq;fSf;fhd mZFtopia ,oe;J Jd;GWfpd;w ahNuDnkhU egu; my;yJ tPL my;yJ r%fk; jkJ tho;f;if epiyfis fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j epiyiatplr; rpwe;j my;yJ rkkhd kl;lj;jpy; Ngzpr; rupaPL nra;a ,e;j ,og;gPl;il mj;Jld; my;yJ

RR&R ed;ikfisg; ngwj; jFjpAilatuhfpd;whu;. ,j; jFjpahdJ RAP

jahupf;fg;gLifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L PMU tpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. cWjpg; gj;jpuk; ,y;yhj ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;F cupj;Jupik toq;Ftjw;F RAP ,y; tof;fg;gLk; jFjpg; gl;baNy mbg;gilahapUf;Fk;. Mdhy;> cWjpg; gj;jpuk; itj;jpUg;Nghu; tplaj;jpy; cupj;JupikahdJ mt;thtzq;fSk; rl;lj;jhy; nry;Ygbahditnad mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gpw Mtzq;fSk; EZfp Muhag;gLtjD}lhfj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

RPF,d; gpufhuk; gpd;tUk; tFjpapdu; cupj;Jupikfisg; ngwj; jFjpAilatuhtu;

fhzp cupikahsu;: kuq;fsw;w my;yJ kuq;fs;> gapu;fs; kw;Wk; epyj;Jld; ,ize;j fl;Lkhdq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;l> murhq;fg; gjpNtLfspd;gb njspthd cupj;jpidf;nfhz;l fhzpapd; cupikahsu;. tpjptpyf;fhd rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cupj;jpid ep&gpf;Fk; rhd;Wfspd;wpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzpf;F/fhzpfSf;F cupikahsuha; ,Ug;gtUf;Fk; mtuJ cupik rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lhy; cupj;Jupik toq;fg;gLk;.

thliff;Ff; FbapUg;gtu;: VNjDk; fhzpiaNah Mjdq;fisNah my;yJ ,uz;ilANkh Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpw;F gjpT nra;ag;gl;l gj;jpuq;fSlDk; rl;lj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lthW ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpukhzq;fs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfSlDk; thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F vLj;Jf; FbapUg;gtu;. tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf my;yJ tjptplj;jpw;fhf rl;lG+u;t Mtzq;fNsJkpd;wp thliff;Ff; FbapUg;gtUk;> jk;ikf; fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F my;yJ thliff; fl;lzj;ijj; jk; tpUg;gg;gb cau;j;Jtjw;Ff; fhzp cupikahsUf;Fj; jil tpjpf;fpd;w 1972,d; thlifr; rl;lj;jhy; my;yJ mjd; gpe;jpa jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLgtUkhd xUtu;.

fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq;fspd; tjpahj cupikahsu;fs;: jkJ fhzpiaAk; mjNdhbize;j Mjdj;ijAk; Fj;jiff;F my;yJ thliff;F toq;fpa fhuzj;jhy;> my;yJ mj;jifa fhzp NtnwhU eguhy; cilik nfhs;sg; gl;bUf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; jkJ fhzpapy; cilik nfhz;buhj rl;lG+u;tf; fhzp cupikahsu;fs;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdj;jpypUe;jhd tUkhd ,og;gpw;fhf ,og;gPl;ilAk; gbfisAk; ngw cupikahsu; jFjpAilatuhthu;> Mdhy; ,lk; ngau;e;NjhUf;fhd kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgd (R&R) cjtpf;F mtu; jFjpAilatuhfhu;.

tpahghu cupikahsu;: fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpDs; fUj; jpl;lj;jpd; epUkhzpg;ghy; rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;l tpahghuf; filnahd;iw cupik nfhz;bUg;gtu; my;yJ mjid elj;Jgtu;. mtu; xU rl;lG+u;t cupikahsuhfNth> cupj;Jfsw;w tpahghu cupikahsuhfNth thliff;Ff; fil



73

elj;JgtuhfNth my;yJ Kiwrhuh tpahghuj;jpd; cupikahsuhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. mtu; EM ,d; gpufhuk; NtWgl;l ,og;gPl;ilAk; R&R cjtpfisAk; ngWthu;.

cg FLk;gq;fs;: LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; gpupT 2,d; fPohd Miz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l jpdj;jpw;Ff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;J xNu my;yJ Gwk;ghd thf;fhsu; ,lhg;gpy; gjpag;gl;;L xNu tPl;by; trpf;Fk; FLk;gq;fs;.

mur Mjdq;fspy; FbapUg;Nghu;: jkJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf murpdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l fl;llq;fspy; tho;Nthu;.

r%fk;: fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;ll mikg;Gfis my;yJ tsq;fis cupik nfhz;L ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; fl;llq;fis my;yJ tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; r%fk;.

mur Kftu; mikg;G: fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;;ll mikg;Gfis my;yJ tsq;fis cupik nfhz;L ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; fl;llq;fis my;yJ tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mur Kftu; mikg;G.

fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gk; (PAH): xNu rikayiwiag; gad;gLj;jp> xNu $iuapd;fPo; jdpnahU nghUshjhu myfhfj; njhopw;gLgtu;fSk;> fUj;jpl;lj;jhNyh my;yJ mjd; VNjDnkhU Mf;ff;$wpdhNyh vjpu;kiwahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gk;.

cupj;Jfsw;wtu;fs;: tPLfspy; cupj;Jfspd;wp trpg;gtu;fs;> mur fhzpfspYk; nghJ ,lq;fspYk; mj;JkPwpf; FbapUg;gtu;fs; kw;Wk; trpf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fSlNdh my;yJ tho;thjhu eltbf;iffSf;fhfNth mq;F Fe;jpapUg;gtu;fs;. fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ fhzpapy; Nkw;nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; R&R cjtpfisj; jtpu> fhzpf;fhd ,og;gPl;Lf;F mtu; cupj;Jilatuhfhu;.

eypTw;w epiyapYs;s FLk;gq;fs;: kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd;fhuzkhf r%fuPjpahfTk; nghUshjhuuPjpahfTk; msTf;FkPwpj; Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shd FLk;gq;fs;. guhaj;jpw;F te;j Mz;fspd; cjtpaw;w ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs;> mjpfk; tWikg;gl;ltu;fs;> tyJ Fiwe;jtu;fs;> mfjpfs;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngau;e;jtu;fs;> mehijfs;> eyd;Gup epiyaq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyj;jpy; mz;ikapy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fspd;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpwu; ,t;tifapDs; mlq;Ftu;.

3.4.4 KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehs;

135. cupj;Jilatu;fs; cupj;Jupik ngWtjw;fhd KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehs; vJntdpy;> fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; (LAA) gpupT 2,d; fPPohd mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehshFk;. Mdhy; cupj;Jfs; ,y;yhNjhUf;F> njhif kjpg;gPl;lha;T ve;j ehspy; njhlq;fpaNjh me;j ehNs KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehshFk;. KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehshdJ gfpuq;fkhf mwptpf;fg;gLtJld;> midj;J RAP fspYk; ,J Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. KbTWj;jg;gLk; ehSf;Fg;gpd;du; gpuNjrnkhd;wpDs; mj;JkPWk; egu;fs; ,og;gPl;ilNah my;yJ NtNwJk; tbtpyhd kPs;FbNaw;w cjtpiaNah NfhUtjw;F cupikaw;wtu;fshtu;. ,e;ehSf;Fg; gpd;du; fl;lg;gl;l fl;llq;fs; my;yJ elg;gl;l kuq;fs; ,jpw; Nru;f;fg;glNth my;yJ ,og;gPL toq;fg;glNth khl;lhJ.



74

3.4.5 cupj;Jupikr; rl;lfj;jpd; tpUj;jp

m) kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,og;gPL 136. Ra tpUg;gw;w midj;Jf; fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;Fk; 1950,d; LAA> 2008,d; LAR,

2013,d; LAR Mfpatw;wpd; gpufhuk;> kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk;. re;ijg; ngWkhdj;jpy; fzpf;fg;gl;l nrhj;Jfspd; khw;wPl;Lr; nryT> nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryTfs;> NrUk; tl;b> epiykhw;w kw;Wk; kPl;nlLg;Gr; nryT kw;Wk; gpuNahfpf;fw;ghyjhd gpw nfhLg;gdTfs; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifj;juj;ijf; (ghjpf;fg;gl;l ciwAs; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fs;) fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j epiyiatplr; rpwe;j my;yJ rkkhd kl;lj;jpy; kPs epWt cjtp toq;fg;gLtu;. Mjdq;fis tpiykjpg;gPL nra;tjpy; ,yq;ifahdJ etPd Kiwiknahd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mur kw;Wk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l jdpahu; tpiykjpg;gPl;lhsu;fs; ,q;Fs;sdu;. Mdhy; RtPfupf;fg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd khw;wPl;Lr; nrythdJ tpiykjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. 1950,d; LAA MdJ fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq;fSf;fhd ghjpg;Gf;fs; re;ijg; ngWkjpapy; fzpf;fg;gLtij mDkjpf;fpwJ. 2008,d; xOq;FtpjpahdJ> Nja;khdk; ,y;yhj elg;Gr; re;ijg; ngWkhdk;> gpw CWnra; ghjpg;Gfs;> Jz;bg;Gf;fs;> rPu;FiyT kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryT cs;spl;l ,og;gPl;ilj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;FfpwJ. 2013,d; xOq;FtpjpahdJ> midj;jj; jug;gpdUf;Fk; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLtij cWjp nra;Ak;nghUl;L> epajpr; rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghyhd kw;Wk; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gditj; jPu;khdpf;f topfhl;LfpwJ. khw;wPl;Lr; nrythdJ epajpr; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l> cl;glhj (Nja;khdk; Nruhj) ,og;gPl;ilAk; 1950,d; LAA> 2008,d; LAR, 2013,d; LAR Mfpatw;wpd; gpufhukhd Xu; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gditAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ.

M) ,og;gPL njhlu;ghd gpzf;Ffs; 137. fhzpg; gjpNtLfs; Kiwahf gjpTnra;ag;glhjpUj;jy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs;

Njitg;gLk; Mtzq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;l ,ayhjpUj;jy;> cupikahsu; FOnthd;W my;yJ Mu;tk; nfhz;l jug;gpdu; ,jpy; <LghL fhl;Ljy;> my;yJ r%fkspf;fhj fhzp cupikahsu;fs; Mtznka;g;gLj;Jiff;Fk; ,og;gPLgw;wpa gpufld epfo;Tf;Fk; tUif juhjpUj;jy; Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpzf;Ffs; vOfpd;wd. mg;NghJ ,og;gPlhdJ epWtg;gl;l eilKiwfspd;gbAk;> LAA kw;Wk; cupa rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfspd;fPOk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,og;gPl;bw;fhf> SCDP ahdJ> Mu;tq;nfhz;l/jFjpAila midj;Jj; jug;gpdu; kj;jpapYk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtij ,yFgLj;Jk;.

,) cUg;glhj kPjpf; fhzpfspd; RtPfupg;G 138. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhfj; Njitg;gLk; fhzpj; Jz;lj;jpd; RtPfupg;igaLj;J fhzpapd;

vQ;rpa gFjpahdJ> gad;ghl;bYs;s mgptpUj;jp xOq;Ftpjpfspd; gpufhuk; cUg;glhjpUg;gJ rhj;jpakhdNj. Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ruhrupf; fhzpapYk; rpwpjhff; fhzg;gLk; vQ;rpa Jz;Lf; fhzpf;fhf 1950 LAA,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPLk;> 2013 LAR ,d; gpufhuk; Xu; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.



75

kPjkhAs;s nghUshjhuuPjpahfg; gadw;w fhzpiaf; ifaspf;f mjd; cupikahsu; tpUk;gpdhYk;> PPA f;F mijr; RtPfupf;f mjpfhukpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; Jz;bg;G/CW xOq;Ftpjpfspd;fPo; kPjpf; fhzpiaAk; RtPfupf;FkhW gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; (DS) Nfhupf;if tpLf;fNtz;Lk;.

<) kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gadu; cupikfSld; fhzpapd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; 139. rpy mgptpUj;jp Ntiyfspd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf fhzp RtPfupf;fg;glj; Njitapy;yhJ

Nghfyhk;. mt;thwhd #o;epiyfspy;> fhzp cupikiag; gq;fkpd;wp ciliknfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gadu; cupikfSld; fhzpia mgptpUj;jp nra;a mDkjpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; fhzp cupikahsUf;Fk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;FkpilNaahd xU fye;Jiuahlw; nrad;Kiwia mLj;J> Xu; cld;ghL vl;lg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf> kz;rupT Vw;glf;$ba xU gpuNjrj;jpyhd xU fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F> fUj;jpl;lj;ij epiyNgwhdjhf;Fk;nghUl;L> Nkyjpf tp];jPuzk;nfhz;l xU fhzp Njitg;glyhk;. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Njrpa fl;llq;fs; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; (NBRO) fhzp cupikahsUld; MNyhrid elj;jp> fhzpf;F Nkyjpf ghJfhg;igj; jUk; tifapy; kz;rupitj; jLf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fkl;LNk mf; fhzpj;Jz;L gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;Wk;> ,jdhy; cupikahsu; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf NBRO tpd; topfhl;Yld; kl;LNk mjidg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vDk; flg;ghl;Lld; Xu; cld;ghl;il my;yJ xU Gupe;Jzu;T cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;Jnfhs;syhk;.

c) fl;Lkhdq;fSf;fhd ,og;gPL 140. fl;Lkhdj;jpd; xU gFjp kl;LNk RtPfupf;fg;gLkhf ,Ue;jhy;> nfhLg;gdTf;fhff;

fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba jiug;gug;ghdJ> fl;Lkhdj; jhq;F Gs;spfs;tiu fzpf;fg;gLk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpiar; RtPfupj;jgpd;du; kPjpf; fl;Lkhdk; cWjpaw;wjhf khWkhdhy;> ,og;gPlhdJ LAA - 1950 kw;Wk; LAR 2013 vd;gdtw;wpd; gpufhuk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. murhq;f Mjdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xU ghjpg;gpw;Ff; fhR %ykhd ,og;gPL nrYj;jg;glkhl;lhJ. Mdhy;> kPsf;fl;Ltjw;Fk;;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdq;fis kPl;nlLg;gjw;Fk; fUj;jpl;lNk nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy;> kpfg; gpe;jpa xOq;Ftpjpfspd;fPo; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lhyd;wp> thliff;Fl;gl;l filfs; kw;Wk; tPLfisg; nghWj;jkl;by;> ,og;gPlhdJ kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy; thliff; FbapUg;ghsUf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk;. cupikahsUf;F ml;ltiz 3 ,d;gb nrYj;jg;gLk;.

Table 5: thlif Mjdq;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdT

thliff; FbapUg;Gf; fhyk; ,og;gPl;bd; E}w;WtPjk;

thliff; FbapUg;ghsu; cupikahsu;

20 tUlq;fSf;F Nky; 75 25

10 - 20 tUlq;fs; 50 50

05 - 10 tUlq;fs; 25 75

05 tUlq;fSf;Ff; Fiwa 10 90



76

C) cupj;Jfsw;wtu;fSf;fhd RR&R ed;ikfs;

141. SCDP apd; cgfUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrq;fshd fz;b> fhyp kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; KbTWj;jw; jpfjpf;F Kd;du; tho;e;NjhUk;> r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;bd;NghJ ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fs; vd;w tFjpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fnsd cWjpg; gLj;jg;gl;NlhUkhd cupj;Jfsw;w tjptplf; Fe;jpapUg;Nghu; my;yJ mj;JkPwpf; FbapUg;Nghu; 1950,d; LAA> 2008,d; LAR, 2013,d; LAR Mfpatw;wpd; gpufhuk; ,og;gPl;bidg; ngWtu;. mur fhzpfspypUe;j cupj;Jfsw;w tu;j;jfu;fs; jkJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdq;fSf;fhf kPs;itg;Gr; nryTg; ngWkjpapy; ,og;gPl;ilAk;> jkJ tho;thjhuj;ijj; njhlug; GdUj;jhgd cjtpiaAk; ngWtu;. cupj;Jfsw;wtu;fs; fhzpf;fhd ve;j ,og;gPl;ilAk; ngwkhl;lhu;fs;.

v) kPs;FbNaw;w> GdUj;jhgd kw;Wk; tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;G %Nyhgha tpUj;jp 142. kPsFbNaw;wq;isj; jtpu;f;f midj;J eltbf;iffSk; vLf;fg;gLk;.

kPs;FbNaw;wk; jtpu;f;fg;gl Kbahkw;NghFk; #o;epiyfspy; fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; midj;Jg; ngsjpff; fl;Lkhdq;fs;> fhzpfs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fSf;Fkhd ,og;gPl;Lg; nghjpiaAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ijj; njhlu;tjw;fhd GdUj;jhgd cjtpiaAk; jpl;lkpLtjd;%yk; fUj;jpl;lkhdJ vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;Ftjw;F ,aYkhd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; ehLk;. r%f kjpg;gPl;bd; KbTfspd; gpufhuk;> fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ghupa kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fs; vJTk; ,uhJ.

143. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 200 IAk; jhz;b> mtu;fSs;

ngUk;ghyhNdhu; kPs;FbNaw;wk; Njitg;gLgtu;fsha; ,Uf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;> kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,lnkhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;aNtz;ba Njit vOfpwJ. mjd;NghJ njupT nra;ag;gLk; ,lk; kw;Wk; mq;F VyNt ,Uf;fpd;w tuNtw;Gr; r%fk; vd;gd Fwpj;J cupa mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gLtJ tpje;Jiuf;fg; gLfpwJ. kPs;FbNaw;w ,lq;fSf;fhfg; gpd;tUk; njupTg; gpukhzq;fs; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd:

ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;F mz;kpj;jjhfTk;> Fwpj;j gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpuptpy; mike;jjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;

cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rpwe;j ,ay;jpwidf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

Vida nrhj;JfSf;F Mff;Fiwe;jgl;r ,og;G

tuNtw;Gr; r%fj;jpd; Vw;G 144. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; cz;ikahd kPs; ,ltikT epfo;tjw;FKd;>

kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijaLj;Jr; nra;ag;glTs;s cjtpf;fhd %Nyhghak; jahupf;fg;gl;L CSO fspd; cjtpAld; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,k;%NyhghakhdJ> ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; kPs; ,ltiktpd;gpd;> kPs;FbNawpa ,lq;fspy; jkJ tho;itf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Njitg;gLk; gaw;rp kw;Wk; cjtpj; jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLk;.

145. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; 10f;Fk; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd FLk;gq;fspd;

cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> jhkhfj; jk;ik kPs; ,ltikT nra;a mtu;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtu;. Gjpa ,lq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; Kiwik rhu;e;j



77

gbg;gbahd kPs;FbNaw;wj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j> Ra-kPs; ,ltiktpw;F fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; cjtpAk; topfhl;lYk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; tPl;Lld; ,ize;j tu;j;jf eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> Gjpa tPLfspy; mtu;fs; kPs; ,ltikT nfhz;lJk;> jkJ tho;thjhuj;ijj; njhlu;tjw;F Nkyjpf tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;G trjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

146. tho;thjhuj;jpd; xU %ykhf tpsq;Fk; fhzpiar; RtPfupg;gjw;F Cf;fkspj;j yhfhJ. kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd ,lq;fisj; njupT nra;ifapy; kpfr; rpwe;j gpuaj;jdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mit fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu;fSldhd (PPAs) fye;jhNyhridAld; ,Wjp nra;ag;gly;Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd gaDilikf;fhd trjpfSk; fl;blq;fSk; cj;Njr efuq;;fspy; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. kPs;FbNaWNthupdJk; tuNtw;G r%fj;jpduJk; jw;Nghija r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu epWtdq;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld;> Kd;gpUe;j r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs; kj;jpapy; kPs; ,ltikT nra;Jnfhs;tjpyhd mtu;fsJ tpUg;gq;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fNtz;Lk;. tuNtw;Gr; r%fKk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gl;L> nraw;gLj;Jiff;F Kd;djhf mtu;fsJ MNyhrid ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

147. fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu; VyNt cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fshf>

mfjpfshf> mehijfshf> eyd;Gup epiyaq;fspy; tho;gtu;fshf kw;Wk; mz;ikapy; kPs;FbNawpa FLk;gq;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> R&R nrad;Kiwapy; mtu;fSf;F cjTtjpy; cupa mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.

148. gaDWjpahd xU kPs;FbNaw;w ,lj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp %Nyhghaj;jpw;fhff;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba nraw;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:

,lj; njuptpd;NghJ ,lj; njupTg; gpukhzj;jpw;Ff; fz;bg;ghf mike;njhOfy;

Njitg;gbd;> ,lj; njuptpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhiu <LgLj;Jk; tifapy; MNyhridj; jpl;lq;fis tbtikj;jy;

Gjpa ,lq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhiu xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf tuNtw;G r%fj;jpdUldhd fye;jhNyhridiaj; jpl;lkply;

fpilf;fg;ngWk; gl;rj;jpy; kPs;FbNaw;w kw;Wk; kPs; ,ltiktpy; murhq;fj; jiyaPLfSf;F mike;njhOFjy;.

3.4.6 cupj;Jupik mikTU (EM) 149. fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; re;jpj;jpUf;ff;$ba ,og;Gfs;

kw;Wk; mtw;why; Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; gFg;gha;itf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L cupj;Jupikr; rl;lfnkhd;W cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ,og;GfSf;fhf> Kjyhtjhf> 1950,d; 9Mk; ,yf;f LAA> 2008,d; LAR, 2013,d; LAR Mfpatw;wpd; gpufhukhd ,og;gPLfisg; ngw cupj;JilNahu; Mfpd;wdu;. 18 fUj;jpl;lq;fis 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fnsd mwptpj;j LAR 2013> fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs;kPjhd jhf;fq;fspd; midj;Jg; gupkhzq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ,og;gPl;Lg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOitAk; (LARC)> kP cau; LARC IAk; jhgpj;jJ.



78

mikr;ruitahdJ 2015 A+d; 25k; jpfjpa $l;lj;jpy; (24.06.2015,d; mikr;ruitg; gj;jpuk; njhlu;G ,y.15/0773/614/022) SCDP iaAk; xU 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lnkd" ngauplj; jPu;khdpj;jjhy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; vy;yh tif ,og;GfSf;Fk; Nkyjpf ,og;gPLfisg; ngWtu;. ,uz;lhtjhf> LAA, LAR 2008, & 2013 Mfpad vy;yhtif ,og;GfSf;Fk; jPu;T fhz;gjpy;iyahjyhy;> RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; fhg;gPLfSk; nfhs;iffSk; (NIRP kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpf; fhg;gPLfs;) cupj;Jupik kjpg;gPl;Lf; FO (EAC)tpD}lhf mt;thwhd gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhzg; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhnkd SCDP jPu;khdpj;jJ. ,e;j EM MdJ> ,og;gpd; tFjp kw;Wk; tifiaAk;> cupj;JupikfSf;Fj; jFjpnfhz;l tifapdiuAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

Table 6: cj;Njr cupj;Jupik mikTU

njh. ,y.

,og;G/,ilaPl;bd; jd;ik

ghjpf;fg;gl;ljug;gpdh;(gh.j.)

gw;wpatiutpyf;fzk;

chpj;Jhpik tpguq;fs;

1. fl;likg;G mw;w jdpahh; fhzp 1.1 fUj;jpl;lk; rhh;

nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhffhzp ,og;G

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lfhzpcgNahfchpikAld; rl;lhPjpahdchpj;Jilath;fs;/ ghjpf;fg;gl;ljug;gpdh;fs;

kPs;itg;Gr;nrytpy; ,og;gPL;7

1.1.1 LAA 1950,d; gpufhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lfhzpf;F re;ijg; ngWkjpapy; ,og;gPL LAR 2008,d; gpufhuk;Fiw kjpg;G> Jz;bg;G> ,ilaPLfs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryT(Nja;khdkpd;wp) LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; epajpr; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;glhj cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdT

1.1.2 epiyg;gaph;fs; mWtilnghUl;lhd %d;WkhjKd; mwptpj;jy;my;yJgaph; Nrjj;Jf;fhdel;l<L.

1.1.3 elg;Gre;ijtpiyapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lkuq;fSf;fhd el;l<Lk; tPo;j;jg;gl;l kuq;fisitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fgh.j.mDkjptoq;fYk;. LAA

1950>LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; fhzpcilikf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;ljpfjpapypUe;J

7 kPs;itg;Gr; nryT vd;why;> nrhj;njhd;iw kPs itg;gjw;F> RtPfupg;Gf; fhyj;jpy; epyTk; tpiyapy; MFk; nryT MFk;;. epahakhd re;ijg; ngWkjp> nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryT> Nru;T tl;b> epiykhw;w kw;Wk; kPl;nlLg;Gr; nryT kw;Wk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba gpw nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;. Mdhy; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdj;jpd; Nja;khdk; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. Jbg;ghd re;ij epytuk; ,y;yhjNghJ> kPs;itg;Gr; nrythdJ> midj;Jf; fl;blg; nghUl;fs;> epu;khzpg;Gf;fhd $yp> VJk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryT kw;Wk; kPs; ,ltikTr; nryT vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.



79

fzf;fplg;gl;l el;l<LnfhLg; gdT jhkjk; vd;gd nghUl;L el;l<l;Lj;njhifkPJ Vw;Gilatl;b

1.1.4. tptrhaf; fhzp tplaj;jpy;; vQ;rpaghfk; tptrhaj;jpw;Fr; rhj;jpa kw;wnjdpd;> mijr; RtPfupg;gJ Fwpj;J my;yJ vQ;rpa gFjpf;F xU nfhLg;gditr; nrYj;JtJ Fwpj;J LARC jPu;khdpf;fyhk; epue;jug; gapu;fspd; mW tilf;F epahakhd fhyk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; re;ijg; ngWkhdj;jpy; nfhLg;gdT toq;fg;gl khl;lhJ.

1.1.5 gapu; nra;;ag;gl;l fhzpapd; cilikia RtPfupg;G mYtyu; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;gjhff; ifaspj;jhy;> ; LAR 2013 ,dhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW Xu; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdT toq;fg;gLk;

1.2 thliff;FbapUgG/ ,yhgfukhdtrpg;G ,og;G

gjpTnra;ag;gl;lthliff;FbapUg;ghsh;fs;>Fj;jifjhuh;fs;> gq;Fgau;r; ;nra;ifahsh;fs;> chpj;;J mw;wth;fs;

epiyg;gaph;fs; my;yJ tUkhd ,og;G nghUl;lhd el;l<L

1.2.1 fhzpf;Fel;l<L toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

1.2.2 thliff;FbapUg;ghshpdhy; my;yJ Fj;jiff;F vLj;jthpdhy; gaphplg;gl;bUg;gpd;> LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; epiyg;gaph;fis ;kPl;Lf;nfhs;s %d;Wkhjj;Jf;F Kd; mwptpj;jy; my;yJ epiyg;gaph; ,og;G nghUl;L re;ijngWkjpapy; gzf; nfhLg;gdT nra;ag;gLk;

1.2.3 ;LAR 2013,y; $wg;gl;l thW> tpahghu tifg; gLj;jypd;; gpufhuk; thlif ,og;gpw;F ,og;gPL nrYj;jg;gLk;

2. tjpTf; fhzpAk; fl;likg;Gf;fSk; 2.1 jdpahh;

fhzpkw;Wk; tjpTf; fl;likg;gpd;

chpj;Jld; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;g

fh.R.r. gpufhuk; el;l<L

2.1.1 fhzp Rtpfupf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; re;ijg; ngWjpapy; ngWkjp kjpf;fg;gl;L KOf; fhzp kw;Wk; fl;likg;G



80

epue;ju> KO ,og;G

l;l gpw nrhj;jhz;ik Mtzq;fisf; nfhz;l chpikahsh;-trpg;Nghh;

fspd; Fiw kjpg;gPL> Jz;bg;G> ,ilaPLfs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryTfs; fzf;fpy; nfhs;sg;gl;L ;> LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk;. (tptrhaf; fhzp jtpu;e;j) vQ;rpaghfk; jdpnahU ghfkhf tpUj;jpnra;a Kbahnjdpd; cupikahsu; tpUk;gpdhy; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; cupikahsu; mijj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;s LARC;

xU nfhLg;gditr; nra;ayhk;.;

2.1.2 rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpw nrhj; jhz;ik Mtzq;fSld; chpj;J ,d;wp trpg;gtUf;F LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; re;ijg; ngWkjp Fiw kjpg;gPL> Jz;bg;G> ,ilaPLfs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryTfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk;

2.1..3 RtPfupf;fg;gl;l fhzpf;fhd cupj;ijf; nfhz;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU kPs;FbNaw;wthrpAk;> KOikahfg; Ngzg;gl;L tUk; kPs;FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrj;jpy; LARC ,dhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; gz;gLj;jg; glhj fhzpg; ngWkhd Kila 20 Ngu;r;Rf;F Nkw;glhj xU fhzpj; Jz;bw;F my;yJ LAR2013,d; 2.1.7 ,y; Fwpg;g;pl;lthW Ra kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd xU gzf; nfhLg;gdTf;F cupj;Jilatu; Mfpwhu;

2.1.4. gh.j. jkJ tjptplf; fl;blj;jpd; cilika RtPfupg;G mYtyuhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ehSf;F Kd;gjhff; ifaspj;jhy;



81

cg FLk;gq;fs;

LAR2013,d; LARC ,d; gpufhuk; Xu; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdTf;F cupj;Jilatu; Mfpwhu;

2.1.5 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; fl;Lkhdq;fs; /Mjdq;fSf;fhd KOikahd ,og;gPL ngsjpf cilik nfhs;s Yf;fhf mit vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLKd; Nja;khdq;fs; ePq;fyhf kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk;.

2.1.6 RtPfupg;G mYtyuhy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehSf;F Kd;djhf Mjdj;jpd; ngsjpf cilik nfhs;sy; Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitg;gl;lhy; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhukhd mwptpj;jypd; gpupT 2,d;fPo; Miz gpuRukhd ehSf;F Kd; gh.j. trpj;j tPl;bd; jiug; gug;gpd; mbg;gilapy; efu;Tg; gbnahd;W toq;fg;gLk;

2.1.7 RtPfupg;G mYtyuhy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehSf;F Kd;djhf Mjdj;jpd; ngsjpf cilik nfhs;sy; Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitg;gl;lhy; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhukhd mwptpj;jypd; gpupT 2,d;fPo; Miz gpuRukhd ehSf;F Kd; gh.j. trpj;j tPl;bd; jiug; gug;gpd; mbg;gilapy; thlifg; gbnahd;W toq;fg;gLk;

2.1.8 cilf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdq; fspypUe;J nghUl;fis kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhd cupik

2.1.9 vjpu;fhyj;ij Nehf;fpa RtPfupg;gpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu; Ra kPs; ,ltikT nra;Jnfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; RtPfupf;fg;glTs;s fhzp mike;Js;s ,lj;ijg; nghWj;J> mjw;Fg; gjpyhd Xu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtijf;



82

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L xU nfhLg;gdTf;F mtu; cupj;Jilatu; Mthu;.

2.1.10 LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; gpupT 2,d; fPohd Miz gpwg;;gpf;fg;gl;l jpdj;jpw;Ff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3 tUlq;; fSf;F Kd;gpUe;J my;yJ KbTWj;jw; jpfjpf;F Kd;gpUe;J xNu my;yJ Gwk;ghd thf;fhsu; ,lhg;gpy; gjpag;gl;;L xNu tPl;by; trpf;Fk; cg FLk;gq;fs; kPs;FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J 10 Ngu;r; tiuahd fhzpj; Jz;L xd;wpw;F my;yJ Ra kPs; ,ltikg;Gf;Fr; nrYj;jw; ghyjhd gzf; nfhLg; gdtpd; 50 rj tPjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; cupj;Jilatuhtu;:

m) ,g; ge;jpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhzpf;fhd cupj;Jupikfs; Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzpfspd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ikf;F cl;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

M) NkYk;> mt;thwhd xU kPs; FbNaw;wthrpf;F cupj;jhFk; fhzpj; Jz;L xd;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> xU Ra kPs; ,ltikg;Gf;Fr; nrYj;jw; ghyjhd gzf; nfhLg;gdnthd;Wk;> mJ nghUj;jkhdnjd LARC

fUjpdhy;> toq;fg;gLk; 2.1.11 ghjpf;fg;gl;l cg FLk;gq;

fs; gpujhd FLk;gj;Jld; trpf;f Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd; wdu;. Mdhy; 2.1.10,y; $wg;gl;lthNw ,og;gPl;bw;F cupj;Jilatuhtu;



83

2.2 chpj;Jld; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gl;l gpw nrhj; jhz;ik Mtzq;fSld; ,Uf;Fk; fhzpkw;Wk; fl;likg;gpd; tjpahj chpikahsh;

kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpy;el;l<LKbTWj;jw; jpfjpf;FKd; xUtUlj; jpDs; Fj;jiff;F vLj;jpUg;gpd; tUkhd kPl;nlLg;G cjtp

2.2.1 fhzpapd; vQ;rpa gFjp mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl ,ayhjjhapd;> re;ijg; ngWjpapy; ngWkjp kjpf;fg;gl;L; Fiw kjpg;gPL> Jz;bg;G> ,ilaPLfs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryTfs; vd;gdTk;; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;L LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; Nkyjpf epthuzk; toq;fg; gLk;

2.2.2 cupj;jpd;wp> rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpw nrhj;jhz;ik Mtzq;fSld; ,Uf;Fk; FbapUg;ghsUf;F re;ijg;; ngWkjp ; Fiw kjpg;gPL> Jz;bg;G> ,ilaPLfs; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nryTfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk;

2.2.3 gh.e jkJ tjptplf; fl;llj;jpd; cilika RtPfupg;G mYtyuhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ehSf;F Kd;gjhff; ifaspj;jhy; LAR2013,d; LARC ,dhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; Xu; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdTf;F cupj;Jilatu; Mfpwhu;

2.2.4 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, kw;Wk; LAR 2013 ,d; gpufhuk; fl;Lkhdq;fs; /Mjdq;fSf;fhd KOikahd ,og;gPL ngsjpf cilik nfhs;s Yf;fhf mit vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLKd; Nja;khdq;fs; ePq;fyhf kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk;.

2.2.5 .LAR 2013 ,d; tpahghu tifg;gLj;jypd; gpufhuk; thlif tUkhd ,og;G ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

2.2.6 mopf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J nghUs;fis kPl;Fk; cupik.



84

2.3 jq;Fkplthlif

,og;G rl;lhPjpahdthliff;FbapUg;ghsh;fs;/ Fj;jifjhuh;fs;

2.3.1 kPs; ,ltiktpd;nghUl;L %d;Wkhjj;Jf;F Kd; mwptpj;jy;.

2.3.2 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 kw;Wk; 1972 ,d; 7Mk; ,yf;f thlifr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuk; fhyhtjpahfhj fhyj;jpw;F gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Fj;ifjhuUf;F ,og;gPL

2.3.3 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; thlifg; gbAk; (2.17) efu;Tg; gbAk; (2.1.6) toq;fg;gLk;.

2.4 jq;Fkpl ,og;G cupj;;jhtzq;fs;,d;wp r%fj;jpy; kjj; jyq;fspy; FbapUg;gtu;fs;;

2.4.1 2.1.5> 2.1.6> 2.1.7> 2.1.8 kw;Wk; 2.1.9,y; $wg;gl;lthW fl;Lkhd ,og;gPL> efu;Tg;gb kw;Wk; jw;fhypfj; jq;Fkplg; gb kw;Wk; kPl;fg;gl;l nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cupik vd;gd toq;fg;gLk;.

2.4.2 ,Uf;ff;$ba fhzp kPs; fl;Lkhdj;jpw;Fg; NghJkhf ,y;iynadpy; LAR 2013 gpupT 4 (n) (ii) ,d;gpufhuk; EAC ahy; jPu;khdpf;fg; gl;lthW kPs;FbNaw;w ,lj; jpy; (fl;lf;$ba xU gpuNj rj;jpy;); 10 Ngu;r; tiuapyhd xU khw;Wf; fhzpj;Jz;L my;yJ gpuNahfpf;fw; ghyjhd xU gzf; nfhLg;gdT.

2.5 tjptplf; fl;L khdj;jpd; ,og;G

cupj;Jfs; ,y;yhjtu;fs; (Fe;jpNahu; / mj;JkPwpNahu;)

;Gduikg;G kw;Wk; kPs;Fb Naw;w cjtp

2.5.1 LAR 2013 gpupT 4 (n) (ii) ,d;gpufhuk; EAC ahy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW kPs;FbNaw;w ,lj;jpy; (fl;lf;$ba xU gpuNj rj;jpy;) 10 Ngu;r; tiuapyhd xU khw;Wf; fhzpj;Jz;L my;yJ gpuNahfpf;fw; ghyjhd xU gzf; nfhLg;; gdT

2.5.2 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd; Vw;ghL fSf;Fs; mlq;fhtpby;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdj;jpd; ,og;gPL EAC ahy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;

2.5.3 RtPfupg;G mYtyuhy;



85

Fwpg;gpl;l ehSf;F Kd;djhf Mjdj;jpd; ngsjpf cilik nfhs;sy;; Njitg;gl;lhy;> LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd; Vw;ghL fSf;Fs; mlq;fhtpby;> gh.e. KbTWj;jy; ehSf;F Kd;djhf trpj;j tPl;bd; epyg;gug;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L efu;Tg; gbnahd;W toq;fg;gLk;.

2.5.4 MOU ifr;rhj;jpl;ljd;gpd; epu;khzpg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl egnuhUtu; mDkjpj;jhy;> gh.e. KbTWj;jy; ehSf;F Kd;G trpj;j tPL mike;Js;s gpuNjrk; LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd; nraw;gLj Yf;Fs; tuhtpby; EAC ahy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthwhd xU thlifg; gb toq;fg;gLk;.

2.5.5 fl;llg; nghUl;fis kPl;gjw;fhd cupik

2.5.6 kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; gpd;du; kPs; ,ltikTf;fhf> Gjpa ,lj;jpy; (tPl;L tiuglk;> cs;Suhl;rp mDkjp> njhopy; El;g cjtp> MNyhrid Nghd;w) EAC ahy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthwhd Nkyjpf cjtp

2.6 tjptplf; fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq; fspd; gFjpastp yhd ,og;G

chpj;Jld;; my;yJ tpw;gid cWjpiaj; jk; rhu;ghff; nfhz;Ls;s tjptplj;jpd; cupikf; FbapUg;ghsu; fs;;

,og;gPL kw;Wk;; GdUj;jhgd cjtp

2.6.1 fl;llk; kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq; fSf;fhd (Nja;khdk; jtpu;e;j) kPs;itg;Gr; nrythdJ ; LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd;gb gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; xU njhifahf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;:

m) fl;Lkhdj;jpd; xU gFjpahf: epHkhzpg;Gg; Gs;spfs; tiuapYkhd jiug; gug;Ng nfhLg;gdTf;fhff; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;

M) fl;Lkhdj;jpd; vQ;rpa gFjpahf: vQ;rpa gFjp



86

ghtidf;F xt;thjjhf ,Ue;jhy; LAA 1950> LAR

2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd;gb LARC MdJ me;jg; ghfq;fSf;Fk; ,og;gPL toq;Fk;.

2.6.2 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuk;> epUkhzpg;gpd;Nghjhd ,ilaPl;bw;fhf gh.e. f;F efu;Tg; gbAk; (2.1.7)> khw;W jq;Fkplj;jpw;fhf thlifg; gbAk; (2.1.8) toq;fg;gLk;.

2.7 fhzpf;Fk; fl;L

khdj;jpw;Fk; cupj;Jila tjpah cupikahsu;fs;

,og;gPL kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w cjtp

2.7.1 2.6.1,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPL 2.7.2 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR

2013 vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuk;> epUkhzpg;gpd;Nghjhd ,ilaPl;bw;fhf gh.e. f;F efu;Tg; gbAk; (2.1.6)> khw;W jq;Fkplj;jpw;fhf thlifg; gbAk; (2.1.7) toq;fg;gLk;.

2.8 fl;Lkhdj;jpd; kPjhd gFjpasT jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf thlifj; jq;Fkpl ,og;G

thliff; FbapUg;ghsu;/ Fj;jifjhuu; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l thliff; FbapUg;ghsu;

GdUj;jhgd cjtp

2.8.1 cupikahsupd; ,zf;fg;ghl; Lld; thliff; FbapUg; ghsufSk;; Fj;jifjhuu fSk; fl;llj;jpy; njhlu;e;J jq;Fk; njupitf; nfhz;b Ug;gu;

2.8.2 LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk;> epUkhzpg;gpd;Nghjhd ,ilaPl;bw;fhf gh.e. f;F efu;Tg; gbAk; (2.1.6)> khw;W jq;Fkplj;jpw;fhf thlifg; gbAk; (2.1.7) toq;fg;gLk;.

2.8.3. 2.8.2 w;F Nkyjpfkhf ghJfhf;fg;gl;l thliff; FbapUg;ghsu;fs; cupj;JupikAk; ngWtu;.

2.9 tjptplf; fl;Lkhdj;jpd; gFjpasT ,og;G

cupj;Jfs; mw;wtu;fs; (fl;khdq;fspy; ;Fe;jpNahH / mj;JkPwp trpg;Nghu;)

RR&R;cjtp 2.9.1 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;Ws; ,J mlq;ftpy;iynadpy;> vQ;rpa gFjp kPsf; fl;l cfe;jjha; ,y;yhjtplj;J fl;Lkhdj;ijj; jpUj;jp Kd;ida epiyf;Ff; nfhzu my;yJ kPsf; fl;l> Vw;gl;l cz;ikahd ,og;gpd; gpufhuk;> kPs;itg;Gg; ngWkjpapy;



87

EAC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPL ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdj; jpw;F kl;Lk;

2.9.2 tPl;bd; jiug; gug;igf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> epUkhzpg;Gf; fhyj;jpy; ntspNawNtz;bapUg;gpd; mj;Jld; ,J LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;Ws; mlq;ftpy;iy nadpy;> EAC My; efu;Tg; gbnahd;W toq;fg;gLk;.

2.9.3 gh.e. KbTWj;Jk; ehSf;F Kd;djhf tho;e;j tPl;bd; jiug;gug;G> tPL mike;jpUf;Fk; cs;Suhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; vd;gtw;;wpd; mbg;gilapy;> epUkhzpg;Gf; fhyj;jpy; ntspNawNtz;bapUg;gpd; mj;Jld; ,J LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;Ws; mlq;ftpy;iy nadpy; EAC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l thlifg; gbnahd;W toq;fg;gLk;

3. th;j;jf fhzpAk; fl;Lkhdq;fSk;

3.1 th;j;jf Mjdj;jpd; epue;ju> KO ,og;G

chpj;Jld; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l tpahghuj;jpd; chpikahsh;-nraw;gLj;Jeh; my;yJ mth; rhh;gpYs;s tpw;gidcWjp

LAA ,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPL RR&R;cjtp

3.1.1 rl;lj;jpd; fPo; vQ;rpa fhzpj;Jz;il tpUj;jp nra;a KbahjpUg;gpd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l KOf; fhzpf;Fk; LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPL.

3.1.2 ngsjpf cilik nfhs;s Yf;fhff; fl;Lkhdq;fSk; Mjdq;fSk; RtPfupf;fg;gL Kd;duhd (Nja;khdk; jtpu;e;j) LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,d; gpufhukhd> kPs;itg;Gr; nrytpyhd KO ,og;gPL

3.1.3 gh.e. jkJ tjptplf; fl; llj;jpd; cilikr; RtPfupg;G mYtyuhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ehSf;F Kd;gjhff; ifaspj;jhy; LAR2013,d; LARC ,dhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; Xu; cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdTf;F cupj;Jilatu; MfpwhH.



88

Ntiy ,of;Fk; Copah;fs;

3.1.4 VNjDk; th;j;jf ,lj;jpy; (,Ug;gpd; my;yJ jpl;lkpbd;) ePz;l fhy Fj;jifapy; filnahd;W fpilf;f Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gLk;. my;yJ Fj;jif jtizia nrYj;Jtjd;Nghpy; NtW gpw nghJ filj;jpl;lk; toq;fg;gLk;.

3.1.5 tpahghu ,og;G: m) Kiw rhuh (tUkhd tup

nrYj;jhjtu;). Jiz epw;Fk; Mtzq;fs;%yk; tUkhdk; cWjpg;gLj;jg; gl;bUg;gpd;> &. 15>000/= my;yJ 3 khj Njwpa tUkhdk;. ,jpy; vJ mjpfNkh mJ ,og;gPlhf toq;fg;gLk;.

M) Kiw rhu;e;j (tUkhd tup

nrYj;Jgtu;) 3 tUlq;fs; tiuapy; tpahghuk; KOikahf ,of;fg;gl;b Ug;gpd;> gpupT 2,d; fPohd tupg; gpufldk;gw;wpa mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehSf;F cld; Kw;Nghe;j 3 tUlq;fSf;fhd ruhrup Njwpa rupg;gLjg;gl;l ,yhgk;

LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR

2013,d; gpufhuk; toq;fg;gLk; 3.1.6 mopf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdj;jpy;

,Ue;J kPl;l nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; chpik

3.1.7 njhopy; Ntjdq;fs; ,og;G. jhk; njhopy; Gupe;j ,lq;fs; RtPfupf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf Ntjdk; jUk;; njhopiy ,oe;jtu;fs; LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; LARC ,dhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; xU nfhLg;gdtpw;F cupj;Jil atu;fs; Mtu;.

3.1.8 LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; tUkhd kPsspg;G cjtp toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

3.2 -nra;- chpj;Jld; tjpTmw;w Mjd chpikahsh;

LAA,d; gpufhuk; ,og;gPL

Nkw;gb 2.2.1, 2.2.2> 2.2.3> 2.2.4> 2.2.5> 2.2.6 kw;Wk; 3.1.7 cWg;Giu fspy; tpghpf;fg;gl;l mNj NghyhFk;.



89

3.3

thlifjq;Fkpl tpahghu ,og;G

tpahghuj;ij elhj;Jk; rl;lhPjpahd thlifFbapUg;ghsH/ Fj;jifjhuh;

,og;gPL; kw;Wk; Gduikg;G cjtp

3.3.1 ghJfhf;fg;gl;l thliff; FbapUg;ghsu;fs; cupj;Jupik ngWtu;

3.3.2 VJnkhU tu;j;jf tshfj;jpy; my;yJ gpw tu;j;jf ikaq;fspy; (,Ue;jhy; my;yJ jpl;lkpl;lhy;) Fj;jifj; jtizg; gzj;ijr; nrYj;jp ePz;lfhyf; Fj;jif mbg;gilapy; filnahd;W fpilf;fg;ngwr; nra;tjpy; Kd;Dupik toq;fy;.

3.3.3 tpahghu ,og;G m) Kiw rhuh (tUkhd tup

nrYj;jhjtu;) Jiz epw;Fk; Mtzq;fs;%yk; tUkhdk; cWjpg;gLj;jg; gl;bUg;gpd;> &. 15>000/= my;yJ 3 khj Njwpa tUkhdk;. ,jpy; vJ mjpfNkh mJ ,og;gPlhf toq;fg;gLk;.

M) Kiw rhu;e;j (tUkhd tup nrYj;Jgtu;) 3 tUlq;fs; tiuapy; tpahghuk; KOikahf ,of;fg;gl;b Ug;gpd;> gpupT 2,d; fPohd tupg; gpufldk;gw;wpa mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehSf;F cld; Kw;Nghe;j 3 tUlq;fSf;fhd ruhrup Njwpa rupg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,yhgk; LAA> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,d; gpufhuk; toq;fg;gLk;;

3.3.4 Ntjd ,og;gpw;F 3.1.7 ,y; $wg;gl;lthW ,og;gPL.

3.4 th;j;jf fl;Lkhdq;fspd; ,og;G

chpj;jw;wtu;fs; (Fe;jpatu;fs;/ mj;JkPwpNahu;/ Kiwrhuh tu;j;jfj;jpd; njhopw;gLeu;fs;)

,og;gPL kw;Wk; GdUj;;jhgd cjtp;

3.4.1 LAA> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,d; fPo; cs;slf;fg; glhtpby; EAC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdq;f Sf;F kPs; itg;Gr; nrytpy; el;l<L

3.4.2 VJnkhU tu;j;jf tshfj;jpy; my;yJ gpw tu;j;jf ikaq;fspy; (,Ue;jhy; my;yJ jpl;lkpl;lhy;) Fj;jifj; jtizg; gzj;ijr; nrYj;jp ePz;lfhyf; Fj;jif mbg;gilapy; filnahd;W



90

fpilf;fg;ngWk; tha;g;G 3.4.3 tpahghu ,og;G m) Kiw rhuh (tUkhd tup

nrYj;jhjtu;) Jiz epw;Fk; Mtzq;fs;%yk; tUkhdk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd;> &. 15>000/= my;yJ 3 khj Njwpa tUkhdk;. ,jpy; vJ mjpfNkh mJ ,og;gPlhf toq;fg;gLk;.

M) Kiw rhu;e;j (tUkhd tup nrYj;Jgtu;) 3 tUlq;fs; tiuapy; tpahghuk; KOikahf ,of;fg;gl;b Ug;gpd;> KbTWj;jy; ehSf;F cld; Kw;Nghe;j 3 tUlq;fSf;fhd ruhrup Njwpa rupg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,yhgkhdJ> LAA > LAR 2008, LAR 2013,y; cs;slf;fg;;glhtpby;> EAC jPu;khdj;jpd; gpufhuk; toq;fg;gLk;;.

3.4.4 J}uj;ijAk; tpahghuj;jpd; jd;ikiaAk; nghWj;J EAC

ahy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gb toq;fg;gLk;.

3.4.5 filapd; epyg; gug;igAk; Fwpj;j gpNjrj;jpy; epyTk; elg;G re;ij tpfpjq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tpahghuj;ijj; njhlu khw;wplj;jpw;fhd thlifg;gb EAC jPu;khdj;jpd; gpufhuk; toq;fg;gLk;;.

3.4.6 mopf;fg;gl;l fl;Lkhdq; fspypUe;J kPl;l nghUs; fis gad;gLj;Jk; chpik

3.4.7 3.1.7,d; gpufhukhd cjtp 3.5 tpahghuj;jpd;

toikahd njhopw;ghl;il ghjpf;Fk; th;j;jf Mjdj;jpd; gFjpasT ,og;G

chpj;Jld; tjpAk; chpikahsh;

3.5.1 2.6.1,y; toq;fg;gl;l mNj ed;ikfs;

3.5.2 epUkhzpg;Gf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ tpahghuj;jpw;F ,og;G Vw;gLkhapd;> tpahghuj;jpd; tifiaAk; ,ilaPL nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ijAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L LARC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; epjp cjtp LAA > LAR 2008, LAR

2013,d; gpufhuk; toq;fg;



91

gLk; 3.6 -nra;- Mjdj;jpd;

tjpTmw;w chpikahsh;

,og;gPL 2.6.1,d;fPo; toq;fg;gLk; mNj ed;ikfs;

3.7 thliff;F tpLk; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspd; ,og;G

gjpTnra;ag;gl;l thlifFbapUg;ghsh;/ Fj;jifjhuu;

Gduikg;G cjtp

3.3.1 kw;Wk; 3.5.2 ,d;fPo; toq;fg; gLk; mNj ed;ikfs;.

3.8 th;j;jf fl;Lkhdq;fspd; gFjpasT ,og;G

chpj;J cWjpfsw;Nwhu; (mku;e;epUg; Nghu;/mj;JkPwpj; njhopw;gLNthu;) ;

Gduikg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w cjtp

3.8.1 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,y; cs;slf;fg; glhtpby;> EAC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW 3.4.1 ,y; $wg;gl;l ed;ikfs;

3.8.2 epUkhzpg;Gf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ tpahghuj;jpw;F ,og;G Vw;gLkhapd;> tpahghuj;jpd; tifiaAk; ,ilaPL nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ijAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L EAC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; epjp cjtp

3.9 th;j;jf ntspg;Gwf; filfspd; (Kiosks) ,og;G

mDkjpAld; my;yJ mDkjpapd;wp Kiosks elhj;Jk; tpahghhpfs;

Gduikg;G cjtp

3.9.1 epue;ju kiosks/ nfhl;by;> fl;likg;G ,og;gPl;ilAk; EAC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; xNuKiw tUkhd cjtpAk; ngWtu; vd;gJld; nghUj;jkhd ,ltrjp fpilg;gpd; njhlh;tjw;F mDkjpAk; toq;fg;gLk;.

3.9.2 elkhLk;/ efUk; tpahghhpfs;>mth;fsJ tpahghhpj;ij njhlUk; nghUl;L NtW ,lj;Jf;F nry;y xU khj Kd; mwptpj;jiy ngWth;.

4. tho;thjhu ,og;G



92

4.1 kPs; ,ltikT fhuzkhf tho;thjhu ,og;G

kPs; ,ltikT fhuzkhf tUkhdj;ij ,of;Fk; kpfTk; twpa kw;Wk; ngz; jiyik tfp;f;Fk; FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk;; tyJ Fiwe;Njhu;> mfjpfs;> cs;s ,lk; ngau;e;Njhu; kw;Wk; mehijfs;

Ra njhopypy; <LgLk; twpa egh;fs;

Gduikg;G cjtp

4.1.1 LAR 2013,d;gpufhuk; LARC My; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;thW eypTw;w #o;epiyfspy; thOk; FLk;gq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhd xU nfhLg;gdT.

4.1.2 CBO/CSOfspd; cjtpAld; Mff;$ba MW khj fhyg;gFjpf;fhf fld; kw;Wk; jpwd;fSf;F top tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp tho;thjhuj;ij tYg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpiag; ngWk; nghUl;lhd cjtp kPs;Fbakh;j;jpa FLk;gq;f spypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLk; Mff;$ba ,U ,isQh; fSf;F (xU Mz;> xU ngz;).

4.1.3 murhq;f eyNdhk;Gif cjtpf;Fj; jFjpahd eypTw;w epiyf; FLk;gq; fSf;F ,t;Tjtpiag; ngWtjw;fhd Vw;ghL.

4.1.4 th;j;jf kPs;FbNaw;w ,lq;fspy; tPLNgzy; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fpilf;fg;ngwpd; ,f;fUj;jpl;l rptpy; Ntiyfspy; Ntiytha;g;G.

4.1.5 VNjDk; th;j;jf ,lj;jpy; (,Ug;gpd; my;yJ jpl;lkpbd;) ePz;l fhy Fj;jifapy; filnahd;W fpilf;f Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gLk; my;yJ Fj;jif jtizia nrYj;Jtjd;Nghpy; NtW gpw nghJ filj;jpl;lk;.

4.1.6 kPs; ,ltiktpd; gpd;dh; eypTw;w FLk;gq;fSf;F murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; VNjDk; eyd;Ghp cjtp ngwiy ,yFgLj;jy;.

4.2 njUNthug; nghJ ,lq;fspy; thfdj; jupg;G my;yJ tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd tho;thjhu nraw;ghLfs;

Gduikg;G cjtp

4.2.1 VNjDk; th;j;jf ,lj;jpy; (,Ug;gpd; my;yJ jpl;lkpbd;) ePz;l fhy Fj;jifapy; filnahd;W fpilf;f Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gLk; my;yJ Fj;jif jtizia nrYj;Jtjd;Nghpy; tpw;gidahsUf;fhd NtW gpw nghJ filj;jpl;lk;.



93

4.2.2 tho;thjhu nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu cs;Su; mjpfhu rigahy; khw;W ,lk; my;yJ jw;fhypf xOq;Ffs;

4.2.3 tho;thjhu nraw;ghl;bd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J EACahy; jPu;khdpf;fg; gl;lthW efu;Tg; gbfs;

4.2.4 fpuhk mYtyuhy; kw;Wk; gpuNjr nrayhsuhy; toq;fg;gl;l tUkhd mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; tho;thjhu cjtp

5. jw;fhypf jhf;fq;fs; 5.1 rptpy;

Ntiyfspd; jw;fhypf vjpu; kiwahd ghjpg;Gfs; (toptha;g;G ,og;G> Mjdk; my;yJ fhzpf;fhd Nrjk;> ghJfhg;Gf;fhd ,ilA+Wfs;> efu;jpwd;kPjhd jhf;fk; Nghd;wd)

tPLfs;/tpahghuq;fs;

jzpg;G eltbf;iffs;

5.1.1 gpd;tUtdtw;iw kf;fSf;F Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; nghJ mwptpj;jy; %ykhf mwptpj;jy;: Ntiy ml;ltiz> epfof;$ba jw;fhypf jhf;fq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> ghJfhg;G mwpTiu> jzpg;G eltbf;iffs;> nghWg;gjpfhupAldhd njhlu;G tpguq;fs; kw;Wk; GRM.

5.1.2 efu;jiy ,yFgLj;jj; Njitahd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffs;

5.1.3 th;j;jfj;ij/tpahghuj;ijj; njhlu toptha;g;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd tpNrl eltbf;iffs;.

5.1.4 xU thuj;Jf;F Nky; tpahghu ,og;Gf;F toptFf;Fk; KO Nkhl;lhh;thfd mZif ,og;ig nghWj;jkl;by; xg;ge;jfhuhpdhy; mZifia ,yFthf;Fk; tiuapy; 1k; ehspypUe;J xU ehSf;F @ ,.&.1000/-tPjk; epjp cjtp. eilghij mZif ,og;ig nghWj;jkl;by; jw;fhypf khw;W mZif xg;ge;jfhuhpdhy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

5.1.5 eph;khzpg;gpd;NghJ my;yJ nghwpj;njhFjp jhgpf;Fk;NghJ ,ae;jpuq;fis ftdaPdkhf efh;j;Jjy; fhuzkhf



94

fl;likg;gpf;F my;yJ fhzpf;F Vw;gLk; VNjDk; jhf;fj;jpd; ,og;gPl;L nrytpid epak xg;ge;j Vw;ghl;bd;gb xg;ge;jfhuh; nghWg;Ngw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

5.1.6 cj;Njr topAupikf;F (ROW) Gwk;ghd jw;fhypf fhzp ghtid midj;Jk; fhzp chpikahshpdJk; xg;ge;jfhuhpdJk; vOj;J%y mq;fPfhuj;jpD}lhf nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. eph;khzpg;G Copau; Kfhk;;fspd; miktplk; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kftuhz;ikfspd; fye;jhNyhridAld; xg;ge;jfhuh;fspdhy; mikf;fg;gLk;.

5.1.7 rj;jk;> J}R %yk; khRwiyf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; cs;spl;l r%f mghaf; Fiwg;Gj; jpl;lq;fspd; xU gFjpahf> FwpaPLfs;> ghJfhg;Grhu; jilfs; %yk; mghaNeu;Tfis ,optsthf;fy;> Ntiy ,lq;fspy;/$lhuq;fspy; KjYjtp trjpfs; Nghd;w Njitahd Rfhjhu> ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;glTs;sd.

5.1.8 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jpirjpUg;GjYk; Kfhik nra;jYk;> gbg;gbahd eph;khz %Nyhghak;> neUf;fb Neuq;fspy; Ntiyia ,optsthf;fy; mlq;fyhf kdpj kw;Wk; thfd efu;Tfs; kPjhd vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis Fiwj;J jzpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;.

5.1.9 fUj;jpl;l eph;khzpg;G ,lq;fspy; Ntiynra;Ak; Mz;> ngz; nghUl;L epahakhd $ypia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;l Vw;ghL kw;Wk; rpWth; Ntiynra;jiy jLj;jYk;.



95

vof;$ba NtW VNjDk; jhf;fq;fis rkhspg;gjw;F Njitahd eltbf;iffs;.

6. rKjha cl;fl;likg;G/ nghJ Mjd tsq;fspd; ,og;G 6.1 fyhrhu Mjd

,og;G ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpdUk; FOf;fSk;

rKjha fl;likg;Gkw;Wk; nghJ Mjd tsq;fspd; kPs; eph;khzk;

6.1.1 ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;ghsh; fSld; fye;jhNyhrid nra;J rKjha fl;likg;Gf; fis kPs; eph;khzk nra;jy;; kw;Wk; nghJ Mjd tsq;fis kPsitj;jy;.

6.1.2 LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013,y; cs;slf;fg; glhtpby; EAC ,dhy; jPh;khdpf;fgl;lthW eilKiwapYs;s tof;fhWf;F ,zq;f Njitahd VNjDk; kj rk;gpujhaq;fs; mlq;fyhf Njhz;bnaLj;jy; nryit <Lnra;tjw;F ,.&.3500/-Kjy; Mff;$ba ,.&. 50,000 tiuapyhd cjtp.

6.2 r%f> Fbrhu; trjpfspd; ,og;G

ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpdh; gad;gLj;Jeh; FOf;fs;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l trjpia Gduikj;jy;

6.2.1 nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Kfhikj;Jt ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;ghsh;fSld; fye;jhNyhrid nra;J Fbrhu;> r%f Nrit trjpfis kPseph;khzpj;jy;.

6.2.2 gad;gLj;Jeh; FOf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; mnrsfhpaj;ij jtph;g;gjw;F rptpy; Ntiyapd;NghJ jw;fhypf Nritfis toq;fy;.

6.3 Nkhrkhd xUq;fpizg;G

tuNtw;G r%fKk; kPs; FbNaWNthUk;

xUq;fp izg;ig tpUj;jpnra;jy;

6.3.1 r%f %yjd Nkk;ghl;bd; nghUl;L tuNtw;G r%fj;JlDk; kPs; FbNaWNthUlDk; rk;ge;jg;gLk; r%f mikg;Gfis cUthf;F tjpy; fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftu; mikg;G fSf;F (PPA) cjTjy;

6.3.2 r%f xd;W$ly; epfo;Tfis elhj;j trjpaspj;jy;

6.3.3 tuNtw;G r%fj;jpw;Fk; kPs; FbNaWNthUf;Fk; ed;ik jUk; nghJ eyNdhk;Gif eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; PPA f;F cjTjy;



96

ftdpf;Ff.:- ,og;gPl;bd; tpguq;fisj; jUk; Nkw;fhl;ba mikTUtpy; r%f kjpg;gPLfshy; ,dq; fhzg;gl;l midj;Jg; PAP; (fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs;) tifapdUk; cs;slf;fg; gl;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j mikTUtpy; tpsf;fg;glhj/,dq; fhzg;glhj ve;j PAPNah my;yJ #o;epiyNah ,Ug;gpd; LAA 1950> LAR 2008, LAR 2013 vd;gtw;wpd; topfhl;ly;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> EACahy; xt;nthd;Wf;Fkhf ,og;gPL nra;ag;gLk; my;yJ gupfhuk; fhzg;gLk;. 3.4.7 nryT kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd topfhl;lYk; epjpaplYk; 150. NkNy MNyhrpf;fg;gl;l r%f Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk;

nghUl;L> xt;nthU cg fUj;jpl;lk; njhlu;gpYkhd ghjPl;L Vw;ghLfs; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;. kPs;FbNaw;w Kfhikj;Jtk; cs;spl;l kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;gLj;Jif Njitg;gLk; cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd ghjPl;L kjpg;gPLfspd; nryTfs; r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd nryT kjpg;gPLfspy; $l;bidf;fg;gLk;.

151. mjd; gpufhuk;> fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk;> MNyhridf;Fk;

gq;Nfw;Gf;Fkhd nrytpdq;fs;> kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jy;> kPs; ,ltikT> kPl;nlLg;G> epiykhw;wj;jpw;fhd gbfs;> tho;thjhu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> jpwd; mgptpUj;jp> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL> epUthfk; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghuhj nrytpdk; Mfpa nryTfs; r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd nryTfspd; kjpg;gPl;by; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

3.4.8 ,yq;ifapy; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; mq;fPfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiw 152. kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; mq;fPfupg;Gr; nrad;KiwahdJ> fUj;jpl;l

kl;lj;jpyhd mq;fPfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Njitg;gLk; mq;fPfhuq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; RUf;fkhf Muhag;gLfpwJ.

153. fUj;jpl;l kl;lj;jpy; RAP fSk; ARAP fSk; PPA fshy;> mtu;fs;jk; nrhe;jg;

gzpahl;nlhFjpahy; my;yJ thliff;fku;j;;;jg;gl;l MNyhrfu;fshy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,Wjp nra;ag;gl;lJk; RAP ahdJ PMU tpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lhfNtz;Lk;. RAPfSk; ARAPfSk; kPsha;Tf;fhfTk; ,Wjp mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhfTk; cyf tq;fpf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. tq;fpj; jil tpyf;fy; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJk; RAPfSk; A-RAPfSk; cs;Su; nkhopfspy; (rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo;) nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;L> mj;Jld; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l EM kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; vd;gtw;Wld; kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

154. ,yq;ifahdJ> RAPfisj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; kPsha;T nra;J mq;fPfupg;gjw;Fk;

xU Kiwikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nraw;gLj;Jiff;F Kd;djhf> midj;Jf; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fSk; xU PPA,lkpUe;J mq;fPfhunkhd;iwg; ngwNtz;Lnkdj; Njrpa #oy; rl;lk; (NEA) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd jpl;lq;fspy; PPAthfr; nraw;gLtJ UDA, ePu;g;ghrdj; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;w rhu;G epWtdq;fs;;. mjd; gpufhuk;> kPs;FbNaw;wj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lq;fSk; NEA ,d; ghfk; 4 'C" njhlu;gpy; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;whf Ntz;Lk;.



97

155. mt;thwhd Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; kpfTk; mf;fiw nfhz;l my;yJ njhlu;G nfhz;l PPA MdJ> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l me;jf; fUj;jpl;lk; NEA ,d; (jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) ghfk; 4 C apy; tpgupf;fg;gl;l eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;wjh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1995 ngg;utup 23Mk; jpfjpa 859/14Mk; ,yf;f mjp tpNrl tu;j;jkhdpapy; fUj;jpl;lk; mq;fPfupf;Fk; Kftu; mikg;Gfspd; gl;bay; gpuRupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



98

4. ghy;epiy kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp 4.1 nghJ 156. ghjpf;fg;gLk; Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; NtWgLk; eypTWk; epiyfisf;

nfhz;L ghu;f;ifapy; ghy;epiyahdJ r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf tpsq;FfpwJ. mtu;fsJ cau;e;j eypTWk; kl;lq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fSf;F - Fwpg;ghf twpa kw;Wk; eypTWk; epiyg; ngz;fSf;F - RR&R nrad;Kiwiar; rkhspg;gij ,aYkhdjhf;Fk;nghUl;L> jpl;ltl;lkhd eltbf;iffs; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. ghy;epiy cs;slq;fpa r%f Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jp;l;lkpl yhdJ ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;T> fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;NfAupa ghy;epiy rYiffs;> xU ghy;epiy %Nyhghak; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lk; vdgtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

4.2 ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;T 157. ehl;bd; nghUshjhu epidTf; Fwpg;G> ehl;bd; gpupT %Nyhghaq;fs;>

fl;likg;GuPjpahd rupg;gLj;jy;> ehl;bd; mikr;Rf;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk;> tWik kjpg;gPLfs;> Rw;whlw;Jiw kjpg;gPL> Jiwrhu; fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkply;> fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gply;: ,g;gbahf khWgl;l gy nfhs;if tbtq;fs;> Jiwrhu; ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;Tf; fUtpfs; vd;gd fpilf;fw;ghyjha; cs;sd.

158. ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;thdJ> ghy;epiy tfpghfq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> Njitfs;

kw;Wk; ,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; cs;s NtWghLfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd;kPJ ftdf;Ftpg;Gr; nra;Js;sJld;> ghy;epiy nfhz;L Ntwhf;fg;gl;l vz; mbg;gilapyhd juTfisAk; <LgLj;JfpwJ. ghy;epiy mk;rq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Mz;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; ntt;NtW tfpghfq;fs kw;Wk; fw;Wf;nfhz;l elj;ijfs; vd;gtw;iw mJ Kidg;Gg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LfpwJ.

159. SCDP fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;> ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;thdJ

gpd;tUtdtw;iwr; nra;a cjTk;:

FLk;gq;fs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fspd; ntt;NtW cWg;gpdu;fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpj; jiyaPLfspy; vt;thW gq;Nfw;ghu;fs; mj;Jld; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;gij vjpu;T $Wtjw;Fupa tsq;fSf;F toptha;g;igg; ngWtjpy; <LgLk; ghy;epiy NtWghLfis ,dq;fhzy;

nfhs;if kW rPuhf;fk; kw;Wk; cjtpjU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l %Nyhghak; vd;gtw;iw tbtikg;gjD}lhf tpis gaDWjp> tpidj;jpwd;> eLepiyik kw;Wk; tYT+l;lg;gly; Mfpa ,yf;Ffis mila jpl;lkplyhsu;fis mDkjpj;jy;

ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; gadhspfSf;fhd gapw;rp %Nyhghaq;fs; vd;gd Fwpj;J mgptpUj;jpg; gzpahsu;fisf; $Uzu;Tg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpg; nghjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.



99

160. ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;thdJ gpd;tUk; jftypd; Ie;J gpujhd tiffisj; jd; $Wfsha;f; nfhz;Ls;sJ:

Njitfs;gw;wpa kjpg;gPL

eltbf;iffs;gw;wpa juTfs;

tsq;fs;> mZif kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; juTfs;

ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gfs;gw;wpa gFg;gha;T

epWtduPjpahd fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs;

4.3 fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;NfAupa ghy;epiy rYiffs; 161. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpypUe;Nj ghy;epiy rYiffshdit mjd;

jpl;lkplypd; gpupf;fKbahj xU ghfkhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wd. Kjw; gbepiyahf> ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidapd; #oikit tpsf;Ftjw;F mJ cjtpapUf;fpwJ. ve;j kl;lj;jpy; xU gpur;rpid njhlq;FfpwJ vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd;%yk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; jpl;lkplyhsu;fs; gpur;rpidia ,d;dnjd;W tiuaiw nra;J mjw;fhd rhj;jpakhd jPu;itAk; Kd;itf;ff;$batu;fsha; cs;sdu;.

162. rpy fUj;jpl;lq;fs; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fs;kPJ NtWghLnfhz;l jhf;fj;ijf;

nfhz;buhj fhuzj;jhy;> fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ghy; eLepiyikia tpsf;Fk; $w;W xd;iw fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kd;nkhopTfs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

163. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; jpl;lkplyhsu;fs; ,yf;Ff; FOit (FOf;fis) njspthf

,dq;fz;L> jpl;lkplg;gl;l gadhspfs; Fwpj;j vLNfhs;fisf; ftdkhff; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ghy;epiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

164. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> cs;sPLfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

ntspaPLfs; vd;gd> Mz;> ngz; Mfpa ,UghyhupdJk; eypTWk; epiyfspd; nghUl;lhd ghy;epiyr; #oiktpd; kl;by; khwh epiynfhz;ljhf tpsq;fNtz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay;> mgha Neu;Tf;F mj;Jld;/my;yJ jhf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpl;lk; jPu;j;Jitg;gJ Iaj;jpw; fplkhfyhk;. Gwr; #oikTgw;wpa njspthd Gupjy; ,Ue;jhy;kl;LNk ,f; fhuzpfs; neQ;rwpe;J fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; $l;bizf;fg;glKbAk;. cjhuzkhf> ngz;fSf;fhf tpUk;gg;gLk; tpisTfs; Mz;fSf;fhdjpdpd;Wk; NtWglyhk;. jpl;lkplg;gl;lthW Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; fUj;jpl;lj;ijf; fw;;W mjpy; gq;Nfw;gij cWjpg;gLj;j ntt;NtW mZFKiwfs; Njitg;glyhk;.

4.4 ghy;epiy %Nyhghak; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lk; 165. cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l r%f Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w

rhjdq;fs; ghy;epiy kw;Wk; r%f cs;slf;ff; $w;Wgw;wp typAWj;Jk; gpupT xd;iw cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. RAP ,y; ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba ghy;epiy rYiffspw; rpy gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;: (m) fztDk; kidtpAk; tpUk;gpdhy;> khw;W tPl;bd; cupj;jpidj; jk; ,Utu; ngaupy;



100

$l;lhfTk;> my;yJ fztd; ,we;jpUg;gpd;> jhapdJk; gps;isfspdJk; ngaupYk; gjptjw;fhd Vw;ghL; (M) kPs; ,ltikT kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l tho;thjhu cjtpAld;$ba nrad;Kiwapy; ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fSf;F tpNrl mtjhdk;; (,) fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf> Jg;guNtw;ghL> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jsghlk; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;fplq;fspy; ngz;fSf;fhd trjpfs; cs;spl;l ghy;epiyf; $Uzu;Tila Fbrhu; cl;fl;likg;G Vw;ghL; kw;Wk; (<) Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; fl;llq;fspy; ngz;fspd; gq;;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpj;jy;. ,g; ghy;epiy %Nyhghaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy;> epiyNgwhd xU tifapy; jkJ ciwtplj;ijAk; tho;thjhuq;fisAk; kPs Vw;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lg; ngz;fisAk; mtu;fs;jk; FLk;gq;fisAk; nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; rKfuPjpahfTk; tYT+l;Lk; nrad;Kiwapy; eLepiyik Ngzg;gLtij cWjp nra;tjhFk;.

ftdpf;f: tpUg;ghtznkhd;W (capy;) ,Uf;Fkhapd;> khw;W ciwtplkhdJ capypy; nrhy;yg;gl;l egupd; ngaupy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.



101

5. MNyhrid ehlYk; gq;Nfw;Gk; 5.1 nghJ 166. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdUld; MNyhrid ehlNy fUj;jpl;lq;fis tbtikg;gjw;Fk;

nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd gq;Nfw;Gr; nrad; Kiwnahd;wpd; njhlf;fkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jpl;lkpL fl;lj;jpypUe;J fUj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;j Jy;ypakhd jftiy toq;FtjhdJ jtwhd vz;zg;ghl;ilj; jLg;gJld;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;FkpilNa ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gp> ntspg;gilj; jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gy Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l MNyhrid ehlyhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ: jfty; gfpu;T> gpd;D}l;lYf;F nrtpkLg;G> jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiwapy; kf;fis <LgLj;jpg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;jy;.

167. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdUld; $l;Lf; fye;Jiuahly;fis elhj;jp> jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;

nraw;gLj;Jif vd;gdgw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gfpu;e;J cs;Su; mwptpypUe;J ed;ikfisg; ngw;W NkYk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gijf; fUj;jpl;lf; FOtpw;F ,aYkhdjhf;FfpwJ. nghJf;$l;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jy;> Ftpikaf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fis elhj;Jjy; my;yJ tPLfs;NjhWk; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; my;yJ xUtUf;nfhUtUldhd MNyhrid ehly;fs; vd MNyhrid ehly; gy tbtq;fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;. cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nkyjpf Njitg;ghLfs;> ,Ug;Gf;fs;gw;wpa Ma;T kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; nka;g;gLj;jy;fs; vd;gd MNyhrid ehlw; nrad;Kiwapd; gFjpahf epiwNtw;wg;glyhk;.

5.2 RPF jahupg;ig Nehf;fpa MNyhrid ehly;fs; 168. RPF ,d; jahupg;Gf;Fk; mJNghy; gh.e.fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wk; cs;spl;l jhf;fj;

jzpg;Gf;fhd jpl;lq;fis tiujYf;Fk; MNyhrid ehly; fl;lhakhdjhFk;. ,e;j RPF MdJ SCDPapd; fhyp kw;Wk; fz;b Mfpa $Wfspd; nraw;gLj;Jifapy; <Lgl;l fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftuikg;Gfs; cs;spl;l gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSld; elhj;jg;gl;l MNyhrid ehlw; njhlu;fisaLj;Jj; jahupf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. Nkyjpfkhf> aho;g;ghz murpay; mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; gpuirfs;Nghd;w ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gq;Fgw;Wdu;;fSlDk; MNyhridfs; ehlg;gl;ld. ,t;thNyhrid ehly;fs; jw;NghJs;s r%f Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lfj;jpy; (SMF) cj;Njr aho;g;ghz Nkyjpf epjpaplw; $wpw;fhd mjd; nghUj;jg;ghl;il mjpfupg;gjw;fhd rupg;gLj;jy;fisj; Njitg;gLj;jpa aho;g;ghzj; jPgfw;gj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkpf;f r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; epWtdr; #oiktpd; mq;fPfhuj;jpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;litahFk;.

169. SMFI SCDP f;Fg; nghJthfg; gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhf khw;Wk;nghUl;L

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mjd; kPsha;;Tk; gjpTf;F cl;gLj;jYk; PMU tpdhy; VyNt tuNtw;fg;gl;l xU tpisthFk;. Vnddpy;> fhyp kw;Wk; fz;b SCDP jiyaPLfspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rpy mDgtq;fs; SMF kPsha;T nra;ag;gL tjd; mtrpaj;ij PMU tpw;F VyNt czu;j;jpapUf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf>



102

jw;NghJs;s tPjp xOq;FfSf;F khw;wk; Njitapy;iynad;Wk;> vdNt fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wKk; mtrpakpy;iynad;Wk; tPjp mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; typAWj;jpa NghjpYk;> tPjpapd; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l rpy gFjpfspy; tPLfspd; kPs; ,ltikT Njitahd xd;whf khwpaJ. NkYk;> Nfhtpy; fhzpfspy; FbapUg;NghUf;Fj; jq;Fkplj; Njit ,Ug;gij r%f Nrhjid vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ. murhq;ff; fhzpfspy; mj;JkPwpNahu; kw;Wk; mku;e;jpUg;Nghu; Nghd;w cupj;Jfsw;wtu;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. Nkyjpfkhf Nfhtpy; fhzpfs;> r%fnrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; jUk kw;Wk; kj];jhgdq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Mjdq;fSk; ,Uf;ff; fhzg;gl;ld. ,jw;fpilapy;> SCDP ahdJ> gh.e. f;F kpfTk; mD$ykhd ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdit mDkjpf;Fk; xU 'Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lk;" vd mikr;ruitAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. Nkw; nrhd;dtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> SCDP Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tjw;Fg; nghJthfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l xU kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; Njitahdjhf khwpaJ.

170. gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSldhd MNyhrid ehly;fs; cupj;Jupik mikTU (EM)

cs;spl;l RPFI gjpTf;F cl;gLjg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj; jiyaPLfSf;Fk;> ngJthf SCDP f;Fkhd mjd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd mNdf Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpd. gq;Fgw;Wdu;fSldhd MNyhrid ehly;fspd; Kf;fpa tpisTfs; fPNo Kidg;Gg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd:

m) kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;glTs;s FLk;gq;fs; khw;Wj; jq;Fkplq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tij ,aYkhdjhf;f> ntspNaWk; ehis mf;FLk;gq;fSf;F Kd;$l;bNa mwpaj;jUjy;. mur epWtdq;fisf; ifahs;tjw;fhd fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; cjtpiaAk;> kPs;FbNaWk; ,lk;gw;wpa Kjw;ju mwpitAk; mtu;fs; NfhUtJld;> gh.e. jkJ tpUg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ tPLfis Ntwplj;jpy; fl;LtJ Fwpj;Jk;> fl;ll tiuglq;fisj; jahupg;gjpy; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; Kd;itf;f ,lk; cz;lh vdTk; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdu;.

M) ngsjpf ,ltikT ,y;yhj ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;> fhzp cupj;Jfsw;w

Kiwrhuh tpahghu cupikahsu;fisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. jhf;fq;fisj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s tbtikg;gpy; khw;wq;fs; nra;tjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs; Fwp;j;Jk;> jhk; mj;JkPwpa fhzpapy; fl;ba fl;llq;fSf;Fr; rl;lg+u;t cupj;jhtzq;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; vOk; rpf;fy;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> fl;Lkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; tpahghu ,og;Gf;fhd ,og;gPl;L tpguq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mtu;fs; mwpa tpUk;gpdu;.

,) gFjpastpy; RtPfupf;fg;glTs;s fhzpf;Fupa FLk;gq;fs; tPjp xOq;Ff;F

mg;ghyhd nghUshjhu tsk; Fiwe;j kPjpf; fhzp Fwpj;Jf; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdu;. <) kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhf> tho;itr; rkhjhdkhff; fl;bnaOg;gf;$baJk;> fyhrhu

kw;Wk; r%f uPjpapy; cfe;jJkhd ,lq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.



103

kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; jpl;lkpLjypy; tuNtw;Gr; r%fk; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

c) Ra kPs; ,ltikTf;F Kd;Dupik. kPs;FbNaw;wk; njhlu;ghd Njitg;ghLfs;

Kiwahfj; jPu;j;Jitf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd ,lq;fis ,dq; fhz;gjpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

C) mur nrhj;JfSf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;GfSk; ghjpg;GfSk; fUj;jpl;l

Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs;%yk; kPl;nlLf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. v) cg fUj;jpl;lnkhd;Wf;fhf RtPfupf;fg;gLk; fhzp kz;rupT mghak; cs;s

gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; fhzg;gl;lhy; cupa Kftu; mikg;Gfspd; ,zf;fg;ghl; Lld; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nkyjpf eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ> fUj;jpl;lj;ij epiyNgWilajha; Mf;Fk;nghUl;L> Gduikg;Gf;fhf my;yJ kz;ghJfhg;G KiwfSld; kz;izg; ghJfhf;f Nkyjpf tp];jPuzkhd fhzp Njitg;glyhk;. mj;jifa tplaq;fspy; Njrpa fl;llq;fs; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; (NBRO) fhzp cupikahsUld; nra;Ak; xU fye;JiuahliyaLj;J xU Gupe;Jzu;T cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. vg;gbnadpy;> NBROtpd; topfhl;lYld; fUj;jpl;lk; kz;izg; gw;wp epWj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk fhzpj;Jz;il gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy; fhzpf;F Nkyjpf ghJfhg;ig toq;fyhk;. cupikahsNuh Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk kPjpf;fhzpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

V) aho;g;ghzkhdJ cs;Sh;f; fyhrhur; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd

#o;epiy> Gyk; ngau;T> kPsTk; ehL jpUk;GNthu;> kPs;FbNaw;w r%fq;fs;> murpay; fUj;Jg; ghq;Ffs;> MSif Kiwik> Njrtoikr; rl;lk; Kjypad fhuzkhf jdpj;Jtkhd xU r%f #o;epiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fhzpiaj; jhdk;nra;tJ xU fyhrhu tpOkpakhFk;. r%f MNyhrid ehly;> <LghL kw;Wk; epWtduPjpahd xj;Jiog;G vd;tw;wpD}lhfj; jiyyaPLfs; ,dq; fhzg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

I) fUj;jpl;lj; jyiaPLfspd; jpl;lkply;> tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jifapy;

njhlu;r;rpahd gpuirfs;<LghLk; gq;Fgw;WdH; MNyhrid ehlYk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;g tbtikg;Gld; rkkhf gq;Fgw;wYldhd nra;KiwAk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kf;fSila Njitfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; jpl;lkpl;l mgptpUj;jpj; jiyaPLfs; kw;Wk; Vida eilKiwapYs;s jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSk; cs;slq;fyhf xUq;fpize;j efu mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpid SCDP Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

5.3 gq;Fgw;WdH gFg;gha;T 171. fUj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghjpg;gtu;fs;; my;yJ mjd; tpisTfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLgtu;fs;

my;yJ fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; Mu;tk; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; Mtu;. xU gq;Fgw;WdH; fUj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghjpf;fyhk; my;yJ fUj;jpl;lj;jhy;



104

ghjpf;fTk;glyhk;. NkYk;> xt;nthU #o;epiyAk; jdpj;Jtk; nfhz;ljhfg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. SCDP f;fhd gq;Fgw;WdH; gFg;gha;tpy; njhlf;fepiy Mu;tkhdJ ahu; ahu; ghjpf;fg;gLtu; kw;Wk;; SCDP jiyaPLfs; $Uzu;T nfhz;lit kw;Wk; cs;Su; #oikT kw;Wk; NjitfSf;Fg; gjpyspg;git vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j mtu;fsJ <Lghl;il ahu; ahu; NfhUtu; vd ,dq; fhz;gjd;kPJk; ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt fUj;jpl;lk; ,ilA+wpd;wpr; nraw;gLj;jg;glj; jk; Mjuit mtu;fs; cWjpg;gLj;Jtu;. gq;Fgw;WdH; gFg;gha;tpd; njhlf;f kl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;WdH;fspd; tFjpfs; kw;Wk; tiffs; vd;gdtw;iwg; nghJthd Kiwapy; ,dq;fhz eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; GupjiyAk; jftiyAk; mLj;J> mtu;fsJ rhu;G epiy r%ftYg; gupkhzj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gq;Fgw;WdH; tiuglkply; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rpy gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;fyhk;> kw;Wk; VidNahu; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Mjutspf;fyhk;. rpyu; ,jpy; Mu;tkha; ,Uf;fyhk;> ,d;Dk; rpyu; ,jpy; Mu;tk; Fd;wpatu;fsha; ,Uf;fyhk;. gq;Fgw;Wdiu milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd mZFKiwAk; gFg;gha;Tk; fPNo RUf;fkhfj; jug;gLfpwJ.

Table 7: gq;Fgw;WdH;fis milahsk; fhzy

gue;j tFjp Jiz tFjp jdp egu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; tiffs; fUj;jpl;lj;ij ghjpg;gtu;fs;

fUj;jpl;l tpepNahfj;jpy; <LgLNthu;

tpUj;jp nra;gtu; / tbtikg;gtu; fl;rpf;fhuu; cupikahsu; KjyPl;lhsu; njhopy;thz;ik MNyhrfu;fs; Njrpa murpay; mjpfhupfs; murhq;f mikr;ru;fs;> kj;jpa murpd; jpizf;fsq;fs;> khtl;l kw;Wk; gpuNjr kl;lq;fs; Njrpa epajpr; rigfs;

#oikitj; jPu;khdpg;Nghu;

khfhz murpay; mjpfhupfs; khfhzrigj; jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; epu;thf mjpfhupfs; khfhzkl;l epajpr; rigfs; cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhu rigfs;

fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg; gl;ltu;fs;

Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tu;fs;

cl;fl;likg;G/trjpfs;/ntspfisg; gad;gLj;JNthu;

#oikitg; nghWj;J Neub ahf my;yJ kiwKfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;

f.jp. gpuNjrjjpy;> Rw;whlypy; thOk; r%fq;fs; Nritf; FOf;fs; cs;spl;l r%ff; FOf;fSk; rq;fq;fSk; nghJ kf;fs; jpl;tl;lkhd r%f rdj;njhiff; FOf;fs; (,dk;> ghy;> taJ)



105

Mu;tkha; ,Uf;ff;$batu;fs;

Rw;whlw;Jiw kw;Wk; r%fg; gug;Giu mikg;Gfs; ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Njrpa mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; tu;j;jf r%f mikg;Gfs;/rk;Nksdq;fs; fy;tpkhd;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; Clfj;Jiw vjpu;fhyf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ,ay;jpwd; nfhz;l fl;rpf;fhuu;fs; kw;Wk; gadu;fs;

172. gpd;du;> jftw; gug;gPl;L %Nyhghankhd;iwf; filg;gpbf;Fk; Xu; cld;ghl;Lld;

gq;Fgw;WdH;fisf;nfhz;L ftdkhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l MNyhrid ehly; gq;Nfw;Gr; nrad;Kiwnahd;W cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

5.4 gq;Fgw;WdH MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G 173. SCDP ahdJ> gy;tifiknfhz;l> rpy rkaq;fspy; Kuz;gLfpd;w Mu;tq;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba gy;NtW gq;Fgw;WdH;fspd; gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz tpiofpd;w Xu; murJiwf; fUj;jpl;lkhFk;. vdNt mJ ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> gq;Nfw;G> eLepiy Neu;ik> MNyhrid ehly;> r%ff; fw;if> cs;Su; mwpTf; $l;bizg;G> xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; $l;Liog;G Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. ,t;thW> SCDP ahdJ> fUj;jpl;lk; KOtJk; gq;Fgw;WdH; MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; <Lghl;il cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. gh.e. fSf;Fk; fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jeu;fSf;FkpilNa ntspg;gilj;jd;ikiaAk; GupjiyAk; milAk;nghUl;L> gh.e. fSf;F nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj jkJ cupikfisAk; nghWg;GfisAk; Fwpj;J KOikahfj; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,ij va;Jk;nghUl;L> jfty; mZff;$bajhfTk; Gupaf;$bajhfTk; ,Ug;gJld;> mj; jfty; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpd; jha; nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. nghJkf;fSf;Fj; jftiyg; gug;g ntFrd Clfk;> gfpuq;f mwptpj;jy; gyiffs;> Gjpdg; gj;jpupiffs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> tpsk;gu kly;fs; kw;Wk; tPl;bw;F tPL re;jpg;Gf;fs; vd;gd%yk; xU rpwe;j jfty;> fy;tp kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlw; gug;Giuia Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

174. xt;nthU tPl;bw;Fk; tpepNahfpf;fg;glTs;s midj;Jj; Njitahd jfty;fSk;

kw;Wk; gh.e. fspd; cupikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l nghJj; jfty; rpw;NwL (PIB) MdJ MNyhrid ehLk; Xu; cj;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;l gh.e. fSf;Fg; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba ,og;gPL kw;Wk; GdUj;jhgd eltbf;iffs; cs;spl;l fUj;jpl;l tpguq;fis KOikahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;NfJthf PIB MdJ rpq;fsj;jpYk;> Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; jkpopYk; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;L fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s gh.e. fSf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

175. gpd;tUk; jftiy PIB cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;:

fUj;jpl;lk;gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpsf;fk;

fUj;jpl;lj;jpd;NghJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glf;$ba ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l jhf;fq;fs;

,og;gPl;Lf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; cupj;Jupikfs;



106

tho;thjhu kP;l;nlLg;G eltbf;iffs;gw;w;pa xU tpsf;fk;

gh.e.fspd; MNyhrid ehly;> gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; tuNtw;Gr; r%fk; cs;spl;l r%fq;fs;

nghWg;ghapUf;Fk; gpujhd mYtyu;fspd; ngau;> gjtp vd;gtw;Wld; nraw;gLj;jy; ml;ltiz

njhlu;G tpguq;fSld; Nkyjpf jftYf;fhfj; njhlu;Gnfhs;sNtz;ba egu;fs;. ftdpf;f: tpgukhd ifNaL ghjpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU egUf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;.

fUj;jpl;lj; jftylq;fpa Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; gpuNjr nrayhsu;> fpuhk mYtyu; MfpNahupd; cs;Su; mYtyfq;fspYk; kjj; jyq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd gpw mYtyfq;fspYk; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

5.5 gq;Fgw;WdH; MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G khjpup 176. MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G vd;gd gq;Fgw;WdH; xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk;

r%fj;jpd; <LghL vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpl;l tl;lk; KOtjpYk; Fwp itf;fpd;wd. mq;F Kjdpiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyg; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; fUj;jpl;lr; nrad;Kiwf;F mu;j;jKs;s tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,r;nrad;Kiwfs; fUj;jpl;lj;ij milahsk; fhZk; fl;lk;> fUj;jpl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk; fl;lk; kw;Wk; fUj;jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk; fl;lk; Mfpa fl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glKbAk;. gq;Fgw;WdH; MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G vDk; tplaj;jpy; cjTk;nghUl;L> aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjrj; jiyaPl;bw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; SCDPf;fhfr; rupg;gLj;jg;gl;l khjpupnahd;W ,j;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5.5.1 Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jw; fl;lk; 177. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd mgptpUj;jpr; #oikitAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> gq;Fgw;WdH;

MNyhrid ehly;fspypUe;jhd cs;sPLfs; cgfUj;jpl;l Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fUj;jpl;l Kd;ndLg;gpd;NghJ my;yJ Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpd;NghJ cgfUj;jpl;l kl;lj;jpy; fUj;jpl;lj; jftiyg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fSf;F PPAfSk;> gpuNjr kw;Wk; khtl;l kl;lq;fspy; gq;fPLghl;lhsu;fSk; gug;Gfpd;wdu;. KOr; r%fj;jplkpUe;Jk; MNyhrid ehlg;gl;Lj; Njitahd gpd;D}l;ly;fSk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

178. 2009 Nk khjk; Aj;jk; KbTWj;jg;gl;lJk;> cldbahf murhq;fkhdJ> Jupj

mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lj;jpDs; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; my;yJ tlkhfhzj;jpd; gpuNtrj;jpw;F xU rkpf;iQahf kPl;nlLg;G> kPs; fl;Lkhdk; vd;gtw;iw Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jp> cs;sf ,lg;ngau;Tf;Fs;shd kf;fisg; ghJfhg;ghd Rw;whlypy; Jupjkhf kPs;FbNaw;wp> tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;gpw;F cjTk; tifapy; jd; Kjw;fl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ. cyf tq;fp cs;spl;l mNef nfhilahsu;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; ,e;j Kd;ndLg;Gf;F Mjutspj;jJld;> tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;G kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp vd;gdtw;iw kPs;jpUk;gpNahu; kw;Wk; tuNtw;G r%fj;jpdu; MfpNahupd; mtruj; NjitahfTk; ,dq;fz;ldu;. mNjNtis> ey;ypzf;fj;ij



107

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp> rKjhaj;jpd; kPs;fl;bnaOg;giyr; #o;e;jjhd tpupthd xU fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; Njit Fwpj;Jk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghz efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpia Kiwg;gLj;jp tbtikg;gjpy; Kd;Ndhf;fpg;ghu;f;Fk; mgptpUj;jpj; jiyaPlhdJ cyf tq;fpahy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

179. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;F cfe;jjhfg; gpuNjrj;ij khw;Wtjpy;

nfhilahsu; cjtpAld; <Lgl;LtUk; murhq;fkhdJ fz;zpntbafw;wy;> GdUj;jhgdk; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk;> kpd;tpepNahfk;> njhiyj; njhlu;G> cl;fl;likg;G> kPs;fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp> tho;thjhu kPl;nlLg;G> ePu;> Jg;guNtw;ghL kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> fyhrhu mYty;fs; kw;Wk; epWtduPjpahd tYT+l;ly; kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fs; mgptpUj;jp Mfpatw;iw ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

5.5.2 fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkplw; fl;lk; 180. ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fs; jkJ tpopg;Gzu;it mjpfupj;J> jkJ tfpghfq;fisAk;

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epr;rag;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy;> cg fUj;jpl;lj; jftyhdJ mtu;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,j; jpl;lkplw; fl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs;;; NkYk; Clhl;lkhd nrad;Kiwapy; <Lgl;Lf;nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;. mq;F tpupthd tbtikg;gpd; ,Wjpg;gLj;Jifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd khw;wPLfs; kw;Wk; njupTfs; vitnad;gij ,dq;fhz;gjpy; r%fq;fs;> fUj;jpl;l tbtikg;ghsu;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplyhsu;fs; <LgLtu;. kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lj;ij (RAP) jahupg;gjw;F fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; gh.e. fSldhd MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; juTfs; vd;gd fl;lhaj; Njitg;ghLfs; MFk;. ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l jhf;fq;fspd; Xu; ,Ug;Gg; gjpit Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;L> gh.e. kj;jpapy; r%f nghUshjhu Ma;itAk; njhif kjpg;gPl;ilAk; elhj;JtJ tpupthd tbtikg;gpd; gpupf;fKbahj xU gFjpahFk;.

5.5.3 nraw;gLj;jw; fl;lk; 181. ,f; fl;lj;jpd;NghJ fUj;jpl;lr; nra;gLj;Jiff;fhd Kftu; mikg;ghdJ

ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpdUld; kpf neUf;fkhf ClhLfpwJ. ,t;T+lhl;lq;fSk; ciuahlYk; ngUk;ghYk; kPs; ,ltikT kw;Wk; fyhrhu Mjdq;fs; gw;wpajhfTk;> fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifapdhy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tsf; fl;likg;Gfs;kPjhd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gij Nehf;fpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> mjpf cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;nfhz;l tifapy; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gJgw;wp tpsf;fkspg;gjpYk; topfhl;LtjpYk; PPAfSf;F kpf neUf;fkhd tifapy; cjtpaspf;fg;glNtz;bAs;sJ. ,J fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jiff;F jpl;lkpl;ltifapy; cjTtjhfTk; mNjrkak; Nkw;nrhd;d Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; topfhl;ly;fSf;Fk; mika gh.e.fspd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; ftiyfSf;Fk; mtu;fs; jpUg;jpAWk; tifapy; jPu;T fhz;gjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ml;ltiz 8 MdJ> Muk;g> jpl;lkply;> tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;jy; fl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba gpujhd nraw;ghLfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.



108

Table 8: fUj;jpl;l tl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW fl;lq;fSf;fhd MNyhridehlw; nraw;ghLfs;

fUj;jpl;lf; fl;lk; MNyhridehlw; nraw;ghLfs; fUj;jpl;l ,dq; fhzy; kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fl;lk;

fUj;jpl;lg; gq;Fgw;WdH ;fis ,dq;fhzy; (Kjdpiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy)

MNyhrid ehlw; nrad;Kiwapy; gq;Fgw;WdH ;fis <LgLj;jy;

jftYf;fhd tplaj;ijAk; gug;gPl;Lf;fhd cj;jpfisAk; xOq;F nra;jy;

nghJf; $l;lq;fis xOq;F nra;jYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; Ra tpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;

gLkhapd;> xU r%fj; jahu;g;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Njitfis ,dq;fhzy;

fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; tbtikj;jy; fl;lk;

,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;Fk; mj;Jld; my;yJ ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l tuNtw;G r%fj;jpw;Fkhd $l;lj;ijf; $l;b mijg; gjpT nra;jy;

kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd khw;wPLfs; kw;Wk; tUkhd kPl;nlLg;Gj; njupTfs; Fwpj;J gh.e. fSld; MNyhrid ehly;

fUj;jpl;lj; jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tjpy; gh.e.fis <LgLj;jy;

,og;gPL> tUkhd kPl;nlLg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhfg; gq;Nfw;Gr; rl;lfnkhd;iw epWTjy;

kPs;FbNaw;w ,lq;fspd; njupT kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs;> tuNtw;gtu;fs; kw;Wk; CBOfsplkpUe;J cs;sPLfisg; ngWjy;;

kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FO (GRC) eilKiwfs;> gh.e. fspd; gpujpepjpfs; vd;gtw;iw epWTjy;

kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gq;Nfw;Gldhd nghwpKiwfis kPsha;T nra;a ,ay;jpwd;nfhz;l ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fis <LgLj;jy;

nraw;gLj;Jiff; fl;lk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;gLj;Jifapy; ,ay;jpwd; nfhz;l ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig xOq;Fnra;jy;

kPs;FbNaw;w Kaw;rpfspy; CBOfisAk; Vida nghUj;jkhd epWtdq;fisAk; <LgLj;jy;

tho;thjhu kw;Wk; tUkhd kPl;nlLg;G Kaw;rpfspy; CBOfs;

kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WdH ;/jdpahu; Jiwapd; MjuT jPu;khdkpaw;Wk; FOf;fspy; gh.e. fis <LgLj;jy; GRCeilKiw nraw;gL epiyapy; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;jy; fz;fhzpg;gpYk; kjpg;gPl;bYk; gh.e.fis <LgLj;jy;



109

6. nraw;gLj;Jif xOq;Ffs; 6.1 nghJ 182. fUj;jp;l;l nraw;gLj;Jif xOq;Ffs; ,uz;L gpujhd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. KjyhtJ> fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jif mjpfhupfs;> Jiwrhu; Nrit toq;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; mJNghy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfs;> kPs;FbNaw;w cupj;Jupikfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpepNahfk; njhlu;gpy; fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jif njhlu;gpy; gq;fhz;ik tfpf;fpd;w jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; tifg; nghWg;ig cWjp nra;jy;. ,uz;lhtJ> tpidj;jpwd;nfhz;l> gad;tpisTW fUj;jpl;l tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf epWtduPjpahd xOq;Ffs;> Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; mJNghy; mwpT> Mw;wy;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;Ffs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; Njitg;gLk; nfhs;jpwid toq;Fjy;.

183. cupa mbkl;lj;jpy; jPu;khdq;fisj; jf;fitf;Fk; Jizahjutspj;jy; vDk;

Nfhl;ghlhdJ kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpd; r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;fhd epWtduPjpahd xOq;Ffisf; fPopUe;J jhq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfspd; tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; vd;gd cgfUj;jpl;l Fbrhu; Ntiyfspd; nraw;gLj;JifAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

6.2 tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; 184. fUj;jpl;lkhdJ fUj;jpl;l tpepNahfj;jpw;fhfg; gq;Fgw;WdH;fspd; xU

tiyaikg;ig xUNruf; nfhz;LtUk;. vdNt mtu;fsJ tfpghfq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tifg;nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; xU njsptpid Vw;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. fUj;jpl;lkhdJ> fUj;njhUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KiwikfisAk; nghwpKiwfisAk; epWTtNjhL RPF,d; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd xUq;fpizg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jpy; <LgLk; epWtdq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifapd; Kftu; mikg;ghf> ngUefuq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;R (MOM&WD). Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Jupjtopf; fUj;jpl;lj; jahupg;G Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk;> xl;Lnkhj;j nraw;gLj;Jifapd; nghWg;Gf;fhfTk;> mu;g;gzpg;Gldhd fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT (PMU) xd;W MOM&WD ,d;fPo; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

Nritfs; kw;Wk; cjtpfis toq;Ftjw;fhf> cupa r%fj; Jiw Kftuikg;Gfs;> mur jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; vd;gd nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhdJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz Nrit toq;Feu;fis cs;slf;Fk;. cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhupfs; Nrit toq;Feu;fs; vd;w kw;nwhU tfpghfj;ijAk; nfhz;bUg;gu;.



110

Njitf;Nfw;w tifapy; r%f mbg;gilapyhd epWtdq;fs; (CBOs)> MNyhrfu;fs; kw;Wk; Vida jdpahu; Jiwr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;.

185. RPF, RAP, DDR kw;Wk; SSR Mfpatw;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epWtduPjpahd xOq;Ffs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;:

PMU tpy; r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd jdpaiwnahd;W epWtg;gly; kw;Wk; Njitg;gLtjhy;> r%f NrhjidiaAk; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;s/xUq;fpizf;f xt;nthU PPA ,Yk; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; RR&R gzpfSf;fhd jdpaiwfSk; epWtg;gly;;

fl;lk; II,d; eltbf;iffSf;fhf (Njitg;gbd; MNuhrfu;fspd; cjtpAld;) RAP fisj; jahupj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jy;;

fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisthf Vw;gLk; jtpu;f;fKbahj ,lg;ngau;Tfs; vof;$ba kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd tho;thjhu epWTifg; gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;jp ;mtw;iwf; fz;fhzpf;f xd;Wgl;l nghwpKiwnahd;iw PMUtpy; epWTjy;;

gy; fl;lq;fisf;nfhz;l kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; xU nghwpKiw

RahjPdkhd fhg;gPl;Lf; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;Tg; nghwpKiwfs;. 186. ntspf;fsj;jpy; kw;Wk; FbNaw;w kl;lj;jpy;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l cs;Su;g;

gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; gpujpepjpfs; cs;slq;fpa cs;Su; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOf;fs; (LRC) epWtg;gLk;. LRCMdJ> kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fk; GdUj;jhgdj;jpw;Fkhd nghWg;G xg;gif;fg;glTs;s r%f mgtpUj;jp mYtyu;fs; (CDO) kw;Wk; MNyhrid ehly; kw;Wk; mzpjpul;ly;%ykhf epakpf;fg;gl;l epiyahd vz;zpf;ifapyhd (30-50) FLk;gq;fs; MfpNahiu cs;slf;Fk;. PMU tpd; r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Mw;wiy tYg;gLj;JKfkhf MOM&WD MdJ KONeu r%f mgptpUj;jp thz;ikahsu;fis thliff;F mku;j;jpAs;sJ. nraw;gLj;Jifapd; Kjyhk; Mz;bd; Kbtpy; PMUMdJ NkYk; ehd;F r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fis (SDO) thliff;fku;j;jp> RPF/RAP/DDR/SSR vd;gtw;wpd; nraw; gLj;Jiff;fhd njhopDl;g tplaj;jpy; cjTk;nghUl;L> RDA,

PID, KMC, GMC, JMC Nghd;w Kf;fpa PPAfSf;F mtu;fisj; jw;fhypfkhf ,lkhw;wk; nra;Ak;. ,aYkhd msTf;F kPs;FbNaw;wr; nrad;Kiwapy; cjTtjw;F njhopDl;gj; jifikfs; kw;Wk; r%f my;yJ r%f mgptpUj;jpj; jpwikfs; nfhz;Nlhu; thliff;F mku;j;jg;gLtu;. PMU MdJ (Nrhjidaplw; ngWNgWfspd; mbg;gilapy;) kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; msitg; nghWj;J> r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;il (SIA) Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> fl;lk; II,d; eltbf;iffSf;fhd RAPiaj; jahupf;fTk; MNyhrfu;fis thliff;fku;j;Jk;.

187. nraw;gLj;Jif tiyaikg;ghdJ Ie;J kl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLk;:

%Nyhgha efuq;fspd; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; muq;fnkd cUthf;fg;gl;l> KjdpiyapYk; ,uz;lhk; epiyapYkhd> gq;Fgw;Wdhpd; nkhj;j tiyaikg;G

fUj;jpl;l mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd rpNu\;l mur Kfhikahsu;fs; MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l Njrpa fUj;jpl;l topg;gLj;jw; FO



111

gpujk nrayhsu; (khfhzk;)> murhq;f mjpgu;> khefurig Mizahsu;> gzpg;ghsu; (efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig), gpujp fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (LPMU/SCDP)

MOM&WD tpy; cs;s PMU

fUj;jpl;l KftH mikg;Gf;fs; (PPAs)

cgfUj;jpl;lj; jdpaiwfs; kw;Wk; cs;Su; PMUfs; 188. xl;Lnkhj;jf; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;likg;ghdJ r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w cupj;Jupikfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpepNahfj;jpw;;fhf midj;Jg; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspYkhd gq;Fgw;WdH; kj;jpapy; nghWg;Gfs; gw;wpa gaDW njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; gq;fPl;il ,aYkhdjhf;Fk;.

189. %d;W Kjdpiyg; gq;Fgw;WdH;fshd MOM&WD, PPAs ; kw;Wk; gh.e.fs;

MfpNahUf;fpilNa nghWg;Gfs; gw;wpa gaDW njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; gq;fPl;il cWjpg;gLj;jg; gy;gilf; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;likg;nghd;W epWtg;gLk;. mjd;gpufhuk;> midj;J Ie;J kl;lq;fSf;Fk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpepNahfj;jpw;;fhff; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt Kiwiknahd;W Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;fSld; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

6.2.1 %Nyhgha efuq;fspd; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; muq;fk; (SCSF) 190. xl;Lnkhj;j tsu;r;rp> Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; PMUTf;F kjpAiu

toq;fy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf murhq;fk;> khfhz rigfs;> thz;iknfhz;l epGzu;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fk; vd;gtw;wpd; gpujpepjpfis cs;slf;fpa MNyhridr; rigahf %Nyhgha efuq;fspd; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs; muq;fk; (SCSF) xd;iwj; jhgpf;Fk;. mjpAau; kl;lj;jpy; tsu;r;rpia kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fk;> nraw;gLj;Jifapd; xUq;fpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhf> cupa mur jpizf;fsq;fisf;nfhz;l xU topfhl;lw; FOnthd;Wk; jhgpf;fg;gLk;. fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; $Lk; ,r;rigfspd; $l;lj;jpy; ngauplg;gl;l mYtyu;fs; my;yJ mtu;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;ghu;fs;.

6.2.2 Njrpa fUj;jp;l;l topfhl;lw;FO (NPSC) 191. fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;JifahdJ jw;NghJs;s mur fl;likg;Gfs; %ykhf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;;. mj;Jld; mtu;fsJ nfhs;jpwdhdJ Nkyjpf kdpj tY> ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; nghwpfs;nfhz;L tYT+l;lg;gLk;. xU Njrpa fUj;jp;l;l topfhl;lw;FO (NPSC) epWtg;gLk;. mJ gpd;tUk; mYtyu;fis/Kftu;fis my;yJ mtu;fspd; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf;nfhz;L Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;:

ng.e.Nk.kh.m. mikr;rpd; (MOM&WD) nrayhsu;

cupa khfhz rigfspd; gpujk nrayhsu;fs;

Nkyjpf nrayhsu; (efu mgptpUj;jp)> (MOM&WD)



112

Nkyjpf nrayhsu; (c.M. kw;Wk; kh.r.) cs;Suhl;rp kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; mikr;R

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> ntsp tsq;fs; jpizf;fsk;

jtprhsu;> e.m.m.rigfs;/gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> e.m.m.rigfs;

khefu rig Mizahsu;fs;> cupa khefu rigfs;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;

nghJ Kfhikahsu;> Njrpa ePu; toq;fy; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G rig

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig

fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (PD) kw;Wk; Njitg;gLifapy; Vida gpwu; FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fshf xj;Jj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;

192. Vida nghWg;;Gf;;fspy; xd;whf> gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; Guptjw;fhf NPSC Mz;bw;F

,U jlitfs; $Lk;: m) cgfUj;jpl;lj; njupTg; gpukhzj;jpw;fika mit ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L> fUj;jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfis kPsha;T nra;J mq;fPfupj;jy; M) tsu;r;rp mwpf;iffis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L> xl;Lnkhj;jf; fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpj;jy; ,) nraw;gLj;Jifapd; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; <) fUj;jpl;lr; nraw; gLj;JifAld; njhlu;Gs;s Vida Njrpa murhq;f Kftu; mikg;GfSld; xUq;fpizg;G nra;jy;. r%f fhg;gPl;L myfpd; epWtduPjpahd fl;likg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ> mNjNtis ,izg;G 8 PMUtpd; gzpg; gug;ngy;iyia tpgupf;fpwJ.

Figure 1: r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghl;L myfpd; epWtduPjpahd fl;likg;G> %.e.m.f



113

6.2.3 fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT (PMU) 193. gq;fhz;ik Kftu; mikg;GfSlhf nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;jpl;lj;ij Kfhik

nra;J xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf MOM&WDapy; PMU xd;W epWtg;gLk;. PMUitj; jiyik jhq;fp elhj;j fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsH (PD) xUtu; epakpf;fg;gLthu;. mtu; MOM&WDapd; Nkyjpf nrayhsUf;F Neubahf mwpf;ifapLthu;. gzpahl;nlhFjpapd; gpujhd cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhd jifikfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs;gw;wpa tpguq;fs; ,izg;G 9,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd. PMU MdJ fUj;jpl;l topfhl;lw;FOTf;fhd xU nrayfkhfr; nraw;gLk;. cs;Su; PMU MdJ PPAfspd; cjtpAld; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; md;whl nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. MOM&WDapd; cj;Njr nraw;gLj;Jiff; fl;likg;gpd; gpufhuk;> fz;b> fhyp kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu;fs;> xU gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (epjp)> xU gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (ngWiffs;)> xU gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (Rw;whly;)> xU gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (r%f) kw;Wk; xU njhopEl;gg; gzpahl;nlhFjp MfpNahuhy; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsUf;F cjtp toq;fg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jiff;F cjTKfkhfg; NghjpasT njhopEl;g kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu; Ml;Nru;f;fg;gLtu;.

194. njhopEl;g> epHthf kw;Wk; epjprhu; gzpfspd;nghUl;L> PMU kw;Wk; PPAfs;

vd;gdtw;wpw;Fg; NghJkhd gzpahsu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. fUj;jpl;lj;ijg; gaDW tifapYk; tpidj;jpwNdhLk;> RKfkhfTk; nraw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; gh.e.fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;L> fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; midj;J mk;rq;fs;Fwpj;Jk; mtu;fSld; ciuahb> mtu;fSila fUj;Jf;fisAk; MNyhridfisAk; ngWk;nghUl;L> PPAfSf;Fg; NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fs; (SDO)

epakpf;fg;gLtu;. nfhs;jpwd; ,ilntspfis epug;g epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; MNyhrfu;fs; thliff;F mku;j;jg;gLtu;. MNyhrfu;fis thliff;F mku;j;Jtjw;fhd Nritg; gpukhzq;fs; ,izg;G 10,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

195. gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (DPD r%fk;): PMUMdJ r%ftpaypy; tpNrl

jifik nfhz;l xUtiu thliff;fku;j;j> RDA, KMC,GMC,JMC kw;Wk; UDA

Nghd;w gpujhd gq;fhz;ikahsu;fs; (PPAs) RPF,d; topfhl;lypd;fPo; cg fUj; jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;j r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fis (CDOs)

thliff;fku;j;Jtu;. mtu;fs; r%f mwptpaypy; my;yJ njhlu;Gila Jiwapy; gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gj; juhjuKk;> Nrupg;Gwq;fs; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; cs;spl;l efu mgptpUj;jpg; gpur;rpidfspy; gupr;raKk; nfhz;ltu;fsha; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. DPD gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Fg; nghWg;gha; ,Ug;ghu;:

r%f Nrhjid> r%f kjpg;gPLfs;> gq;Fgw;WdUld; MNyhrid ehly;fs; kw;Wk; r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL (SIA) Mfpatw;iw> Njitg;gbd;> ntspthup/cs;sf MNyhrfu;fspd; cjtpAld;> elhj;Jjy;.

MNyhrfu;fspd; cjtpAld; RAPfisj; jahupj;jy;.



114

r%ff;; fhg;gPl;L Mtzq;fisAk; mwpf;iffisAk; kPsha;T nra;jy;> fUj;Jiuj;jy; kw;Wk; mtjhdpj;jy;.

ntspf;fs re;jpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> gzpahl;nlhFjp cWg;gpdu;fis ,yFgLj;jp topfhl;ly;.

r%f Nrhjid kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;gpir tspj;jy;.

,lk;ngau;e;j gh.e.fspd; kPs; ,ltikT> mtu;fspd; nghUshjhug; GdUj; jhgdk; r%f %yjd kPl;nlLg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gtw;wpy; fUj; jpl;lj;jpw;F cjTjy;.

SSMP/RPF nraw;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpj;jy;> Mtzg;gLj;Jifiar; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; MNyhrfu;fis Kfhik nra;jy;.

ntspthupf; fz;fhzpg;igAk; tUlhe;j fhg;gPl;Lj; ju kPsha;itAk; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; ,yFgLj;jy;.

fUj;jpl;l xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WdH; njhlu;Gfspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpy; cjTjy;.

cup;j;Jupikfs; tpepNahfj;jp;w;fhd nghWg;GfSk; mikg;GuPjpahd eilKiwfSk; 196. gh.e.fSf;Fupa cup;j;Jupikfs; tpepNahfj;jp;w;F PMU kw;Wk; PPAfs; vd;gd

nghWg;gha; ,Ug;gu;. jFjpAila gh.e.fspd; ,Wjpg; gl;bay;> mtu;fspd; cupj;Jupikfs; kw;Wk; cupj;Jupikfspd; nfhLg;gdTf;fhd epjpfis toq;fy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F PMU (my;yJ RtPfupg;G mYtyu;) nghWg;gha; ,Ug;ghu;. cup;j;Jupikfs; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd mikg;GuPjpahd eilKiwfis PPAfs; epWTk;. cgfUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; midj;Jg; gq;fhz;ikahsu;fSk; cupa eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;WtijAk;> cupj;Jupikfs; Neufhyj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;fr; nra;tijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

6.2.4 fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhz;ik Kftuikg;Gfs; (PPAs) 197. Vida gpwtw;Ws; PPAfspd; nghWg;Gfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;:

,lk;/fhzp/topAupik vd;gtw;Wld; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ve;jNthu; cgfUj;jpl;lKk; RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jhf;fq;fisg; gutyhf kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; r%f Nrhjidiaj; Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ.

jhf;fq;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rkhdit vdpd; (mjhtJ 200NgUf;Fk; FiwthNdhu; ,lk; ngau;e;jpUg;gpd;)> r%f Nrhjidapd; KbTfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L RUf;f Kiwapyhd xU RAP jahupf;fg;glNtz;bAs;sJld;> njhif kjpg;gPl;L Ma;nthd;wpD}lhf jhf;fq;fs; tpupthfg; gjpT nra;ag;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

KOikahd RAPfisj; Njitg;gLj;Jk; fzprkhd jhf;fq;fis r%f Nrhjid fhz;gpj;jhy;> vy;yhj; jhf;fq;fisAk; tpupthfg; gjpT nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;L r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPnlhd;W (r%f nghUshjhu Ma;nthd;wpdhy; Fiwepug;gg;gl;l njhif kjpg;gPl;lha;T) Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.



115

jw;fhypf my;yJ epue;juf; fhzpr; RtPfupg;igj; Njitg;gLj;jhj> mj;Jld; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;buhj cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;F cupa ftd mwpf;ifnahd;W jahupf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;jpl;lr; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpw;F mike;njhOFtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; PMUTf;F cjTjy;.

tjptplq;fs;kPNjh my;yJ fl;Lkhdq;fs;kPNjh jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jhj my;yJ fhzpr; RtPfupg;igj; Njitg;gLj;jhj jw;NghJs;s trjpfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; <LgLk; cgfUj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; cupa ftd mwpf;ifnahd;W rku;g;gpf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

midj;Jf; fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; nrad;KiwfSk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa kPs;FbNaw;wr; nraw;ghLfSk; rptpy; Ntiyf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs; toq;fg;gLKd; epiwT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

cgfUj;jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy;> nraw;gLj;jw; jpl;lq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp> kw;Wk; cg fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; tpupthd tbtikg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. PPAfs; NghJkhd nfhs;jpwidf; nfhz;buhtpby;> ,g;gzpfis PPAfSld; ,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;L> tbtikg;Gf;Fk; Nkw;ghu;itf;Fkhd MNyhrfu;fis toq;Fjy;.

cgfUj;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;ghu;itaplYk; nraw;gLj;jYk; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk;>;; juk; Fwpj;J PMUTf;F mwpf;ifaply;.

tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l cl;fl;likg;Gfspd; vjpu;fhyj; njhopw;ghL kw;Wk; NgZif Fwpj;J mu;g;gzpg;NghL nraw;gly;.

M&E eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd jftiy/juTfisj; jpul;Ltjpy; PMUTf;F cjTjy;.

6.2.5 Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupT 198. ve;jputpay; epGzj;Jj;jpw;F Nyjpfkhf SCDP ahdJ r%f Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

epWtduPjpahd gq;Fgw;WdH; MNyhrid ehly; vd;gtw;wpy; cau;e;j kl;lj;ijj; Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;w epiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s PMU thdJ tpNrl tfpghfnkhd;iw Mw;wNtz;bAs;sJ. fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPl;bdhy; r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; tpisTWtjhy;> gh.e.fspd; kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Kaw;rpfSf;Fj; njhopEl;gj; jifik nfhz;ltu;fshy; cjtp nra;ag; glNtz;bAs;s mNjNtis mtu;fs; el;GlDk; ,uf;fj;JlDk; Kfhik nra;ag; gLjy;Ntz;Lk;. kWGwj;Nj> njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj mtu;fs; gpur;rpidfs; ahTk; xUKfg;gl;bUf;Fk; tifapNyNa mZfg;gLjy;Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,r; rl;lfj;jpDs; PMUthdJ fz;b> fhyp kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa efuq; fSf;fhfg; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gLk;. cgfUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifia mJ ,yFgLj;jNtz;bAs;sJld;> cupa efu;g; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhf mJ fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;jw; gpupthfTk; nraw;glNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s PMU thdJ> ve;jputpay; gpd;GyKs;s kw;Wk; cupa njhopy; thz;ik mDgtk; nfhz;l gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; xUtuhy; jiyik jhq;fg;gLtJld;> mtu;> cWjpahd njhopEl;g kw;Wk; r%ff; fhg;gPl;Lg; gzpahsu;fshy; cjtp nra;ag;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. PPAfspd;



116

tpidj;jpwd;nfhz;l xUq;fpizg;gpw;Fg; nghWg;ghapUf;fpd;wJk;> PMU/MMWD cs;spl;l gy;NtW kl;lq;fspyhd gq;Fgw;WdH;fSld; - Fwpg;ghf> aho;g;ghzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;> tl khfhz rigAld; - njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzp tUfpd;wJkhd Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s PMUNt fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; FtpikakhFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s PMUthdJ> RPF/RAP/DDR/SSR Mfpatw;wpd; nraw;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpg;gJld;> PPAkl;lj;jpy; kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOtpd; (GRC) nrayhsuhfTk; jpfo;tJld;> gh.e.fspd; ,og;gPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L> LARC kw;Wk; EAC vd;gtw;wpYk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ.

199. aho;g;ghzj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s PMUthdJ> fUj;jpl;lj;

Njitg;ghLfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; mJNghy; jw;NghJs;s epWtduPjpahd nfhs;jpwd;fSf;;Fk;> Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; #oikTf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. aho;. khefurigahdJ MizahsuhYk; mtuJ gzpahl;nlhFjpapdhYk; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. mj;Jld; mJ Nju;jy;fisAk; elhj;jTs;sJ. kj;jpa> khfhz gq;Fgw;WdH;fSld; kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rpf; fl;likg;Gfisr; rhu;e;j ngUe; njhifg; gq;Fgw;WdH;fis <LgLj;Jk; xU Njrpa fUj;jpl;lkha; ,J ,Ug;gjhy;> cupa midj;Jg; gq;Fgw;WdH;fSk; cs;slq;fyhf> Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s PMUfs; epWtg;gLk;. aho;g;ghzkhdJ> murhq;fj;jpYk; cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w Kftu; mikg;GfspYk; rpNu\;l Kfhikj;Jt epiyfspy; rpwe;j ntspg;ghLfisf; nfhz;l fw;whu;e;j mDgtrhypfisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt> fz;b kw;Wk; fhypj; jiyaPLfSf;fhf VyNt ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gq;Fgw;WdH;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> aho;g;ghz LPMU MdJ khfhz rig kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gq;Fgw;WdHfSldhd fye;Jiuahlypd;gpd; aho; tu;j;jf rk;Nksdj;jpypUe;Jk; xU gpujpepjp LPMUtpy; gzpahw;w miof;fg;glyhk;. jw;NghJ Nritapy; cs;s kj;jpa kl;l mYtyu;fs; LPMUTf;F xj;Jj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;. ve;jputpayhsu;fs;> jpl;lkplyhsu;fs; Nghd;w jdpr; rpwg;Gtha;e;j gjtpfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf r%f mgptpUj;jp mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mYtyu;fSk; fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapy; Kiwg;gb <LgLj;jg;glyhk;.

200. cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bw;fikag; gy SDOf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s

PMUtpdhy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. mz;zsthf 30 - 50 ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;a xU SDO vd;w fzf;fpy; SDOf;fs; epakpf;fg;gl MNyhrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; Ntiyapd; msT kw;Wk; jPtpuk; vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;J> SDOf;fshy; Kfhik nra;ag;glf;$ba FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia r%f Ma;T (SA) jPu;khdpf;Fk;. SDOf;fspd; Nritfs; rpy khjq;fSf;F> mjhtJ xU tUlj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthd fhyj;jpw;Nf Njitg; gLkhifahy;> jw;fhypf tpLtpg;G vd;w mbg;gilapy;> mur Nritapy; ,Ug;gtu;fis ,jw;nfd Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nra;tJ crpjkhdJ. jpl;lkply; mikr;rpd; mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fs;> r%f Nritfs; mikr;rpd; r%f Nrit mYtyu;fs; MfpNahu; SDO gjtpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mNgl;rfu;fs; Mtu;. mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; r%fg; gzpfspy; mtu;fSf;fpUf;Fk; mDgtk; fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jifapd; gaDWjpf;F kpfg; ngWkjpahdjha; ,Uf;Fk;. nghJj; jpiwNrupahy; 5.4.2007,y;



117

ntspaplg;gl;l 33(1) Mk; ,yf;f Kfhikj;Jtr; Rw;wwpf;ifapy;> mur NritapypUe;J mYtyu;fis tpLtpg;gjw;Fk;> KONeu mbg;gilapy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; mYtyu;fSf;F Nkyjpf gbfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;ghL cz;L. tpidj;jpwNdhL cg fUj;jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;j> rpy khjq;fSf;fhf> mur Nritf;F ntspNa> jw;fhypf mbg;gilapy; nghUj;jkhd jifikfSlDk; mDgtj;JlDk;$ba mYtyu;fis Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nra;tJ fbdkhdjhFk;.

6.2.6 eltbf;iffspd; nraw;gLj;Jiff;F mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;fhf Kd; nkhopTfisj; jahupj;jy;

201. PPAfs; PMUtpw;Fk; cyf tq;fpf;Fk; Vw;Gila xU gbtj;jpy; eltbf;if

fSf;fhd Kd;nkhopitj; jahupg;gu;. eltbf;if Kd;nkhopTfs; PPAfshy; PMU

tpw;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu;; jdJ mtjhdpg;GfSld; Kd;nkhopTfis cyf tq;fpf;Fr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;. cgfUj;jpl;lq;fspd; jahupg;G> rku;g;gpg;G> mq;fPfupg;G> nraw;gLj;Jif kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL Mfpa fl;lq;fspD}lhff; fUj;jpl;lq;fisg; gpd;njhlu;e;J nry;tjw;fhd Kfhikj;Jtj; jfty; Kiwiknahd;wpd; epWTiff;F PMU nghWg;gha; ,Uf;Fk;.

202. r%f fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf> gh.e.fs;> FLk;gq;fs;

kw;Wk; r%fq;fSf;F ,izg;ghf Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpYs;s xU PMU fz;b> fhyp kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gLk;. SDO njhlu;G mjpfhupaha; ,Ug;ghu;.

203. midj;Jj; jftiyAk; midj;Jg; gh.e.fSf;Fk; gug;gPL nra;a mur jfty;

epiyaq;fs; (PIC) epWtg;gLk;. SDO xUtu; PICf;Fg; nghWg;gha; ,Ug;ghu;. nraw;gLj;Jiff; fl;lq;fspd;NghJ jftw; gug;gPl;il cWjpnra;tjw;F PIC

nghWg;ghapUf;Fk;. fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; nraw;gLj;Jifgw;wpa jftw; gug;gPlhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;:

Fwpg;gpLk; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLgw;wpa jfty; midj;Jg; gh.e.fSf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;.

PAfsplkpUe;J fUj;jpl;lj; jfty; ml;ilfs; fpilf;fr;nra;jy;.

nghJg; gug;gPl;Liff;fhd> Njitnadf; fUjg;gLk; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; gpuRuq;fs;.

204. PPAfs;> PMUtpd; gzpg;Giufspd;fPo;> jfty; epiyaq;fSlhf> gh.e.fs;>

ntspf;fs mYtyu;fs;> r%f mbg;gilapyhd mikg;Gfs; (CBOs), Jiwrhu; jiytu;fs; kw;Wk; tpepNahf eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; gh.e.fspd; cupj;Jupikfs; vd;gtw;wpy; <LgLk; jdpahu;Jiw mikg;Gfs; MfpNahUf;fhf> midtUk;> Fwpg;ghf gh.e.fs; jkJ cupj;Jupikfs;gw;wpAk;> mt;Tupj;Jupikfs; vt;thW jahu; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJgw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; tpopg;Gzu;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elhj;Jk;. ,J> jtwhd Gupjiy mfw;wp> kdf;FiwfisAk; ,optsthf;Fk;.



118

6.2.7 Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOf;fspd; (LRC); cUthf;fk;

205. cg fUj;jpl;l kl;lj;jpy; MNyhrid ehly;> gq;Nfw;wy; kw;Wk; kdf;Fiw

jPu;j;jy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> gh.e.fspd; LRC cUthf;fg;gLk;. gpd;tUNthiu LRC cs;slf;Fk;:

gh.e. fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; ,U cWg;gpdu;fs;

jtprhsuha; ,Ug;gjw;F SDO/CDO

cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd ve;jputpayhsu;

fpuhk mYtyH(GN); %y tjptplj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd GN my;yJ kPs; ,ltikTf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;

kPs;FbNaw;w mikr;rpd; ntspf;fs mYtyu;(aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrk;) r%fj; jiytu; (FUf;fs; - gh.e. fspd; rkak;rhu; Mf;fj;ijg; nghWj;J)

gh.e. fs; kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;gLifapy; FUf;fs; kw;Wk; GN fspd; cWg;Gupikapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;. 206. cgfUj;jpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gila midj;J cupa jftiyAk; PPAfs; LRCAld;

gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tu;. gh.e. fSf;F cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpd; midj;J mk;rq;fisAk;> Fwpg;ghf r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f fhg;gPLfs; vd;gdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jp> FOthdJ cg fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifapd; gaDWjpj;jd;ik Fwpj;j jftiyj; jpul;Ltjpy; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F cjTk;. gh.e.fSldhd gq;Nfw;Gk; MNyhrid ehlYk; kf;fspd; cupj;Jupik tpUg;gj; njupT kw;Wk; cupik vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;tij ,yFgLj;Jk;. jFjpahd gh.e.fis ,dq;fhzy;> ,og;gPL Fwpj;Jg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elhj;Jjy;> tho;thjhuj;ij kPl;nlLj;J mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fis tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; RAP

,d; xl;Lnkhj;j nraw;gLj;J ifiaf; fz;fhzpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpYk; ,J Kf;fpakhd xU tfpghfj;ij Mw;Wk;. fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifgw;wpa FOtpd; gpd;D}l;lyhdJ gaDWjpahd fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. FOTldhd njhlu;r;rpahd ciuahly; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; RKfkhd nraw;gLj;Jifia cWjpg;gLj;JtJld;> kdf;FiwfisAk; ,optsthf;Fk;. LRCfs; kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiwapd; (GRM), rhjdq;fSs; xd;whfr; nraw;gLk;.

6.2.8 cupj;Jupik kjpg;gPl;Lf; FO (EAC) 207. cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fSk; Mdhy; ,e;ehl;bd; rl;l kw;Wk; xOq;FWj;jy; fl;likg;gpdhy; mshtg;glhjtu;fSkhd egu;fSf;F gjpyPl;Lr; nrytpy; el;l<L toq;Fk; Kjdpiyf; Fwpf;NfhSld; jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; cupj;jhf;fy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; FOnthd;W epWtg;gLk;. fhzpf; nfhs;sy;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F mjhtJ cupj;JWjpAilatu;fSk; cupj;JWjpapy;yhjtu;fSkhd ,Ujug;gpdu;fSf;Fk; (nfhs;sYf;fhff; fz;lwpag;gl;l fhzpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rfy khw;wq;fSf;Fk;) 1950 Mk; Mz;bd; 09 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lj;jpYk; 2009 Mk; Mz;bd; fhznfhs;sy; xOq;FtpjpfspYk; (2009 Vg;uy; 07 Me; jpfjpaplg;gl;lJk; 1576/12 Mk;



119

,yf;fj;ijf; nfhz;lJk; 2013 Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp nfhs;sy; (el;l <l;bd; nfhLg;gdT) xOq;F tpjpfspYk; (2013 etk;gu; 22 Mk; jpfjpaplg;gl;lJk; 1837 / 47 Mk; ,yf;fj;ijf; nfhz;lJk;) vdpDk; fhzpf;nfhs;sy;f;s rk;ge;jg;glhj cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l fhzpapy; ,lk;ngau; rpW tpahghupfs; vy;iy kPwp Eiogtu;fs;> cupikapy;yhj Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fs; Nghd;wtu;fspd; jiyaPL jw;fhypfkhd my;yJ epue;jukhd ,lg;ngau;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;epiyapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F / ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fSf;F mtu;fSila ngsjpf kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd epue;jukhd my;yJ jw;fhypfkhd el;lq;fSf;F gjpyPl;Lr; nrytpy; el;l<L toq;fg;gly; Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ. cupj;jhf;fy; kjpg;gPl;Lf;FOthdJ jpwKiw efuq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; ve;j mikr;rpd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j mikr;rpd; nrayhsupdhy; tYthf;fg;gLtjw;F cl;gl;L fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPs; FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if fl;likg;gpd; cupj;jhf;fy; gpuptpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjd; gpufhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;fhd rfy el;lq;fisAk; kjpg;gpl;L toq;fg;glNtz;ba el;l <l;ilAk; gpw kPs;Fbaku;j;jy;> Gdu;tho;T cjtpfis kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;. mikr;rpd; nrayhsu; ,iaGs;s Kftu; epiyaj;Jld; fye;Jiuahliyr; nra;J cupj;jhf;fy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fis epakpg;ghnud;gJld; ,f;FOtpd; Mf;fk; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;Fk;.

1. fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; - jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk;

2. gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;)

3. fhzp mikr;rpd; gpujpepjpnahUtu;

4. tpiy kjpg;Gj;jpizf;fsj;jpd; gpujpepjpnahUtu;

5. ,iaGs;s fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhsu; Kftu; epiyak;

6. rptpy; r%fj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; cWg;gpdnuhUtu; (,e;j egu; fUj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; ,lg;gug;gpd; gpuNjrr; nrayhsupdhy; ngau; Fwpg;gpl;L njupT nra;ag;gLthu;)

gpd;tUtd cs;spl;l gy nraw;ghLfis EAC nfhz;bUf;Fk;:

jw;NghJs;s rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfspy; cs;slf;fg;glhj cgfhuf; nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; RR&R cjtpiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

khw;W tPL/fil ngWNthuhy; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba guhkupg;G kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;lzq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

khw;Wf;filfs; ngWNthuhy; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba jtizf; fl;lzj;ijj; jPu;kdpj;jy;

rptpy; Ntiyfshy; cz;lhd cilT my;yJ jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; ghjpg;gpid kjpg;gPl;il> mj;;jhf;fj;jpw;F ,og;gPL nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> mq;fPfupj;jy;

6.2.9 fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOitAk; kPAau; FOitAk; epWTjy;



120

208. ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdit (epajpr; rl;l kw;Wk; epajpr; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;glhj kw;Wk; cgfhu) ,yFgLj;j> SCDP f;fhf> mikr;ruitj; jPu;khdj;jpd;gpufhuk; (2015 a+d; 24Mk; jpfjpa 15/0773/614/022Mk; ,yf;f mikr;ruitg; gj;jpuk;) fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOf;fSk; (LARCs)> fhzpr; RtPfupg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w tpNrl FOTk; (kPAau; LARC) epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.

209. LARCMdJ> gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupT kl;lj;jpy; (gp.nr.gpupTfspd;

vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;J FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;if NtWgLk;) epWtg;gLk;. gpuNjr nrayhsu; xt;nthU fhzpj;Jz;bdJk; epajpr; rl;lg;gbahd tpiy kjpg;igAk; mjd; kPs;itg;Gr; nryitAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L fhzpr; RtPfupg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; (LAA) Vw;ghLfspd;gpufhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F toq;Fthu;. toq;fg;gl;l ,og;gPl;Lj;njhif gh.e.f;Fj; jpUg;jpaspf;ftpy;iynadpd;> mtu; LARC Kd; Njhd;wpj; jdJ kdf;Fiwiaj; jPu;f;FkhW Nfhuyhk;. LARC,d; jPu;khdKk; jdf;Fj; jpUg;jpaspf;ftpy;iynadpd;> kw;WnkhU njupthd kPAau; LARC ,d; Kd;nrd;Wk; jd; Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itf;fyhk;. kPAau; LARCMdJ cupa fhuzpfs; midj;ijAk; ftdkhfg; guprPyid nra;J> mJ Mjhug;gLj;jf;$banjdf; fz;lhy;> NkYk; ,og;gPl;ilr; Nru;g;gjd;%yk;> kdf;Fiwf;Fj; jpUg;jpahd jPu;nthd;iw toq;Fk;.

6.2.10 cupj;Jupikfspd; nfhLg;gdT 210. cupj;Jupikfspd; nfhLg;gdT njhlu;gpy; PMUtpw;Fs;s nghWg;Gfs;

gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;:

cupj;Jupikfspd; nfhLg;gdTf;fhff; fhy ml;ltiznahd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.

xt;nthU jFjpAila gh.e.Uf;Fk; 'nghJj; jfty; rpw;NwL" vDk; kly; toq;fg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; jhq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,og;GfSf;fhf gh.e. xUtUf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba cupj;Jupikfis mk;kly; tpgupf;Fk;.

tpupthd mstPl;lha;T (DMS) kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu Ma;T vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l> xt;nthU gh.e.updJk; jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fisAk; cupj;JupikiaAk; fhl;Lfpd;w gjpNtnlhd;W jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

gh.e.fspd; jFjpiag; nghJkf;fs; MuhAk;nghUl;L> jFjpahd gh.e.fspd; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gl;banyhd;iwg; gfpuq;fkhd ,lq;fspy; ntspapl;L itf;Fk; Vw;ghLfis PMU nra;Ak;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egnuhUtupd; jFjp Fwpj;J vOj;J%y Ml;Nrgizia my;yJ mtjhdpg;ig ahuhtJ xUtu; vOg;Gk; gl;rj;jpy;> rthy; tplg;gl;l gh.e.Uf;Ff; nfhLg;gdT nrYj;jj; njhlq;FKd; mJ Fwpj;J Muhag;gl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLk;.

xt;nthU gh.e.Uf;Fk; xU FLk;g ml;il (FC) mDg;gpitf;fg;gLk; (,izg;G 11). mjpy; mtuJ xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd mtuJ midj;J cupj;Jupikfs; kw;Wk; ,og;gPl;Lj; jFjpfs;gw;wpa tpguq;fs; jug;gl;bUf;Fk;. FC ,U gpujpfspy; mr;rplg;gLk;. %yg;gpujp gh.e.Uf;F toq;fg;gLk;. ,izg;gpujpahdJ> gjpTf;fhfTk; fzf;fha;T Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; mYtyfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.



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mtu;fsJ cupj;Jupikfs; nrt;it ghu;j;J> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> xg;gpirtspf; fg;gl;lgpd;> nfhLg;gdTj; njhiffSf;fhd nryTWjpr; rpl;il jahupf;fg;gLk;. gh.e. xUtu; cupj;Jupikia/,og;gPl;il vjpu;g;ghnudpd;> kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; rhjdq;fs; %ykhf> kdf;Fiw jPu;f;f cld; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. mt;thwhd gh.e.fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdT kdf;Fiwfs; jPu;f;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dNu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. toq;fg;gLk; cupj;JupikfSf;F xg;gpirtspf;Fk; gh.e.fSf;F ml;tizg;gbahd cupj;Jupikfs; jhkjkpd;wpr; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

cupj;Jupikfs;gw;wpa gh.e.upd; Vw;if ngwg;gl;Lg; gj;J ehl;fSs; cupj;Jupikia te;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;SkhW PMUtpdhy; mtUf;F mwptpf;fg;gLk;.

cupj;Jupikfs; gh.e.upd; tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; itg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;.

cupikahsu; (tho;f;ifj; Jiz) $l;Lf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jpwf;f rk;kjk; mspj;jpUe;jhy;> nfhLg;gdTfs; Neubahf gh.e.updJk; tho;f;ifj; JizapdJk; (capUld; ,Ug;gpd;) my;yJ FLk;gj;jpd; ahNuDk; xUtupdJk; $l;L tq;fpf; fzf;fpw;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

cupj;Jupikf; nfhLg;gdTfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;likia gh.e. cWjpg;gLj; Jk;NghJ nfhLg;gdTf;fhd nryTWjpr; rpl;ilapYk; FLk;g ml;ilapYk; gh.e. xg;gkpl;Lj; jd; milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;. fpuhk mYtyu; my;yJ xU FU my;yJ ahNuDNkhu; mur mYtyu; gzk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtiu milahsg; gLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. nryTWjpr; rpl;ilapy; xg;gkpl;l ehw;gj;njl;L kzpj;jpah yq;fspd;gpd; gh.e.upd; tq;fpf; fzf;fpypUe;J gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s gh.e. toptha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lf; fbjnkhd;W mtUf;F toq;fg;gLk;.

fhzpAupj;jw;wtu;fSf;fhd midj;J RR&R ed;ikfSk; fztd; kw;Wk; kidtp MfpNahupd; $l;Lg; ngau;fspNyNa toq;fg;gLk;;. fztd; ,we;JNgha; ,Ug;gpd;> kidtp kw;Wk; gps;isfspd; ngau;fspy; mit toq;fg;gLk;.

gh.e.fSldhd MNyhrid ehlypd;gpd; jahupf;fg;gl;l xU fhy ml;ltizapd; mbg;gilapy;> tho;tjhu/tpahghu eltbf;iffis kPsj; njhlq;Fk;nghUl;L> kPs; ,ltikTnfhs;Sk; ,lq;fSf;F mtu;fs; efu;j;jg;gLtu;. 6.3 RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;Fk; rptpy; Ntiyfs; nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;Gfs; 211. xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; r%f Nrhjid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;gJld;>

Njitg;gLk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpd; gUkd; kw;Wk; msT vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;Jldhd MNyhrid ehlYld; kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lq;fs; (RAPs) jahupf;fg;gl;L ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Wjp nra;ag;gLKd; jFjpfhz; gl;bay;fs;> Ml;Nrgizfspd;nghUl;L> r%f kw;Wk; PPA kl;lq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. jFjpahdJ njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; vd;gJld;> gadhspfs; gl;bay; ,Wjp nra;ag;gl;lJk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;F FLk;g milahs ml;ilfSk; toq;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ij rptpy; NtiyfSf;Ff; ifaspg;gjw;FKd; LA



122

kw;Wk; RR&R ed;ikfs; toq;fg;gLk;. tpy;yq;fNkJkw;w fhzpia rptpy; Ntiyf;Ff; ifaspg;gjw;fhf> RAPapd; gpufhuk; Njitahd eltbf;iffs; epiwT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;W cupa nraw;gLj;J Kftu; mikg;gpd; gpujk ve;jputpayhsu; cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;. mtru efu;itg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> epue;juf; fl;llq;fspy; ,Wjpaha; kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;;gLk;tiuapy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;F thlifg;gb toq;f kP.F.nfh.r (RPF) Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ.

212. kPs; ,ltikTj; jhkjk; rptpy; Ntiy epu;khzpg;gpd;kPJ jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,j;jhkjj;jpw;Fg; gy fhuzpfs; cs. mtw;Wl; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

cupj;Jupikfs; nfhLg;gdtpy; jhkjk; Kiwg;ghLfisAk; kdf; FiwfisAk; jPu;g;gjpy; jhkjk;. rpy Ntisfspy;

kdf;Fiwfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf gh.e.fs; ePjpkd;wj;ij ehbdhy;> Fwpj;j tplaj;jpy; ePjpkd;wk; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk;tiu ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiu ntspNaw;w KbahJ. ,jd; tpisthf> kPs; ,ltikT gy khjq;fSf;Fj; jhkjg;glyhk;. ,jidaLj;J rptpy; epu;khzpg;GfSk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

Gjpa njuptplj;jpy; tPLfs; epu;khzpg;gjpy; jhkjq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhypf kPs; ,ltikT epiyaq;spy; toq;fg;gLk; jq;Fkpl trjpia gh.e.fs; epuhfupf;fyhk;.

fl;lk; fl;lkhf kPs; ,ltikT ,lk;ngw;why; rptpy; Ntiy epu;khzpg;ig mJ ghjpf;ff;$Lk;.

gh.e.fs; kPs; ,ltikTf;Fj; jhk; tpUk;gpa ,lk; fpilf;fhtpl;lhy;> kPs; ,ltikit mtu;fs; jhkjpf;fyhk;.

jk; gps;isfspd; fy;tp rPu;Fiye;JNghFnkd gh.e.fs; czu;e;jhy;> kPs; ,ltikT jhkjkhFk;.

213. rptpy; Ntiyfs; epHkhzpg;G kPs; ,ltikTf;F Kd;du; my;yJ kPs; ,l

tiktpd;NghJ Muk;gpj;jhy;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; voyhk;. tPjp epHkhzpg;G> fhy;tha; mfyg;gLj;jy;> eilghijr; rPuikg;Gfs; vd;gd fhuzkhfj; jkJ tPLfSf;fhd gh.e.fspd; mZiftop jilg;glyhk;. vdNt tPjp tpyfy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gd Njitg;glyhk;. MfNt tpgj;Jf;fisAk; ghjrhupfSf;Nfw;gLk; ,d;dy;fisAk; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfg; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. nghUl;fspd; jw;fhypff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> kuq;fis ntl;Ljy; Mfpatw;why; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jilg;glyhk;. ePu; toq;fy;> kpd;rhuk;> njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; rhf;fil Mfpa trjpfs; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. xyp kw;Wk; tsp vd;gd khrilayhk;. ghiwfis ntb itj;Jj; jfu;g;gjhy; Vw;gLk; mjpu;Tfs; tPLfisg; ghjpf;fyhk;. ,it midj;jpdJk; tpisthfg; gh.e.fspd; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; tho;f;if epiyfs; Nkhrkilayhk;. nkhj;jj;jpy;> gh.e.fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifNa ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk;. kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jpl;lkply;> rptpy; Ntiy epu;khzpg;Gf;F Neuq;Fwpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd;NghJ ,f; fhuzpfs; ftdkhff; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

6.4 r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghl;L eltbf;iffSf;F xg;ge;jfhuupd; ,zf;fk;



123

214. xg;ge;jfhuu;fs;> NkNy gl;bayplg;gl;l jzpg;G eltbf;iffs;kl;bYk;; kw;Wk; gpd;tUk; nray;fs;kl;bYk; nrayhw;wNtz;ba flg;ghl;bw;Fg; nghWg;gha; ,Ug;ghu;fs;:

,aYkhdtiu mjpf njhopyhsu;fis (twpatUf;Fk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;NlhUf;Fk; Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J) Ntiyf;fku;j;jy;> (16tajpw;Ff; fPo;g;gl;l) rpWtu; njhopyhsiug; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;jy;.

MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; rk Ntjdk; toq;f xg;ge;jfhuiu Cf;Ftpj;jy; fUj;jpl;lk; njhlu;ghd njhopy; tha;g;gpy; ,aYkhdtiu eLepiy jtwhj gq;fPl;il cWjpg;gLj;j xg;ge;jfhuu; Kaw;rp vLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd cupa fhg;gPl;L cs;slf;ff; $w;wpid cWjpg;gLj;jy;. ghlrhiyfs;> kUj;Jt kidfs;> re;ijfs; Nghd;w nghJ trjpfSf;fhd mZFtopia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

tuyhw;W/ fyhrhu/ njhy;ypay; ,lq;fSf;Fk; ,aw;if thoplq;fSf;Fk; ghjpg;ig my;yJ Fiyit Vw;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;jy;. kpd; mDg;gPl;L tupirfs;> njhiyNgrp trjpfs;> ePu; mDg;gPl;L kw;Wk; gq;fPl;L tiyaikg;Gfs;> ePu;g;ghrd trjpfs; Nghd;w nghJ cl;fl;likg;Gf;fis kPs; ,ltikT nra;jy;. (xg;ge;jfhuUf;fhd jdpf;Fwpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; topfhl;lylq;fpa) xg;ge;j Mtzj;Jldhd r%f fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghL kw;Wk; jhf;ff; Fiwg;Gj; jpl;lkhdJ> gh.e.fSf;fhd jw;fhypfj; jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;fpf; Fiwg;gjw;F xg;ge;jfhuUf;F topfhl;Lk;. r%ff; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; jzpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;gLj;Jifr; nrythdJ jpl;l mstPl;Lf; Nfhupf;ifiaAk; (BOQ) cs;slf;Fk;.

6.5 tifg;nghWg;Gr; rl;lfk; 215. r%ff; fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; mspf;ifapy; tifg;nghWg;ghdJ

ntspg;ghLfshYk;> kf;fs; eyid Kd;dpl;lhd jftYf;fhd mZifahYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;. MSifiaAk; tifg;nghWg;igAk; NkYk; Nkk;gLj;J tjw;fhd jpl;ltl;lkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ PMUtpd; nghWg;ghFk;. mJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;:

ntspapypUe;JtUk; Kiwg;ghLfisf; ifahs;tjw;F RahjPdkhd kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd Kiwiknahd;W. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf fUj;jpl;lkhdJ cau; Kfhikj;Jt kl;lj;jpy; kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; RahjPdkhd Mak; xd;iw epWTk;. ,JFwpj;J kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

RAP,y; tpsf;fg;gl;lthwhd ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhg;gPLfspd; tpepNahfk; njhlu;ghd tpepNahff; fhy tupirfs;> epakq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs;.

216. fUj;jpl;lj; jahupg;gpd;NghJk; nraw;gLj;Jifapd;NghJk; Kd;$l;ba jftyhdJ

midj;Jg; gq;Fgw;WdH;fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; MfpNahUf;F toq;fg;gLk;. PMU kw;Wk; PPAfshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; my;yJ cUthf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fSf;fhd mZifahdJ ntspg;gilj;jd;ikiaAk;> tifg;nghWg;igAk; rl;lG+u;tj; jd;ikiaAk; ,yFgLj;Jk;. mg;Nghijf;fg;NghJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; gfpuq;fj; jftypd;



124

gug;gPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghWg;ghf jfty; mYtyu; vd;w xUtu; ngauplg;gLthu;.

6.6 Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; gapw;rpAk; 217. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdJk; PPAfspdJk; njhopEl;g kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpahl;

nlhFjpapdu;f;fhd gapw;rpiaAk; jpirKfg;gLj;jiyAk; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;j> PMUthdJ gaw;rp trjpfis toq;Fk;.

218. Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gjw;Fk; gapw;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fkhd jahu;g;gLj;jYf;fhf PMU

thdJ gaw;rp kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njitfs; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Njitfs; kjpg;gPlhdJ fhg;gPl;L mjpfhupfspd; jpl;ltl;lkhd Mw;wy; Njitg;ghLfisAk;> kw;Wk; mJNghy; fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpepNahfj;jpy; gq;Fgw;WdH;fspd; gaDWjpahd <Lghl;bw;fhd jpirKfg;gLj;jiyAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; ,dq;fhZk;.

219. fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk;> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL> ngWif> epjp

Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; r%ff; fhg;gPLfs; Mfpa nraw;gug;Gfspy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w mYtyu;f;fhf gaw;rp kw;Wk; nrayku;Tfs; vd;gd xOq;F nra;ag;gLk;.

220. ikaj; njhopw;ghl;L r%ff; fhg;gPl;L tiyaikg;G> fUj;jpl;l mjpfhupfs;> PPA

xUq;fpizg;ghsu;fs;> Jiwrhu; mjpfhupfs;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fspd; Kftu;fs; MfpNahupd; mwpT> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;Ffs; vd;gd Xu; xj;jpirthd Kiwapy; fhg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfspd; gaDWjpahd tpepNahfj;jpw;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. vdNt gpd;tUk; nraw;gug;Gfspy; Mw;wy; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Mjutspf;fg;gLk;:

r%f Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Kiwapay;fs;> r%f fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jifg; nghwpKiwfs;;> r%f Kfhikj;Jt rpwe;j eilKiwfs;> tifg;nghWg;G kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; eltbf;iffs;,

fUj;jpl;lj; jpirKfg;gLj;jy;. 221. fUj;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;> r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L mZFKiwfs;

gw;wpa xU epiyahd kw;Wk; xj;jpirthd Gupjypd; Xu; mbg;gilia epWTtjw;fhf> fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikapd; midj;J kl;lq;fSk;> xU nghJthd jpirKfg;gLj;jyhf> fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; r%ff; fhg;gPl;L mk;rj;jpw;F mwpKfk; nra;Jitf;fg;gLk;. jpirKfg;gLj;jyhdJ fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;:

nfhs;ifuPjpahd> rl;luPjpahd kw;Wk; epUthfuPjpahd rl;lfk;> fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfs; kw;Wk; r%j; jhf;fq;fs;>



125

vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fspypUe;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fisg; ghJfhf;f r%f Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffs;>

fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd epWtduPjpahd xOq;Ffs;> r%f fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpepNahfj;jpd; nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fk; Kfhikj;

Jtj;jpw;Fkhd mZFKiw.



126

7. kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw 7.1 nghJ 222. epWtdq;fs;> rhjdq;fs;> Kiwfs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw ,e;j

kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw (GRM) cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,jd;%yk; kdf;Fiw xd;wpw;fhf jPu;T ehlg;gl;L> mJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ. fUj;jpl;lq;fisf; ftdkhf tbtikj;Jr; nraw;gLj;JtjD}lhf kdf;Fiwfisj; jLf;fg; NghJkhd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> rpf;fyhd fUj;jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLifapy; kdf;Fiwfs; Vw;gLtJ jtpu;f;f KbahjjhfptpLfpwJ. gh.e.fSf;F my;yJ FOf;fSf;F> jkJ kdf;Fiwfisr; rku;g;gpj;Jj; jPu;itg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F> jkJ mgpyhirfisAk;> Njitfspd; jpUg;jpiaAk; ngWk;nghUl;L my;yJ Neu;ikahd Kiwapy; ePjp epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ vd;w jpUg;jpiag; ngWtjw;F> xU epWtdg;gLj;jg;gl;l GRM mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa nghwpKiw %yk; cupa fhyj;jpy; jPu;itg; ngWtjhdJ> gh.e.fspd; kdjpy; xU ek;gpf;ifia cUthf;FfpwJ. kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; jpUg;jpfukhd nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fk;> fhy ml;ltizg;gbahd fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; epiwTf;Fk; ,J capu;ehb Nghd;wJ. GRMMdJ gh.e.fSf;F ,yFthf mZfpr; nry;yf;$bajhfTk;> ntspg;gilahdjhfTk;> nryTg; gaDWjp nfhz;ljhfTk;> tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;ljhfTk; mj;Jld; kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; NfhuYf;Fj; Jupjkhd xU gjpyhfTk; ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. GRM,d; cUthf;fj;jpw;F tYT+l;Lk; gpujhd xU tpOkpakhf ,Ug;gJ ahnjdpy;> gh.e.fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> jkJ kdf;FiwfSf;Fg; G+[;[pa trjpaPdj;jpy; kpfj; jpUg;jpfukhd jPu;Tfisg; ngWtjhFk;.

7.2 GRM kl;lq;fs; 223. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;NfAupa kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; ehd;F cs;sf Kiwikfs;

gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd:

PPA fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l CDO my;yJ SCDP ahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l SDO

kPs;FbNaw;w ,lj;jpy; PPAfshy; LRC epWtg;gly;

PPA kl;lj;jpy; GRC epWtg;gly;

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu;;

RahjPdf; FiwNfs; Mak; (IGP) 224. gh.e.fspd; kdf;Fiwfisj; jPu;f;f SCDPapd; fPo; ePjp mikr;rpdhy;

epakpf;fg;gl;l ,zf;f rig (Mediation Board) kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mfpa ,U rhjdq;ffSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

225. gh.e.fs; ,e;j rhjdq;fspy; Vjhtnjhd;iwj; njupT nra;a KbAk;. kdf;Fiw

jPu;f;Fk; nrad;Kiwnahd;W cU 2,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; midj;J rhjdq;fSk; xt;nthU tof;fpdJk; KOikahd eltbf;iffs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;L Vl;by; Ngzg;gLtij cWjp nra;aNtz;Lk;.



127

226. kdf;FiwfisAk; Kiwg;ghLfisAk; jPu;j;Jitf;f> xt;nthU PPAck; jd;

nraw;gug;ngy;iyapd;fPo; tUk; midj;J cg fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOnthd;iw (GRC) Vw;gLj;Jk;. gh.e.fspd; ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J kdf;Fiw vOfpwNjh> mjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; GRCapd; mikthf;fk; khw;wg;glyhk;. (cj;Njr GRCapd; mikthf;fj;jpw;fhf ,izg;G 12Ig; ghu;f;f). cWg;gpdu; mikthf;fj;jpy; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk; cWjp nra;ag;gly; ,d;wpaikahjJ. gh.e.fs; kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;gLifapy; FUf;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk mYtyu;fspd; cWg;Gupik khw;wkilAk;.

227. FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; fUj;jpl;lj;ijg;gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jtu;fshfTk;> kdf;Fiw

fisAk; Kiwg;ghLfisAk; Kiwahfr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jf; $batu;fshfTk;> mj;Jld; mJNghy; ghugl;rkw;w tprhuiz elj;jp ntspg;gilahd jPu;khdq;fis vLf;ff;$batu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. fUj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;j GRC mikg;G> mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; vd;gd Fwpj;j mwptpy; cWg;gpdu;fis tsg;gLj;JKfkhf> PPAfs; mtu;fSf;Fr; nrayku;TfisAk; Mo;e;jhuha;TfisAk; elhj;jp> eLepiyahd jPu;TfSf;F tug; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Figure 2: kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nrad;Kiw

228. GRCahdJ> kdf;Fiw Nfl;Lj; jPu;TfhZk; eilKiwfNshbize;j> ed;F tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l xU fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cWg;gpdu;fspd; mikthf;fk;> Kiwg;ghLfisAk; kdf;FiwfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; eilKiw> tprhuizfspd; elhj;Jif> ntspg;gilahd jPu;khdq;fis vl;Ljy; vd;gd Fwpj;J tpupthf tpsk;guk; nra;ag;gLk;. ,e; Nehf;fj;jpw;nfd SDOfs;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; CBOfs;



128

gad;gLj;jg;gLtu;. ,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,og;gPl;L tpfpjq;fs;> jFjpg; gpukhzq;fs;> kPs;FbNaw;wj; jsq;fspd; ,ltikTfs; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jsq;fspy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfspd; juk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;kPJ Vw;gLk; mjpUg;jp> vjpu;kiwahd r%fj; jhf;fq;fspd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; Fiwg;G vd;gd Fwpj;J RPF,y; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; topfhl;ly;fs; gpuNahff;fg;gLk; tpjk; vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf kdf;Fiwfs; voyhk;.

229. Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOthdJ (GRC)> Fiw Nfl;Lj; jPu;T toq;Fk;

eilKiwnahd;iw epWTk;. ,e;eilKiwahdJ> Vida gpwtw;Ws;> gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;:

kdf;Fiwfis mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhf gh.e.fSf;fhd Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l xU gbtk; (kdf;Fiw jPu;Tf;fhd khjpup tpz;zg;gg; gbtk; -,izg;G 13I ghu;f;f).

tprhuiz eltbf;iffspd; xypg;gjpT> gjpT kw;Wk; tifapdk; gpupj;jy;. Fwpj;j tof;Ffspd; Vw;iff;fhd my;yJ epuhfupg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;> Kiwg;ghl; lhsu;fSld; ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPu;khdj;ijAk; GRC gjpT nra;Ak;.

epiykhwhj jPu;khdkpaw;wYf;fhd jPu;Tr; nrad;Kiwiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;

jPu;khdq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;

gpd;njhlu;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jy;> Mtzg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;jy;. 230. ,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; gpzf;fpw;Fupa kjpg;gPLfs;> cupj;Jupikfs; kw;Wk; gh.e.

fSf;fpilapyhd gpzf;Ffs; vd;gd njhlu;gpyhd gpur;rpidfSf;F> kf;fisg; gw;wpAk; gpuNjrj;ijg;gw;wpAk; Mo;e;j mwpTilatuhd fpuhk mYtyupd; cjtpAld; jPu;Tfhz KbAk;. kdf;FiwfSf;Fupa jPu;Tfshdit> PPA fs;/Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;Fupa PMUfs; kw;Wk; gh.e.fs; vd;NghUf;fpilNa fUj;njhUkpg;ig va;Jtijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff;nfhz;l Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfSlhf kdf; FiwfSf;fhd jPu;T ifahsg;gLk;.

7.3. cj;Njr kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw (GRM) 231. Kjd;Kjypy; gh.e. jd; kdf;Fiwia CDO/SDOtpd; ftdj;jw;Ff; nfhzu;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. el;GuPjpahd cld;ghL vl;lg;gltpy;iynadpd;> CDO mk;kdf;Fiwia LRCf;Fr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;. fpuhk mYtyUila my;yJ> aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrkhapd;> eyNdhk;Gif epiyag; nghWg;ghsUila cjtpAld; kdf;Fiwiaj; jPu;f;f LRC ahy; midj;J Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kdf;Fiwnahd;W LRC kl;lj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gl KbahJNghapd;> mJ jPu;g;Gf;fhf> njhlu;Gila midj;J Mtzq;fSlDk; GRCf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fpilNa> gh.e.Uk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; jd; kdf;Fiwiar; rku;g;gpf;FkhW mwpTWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

232. gh.e.fs; jk; kdf;Fiwfis vOj;J%ykhfr; rku;g;gpj;jy; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

mt;thW nra;a mtu;fs; gbg;gwptw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> GRCapy; ,Uf;Fk; mYtyu; xUtu; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; kdf;Fiwiag; gjpTnra;J>



129

jPu;Tfhz; nrad;Kiwapd; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLKd; gh.e.upd; ifnahg;gj;ijg; ngWjy;Ntz;Lk;.

233. GRCapd; Mo;e;jhuha;Tfs; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk; tprhuizfs;

gfpuq;fkhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. kdf;FiwfSf;fhd jPu;T gh.e.Uf;F mwptpf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l tof;fpd; Vw;iff;F my;yJ epuhfupg;gpw;F ,l;Lr;nrd;w kdf;Fiwapd; tpguq;fisAk; kw;Wk; Kiwg;ghl;lhsu;fSld; ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fisAk; GRCfs; gjpT nra;Ak;.

234. GRCfspd; jPu;khdj;jhy; gh.e. jpUg;jpAwhtpbd;> xUthu fhyj;Js; fUj;jpl;lg;

gzpg;ghsUf;Fr; (PD) rku;g;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. PDahdtu; PPAfs;/Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;Fupa PMUfSld; MNyhrid ehbj; jPu;khdnkhd;wpid vLg;ghu;;. PDapd; jPu;khdKk; gh.e.Uf;Fj; jpUg;jpapy;iynadpd;> mtu; RahjPd FiwNfs; Maj;jpw;F (IGP) Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. IGPahdJ fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;R> kfspu; tptfhu mikr;R kw;Wk; tpiykjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpepjpfs;> xU rl;lj;juzp> ,isg;ghwpa rpNu];l mur mYtyu; xUtu;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l rptpy; rKf mikg;gpd; gpujpepjp xUtu; mj;Jld;/my;yJ gh.e.fshy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l xU egu; MfpNahiuf;nfhz;L Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. MOM&WD mikr;rpd; nrayhsuhy; toq;fg;gLk; jPu;g;Gk; gh.e.Uf;Fj; jpUg;jpapy;iynadpd;> mtu; ePjpkd;wj;ij ehlyhk;. ,t;thwhf> jdJ kdf;Fiwfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sg; gh.e. xUtu; Ie;J kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; cs;sf rhjdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

235. SDO> Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;Fupa kPs;FbNaw;wf; FO> Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;Fupa PMU> GRC

kw;Wk; PD MfpNahUf;F Nkyjpfkhf> kdf;Fiwfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F ePjp mikr;rpdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;Tf; FOthd ,zf;f rigiaAk; (Mediation Board), mjw;Fk; Nkyhd ,Wjp MAjkhf ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; gh.e. gad;gLj;jyhk;. ePjpkd;wf; fl;lzq;fisj; jtpu> fUj; jpl;lj;jhy; kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jy; njhlu;ghf gh.e.fSf;F vJtpj fl;lzKk; mwtplg;glkhl;lhJ.



130

8. fz;fhzpj;jYk; mwpf;ifaplYk; 8.1 nghJ

236. fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt KiwikahdJ xU fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; Kiwikia epWTk;. ,J fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphptpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; KiwikahdJ r%fg; ghJfhg;Gfspd; xU gFjpahFnkd;gJld; ,f;fUj;jpl;lkhdJ fUj;jpl;lg; ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; jpwikahdJk; gad;tpisTs;sJkhd eilKiwg;gLj;jy; fpilg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpukhd ghJfhg;Gf; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kPsha;T MNyhrfh;fis cs;slf;fpa fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; gzpiag; Ghptjw;F xU fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; nghwpKiw epWtg;gLk;.

237. fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; KiwikahdJ r%fg; ghJfhg;Gfs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; gq;fhspfSf;F fz;Lgpbg;Gfis mwptpj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghftpUf;Fk;. KOikahf fz;fhzpj;jypdJk; mwpf;ifaplypdJk; Fwpf;Nfhs; Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; fUjg;gl;lngWNgWfis toq;Ffpd;wikia cWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,f;fz;fhzpj;jy; KiwikahdJ topfhl;ly;fisAk; epajpfisAk; njhlh;GfisAk; fz;fhzpj;jy; Fwp;fhl;bfisAk; nghwpKiwfisAk; Kiwikapay;fisAk; mbf;fb Vw;gLfpd;w epfo;TfisAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;fisAk; mwpf;ifaply; xOq;FfisAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.

8.2 fz;fhzpj;jy; Kiwik

238. fz;fhzpj;jy; vd;gJ fPNo tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpyhd ; tptuq;fSld; cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspthupahdjhftpUf;Fk;.

8.2.1 cs;sff; fz;fhzpg;G

239. fUj;jpl;lkl;lj;jpy; fUj;jpl;lKfhikj;Jtg; gphptpdhYk; cgfUj;jpl;lkl;lj;jpy; cs;ehl;L fUj;jpl;lKfhikj;jJtg; gphpTfspdhYk;/ fUj;jpl;l gq;fhspj;Jt KftH epiyaj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. gpujpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsH (r%f) fUj;jpl;lKfhikj;Jtg; gphptpy; Kf;fpakhd tfpghfj;ij tfpg;ghH. mNjNtisapy; cgfUj;jpl;l kl;lq;fspy; r%f mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;/ r%f mbg;gilapyike;j cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; RWRWg;ghd tfpahfj;ij tfpg;gH. myrp Muha;jiyAk; msitiaAk; jzpg;Gj; jpl;lkpliyAk; kPs;FbakHj;jy; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jiyAk; cs;slf;fp kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G> rptpy; fl;LNtiiyfSldhd ml;ltizg;gLj;jy; xg;ge;jfhuHfspd; tfpghfj;ijf; fz;fhzpj;jy;> ghJfhg;G MNyhrfHfisAk; mtHfSila ntspaPLfisAk; ifahSjy;> jFjpg;gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;> ntspapLjy;> fye;Jiuahly;> Jauq;fisg;



131

gjpT nra;jYk; jPHkhdk; vLj;jYk;> chpj;Jhpikfspid ; toq;Fjy;> jpdrhp kPs; miktpl MjuT Kjypa ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; kPs;FbakHj;jy; nfhs;if fl;likg;gpw;F ,irthf chpa Neuj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ kPJ cs;sff; fl;likg;G jPtpu ftdk; ntYj;Jk;.

kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;ghl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; jpdrhpj;jpl;lkplypdJk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypdJk; tpidj;jpwDk; tpisgaDk;.

el;l<L kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk;> kPs;mkHT> GdHtho;tspg;G ed;ikfs; tpepNahfpg;gjpyhd tpidj;jpwDk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAk;.

juT Nrfhpg;G> kPs;Cl;ly; jfty;> jilfs; kw;Wk; njhe;juTfisf; fz;lwpjy;.

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; tplaq;fSf;fhd mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPHkhdk; vLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwDldhd mDruiz Mfpatw;wpd; Mtzkag;gLj;jy;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfs; xt;nthUthpdJk; ehsJ tiuahf;fg;gl;l chpj;Jhpikfspd; guhkhpg;G.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyikfs; Nkk;ghlilAkh vd;gijAk; mtHfSila tUkhdKk; tho;f;ifj;juKk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L kPl;L vLf;fg;gLkh vd;gijAk; kjpg;gpLtjd; nghUl;L mtHfSila r%f nghUshjhu epiyikfs; kPjhd mbg;gilj; jfty;fisf; ifahSjy;.

Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;iffisj; jahhpj;jy;.

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; mikg;gpw;Fs;Sk; ntspthhp KftH epiyaq;fSf;Fs;Sk; $l;bizg;G.

8.2.2 ntspg;Gwf; fz;fhzpg;G

240. fUjg;gl;l ,yf;Ffs; va;jg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdth vd;gij epUzapg;gjw;fhfTk; ghJfhg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Rje;jpukhd kPsha;itr; nra;tjw;Fk; mg;gb ; ,y;yhkypUf;Fkplj;J vd;d rhpahd eltbf;iffs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij epUzapg;gjw;fhffTk; ntspthhpf; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kPsha;T nra;jy; Kfth;epiyankhd;iw /MNyhrfiu fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpT <LgLj;Jk;. ntspthhpf; fz;fhzpg;G ,uz;L Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhdJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;gpw;fikthf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gijr; rhpghh;j;jy;;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSk; FLk;gq;fSk; r%fq;fSk; vjph;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$ba ,aYkhdepiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gijAk; jq;fSila [PtNdhghaq;fisAk; tho;f;ifj; juq;fisAk; jpUj;jf;$ba epiyapy; my;yJ Mff; Fiwe;jJ kPl;nlLf;ff;$ba epiyapy; cs;sdth vd;gijr; rhpghh;j;jy;;



132

241. ntspthhpf; fz;fhzpj;jy; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;fhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

kPs;; FbakHj;jy; ;nraw;wpl;lkhdJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfSf;F mikthf> eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gijr; rhpghh;j;jy;;

kPs; FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; va;jg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gij kjpg;gpLjy;;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fspd; [PtNdhghaq;fSk; tho;f;ifj; juq;fSk; kPl;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth my;yJ jpUj;jkile;Js;sdth vd;gijAk; mg;gbapy;iyahapd; nrayhw;Wifia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd toptiffisg; gw;wp MNyhrid toq;Fjy;;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fspd; kPsiktplk;> cupj;Jhpikfs; kw;Wk; Jau epthuzf; FOtpd; nrayhw;Wif gw;wpAk; mth;fSila fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;;

fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;;Jtg; gphpT> fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhsp Kfth; epiyaq;fs;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rptpy; r%fq;fs;> r%f mbg;gilapyhd mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jYld; njhlh;Gila murhq;f Kfth; epiyaq;fs; Mfpa rfy eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Kfth; epiyaq;fspd; nrayhw;Wifia kjpg;gPL nra;jy;;

rfy r%f mgptpUj;jp ,yf;FfSk; va;jg;gLjy;; cs;sff; fz;fhzpj;jy; Kfth; epiyaq;fspd; rfy mwpf;iffisAk;

kPsha;T nra;jy; 242. ntspthhpf; fz;fhzpj;jy; Kfth; epiyakhdJ/ MNyhrfh;

eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F Kd;duhd mbg;gil msitnahd;iw nra;J xj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l fhy uPjpahd gjpT kw;Wk; msit Ntiyia epiwNtw;Wk;. ntspthhpf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphptpw;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;L fUj;jpl;l topg;gLj;jy; FOtpdhy; ghprPyid nra;ag;gLk;. ntspthhpfz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kPsha;T MNyhrfh;fis thliff;F mkh;j;Jtjw;fhd ghh;itaply; ml;ltiznahd;W 14Mk; ,izg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

243. fz;fhzpj;jy; Kiwikf;fhd tbtikg;G fz;fhzpj;jy; $l;bizg;gpw;fhd fz;fhzpj;jy; tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;> nghwpKiwfs; gw;wpa RUf;ff; Fwpg;igAk; $l cs;slf;Fk;. fz;fhzpj;jy; KiwikahdJ cs;sff; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; ntspg;Gwf; fz;fhzpg;G Mfpa ,uz;L KiwikfSf;Fk; mwpf;ifaplYf;Fk; trjp toq;Fk;> ghJfhg;G Kiwikapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;kPjhd r%ff; fzf;fha;Tfs; ntspthhpf; fz;fhzpj;jypd; Xh; cl;gFjpahf elhj;jg;gLk;.

8.2.3 fz;fhzpj;jy; tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;GfSk;

244. r%fg; ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; toq;fypy; mNef fz;fhzpj;jy; tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;GfSk; ,Uf;Fk;. fz;fhzpj;jy; tfpghfq;fSk; nghWg;GfSk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;spl;l fUj;jpl;l



133

Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikia njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLnkd;gJld; mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jy; gq;fhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; r%fq;fSf;Fk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F Clhf ,Utop mwpf;ifaplyhf xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk;.

(m) jpwKiw efuq;fs; gq;Fjhuh; muq;F

245. r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; gq;Filikia epWTtjd;nghUl;L jpwKiw gq;Fjhuh; muq;F ghjpf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;w r%fq;fspd; gpujpepjpfisAk; cs;slf;fp rfy gq;Fjhuh;fisAk; xd;whfj; jpul;Ltjw;fhf jpwKiw efuq;fs; gq;Fjhuh; muq;F mikf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j muq;F Mz;bw;F ,uz;L jlitfs; $l;lj;ij elhj;Jk;. r%f Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpT mLj;j mwpf;ifaply; fhyg;gFjpf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijAk; cs;slf;fp r%f ghJfhg;Gfs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; me;j];J kPJ Xh; Mz;Lf;F ,Ujlit mwpf;ifiaj; jahhpf;Fnkd;gJld; mij gq;Fjhuh;fs; muq;fpy; rkh;g;gpf;Fk; gq;Fjhuh; muq;fpd; fz;fhzpj;jy; tfpghfk; ,e;j mwpf;ifia kPsha;T nra;tJk; ,ilntspfisf; fz;lwptJk; ghpfhu eltbf;iffisg; gpNuhpg;gJk; gq;fhspj;Jt ,izg;Gfisf; ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJkhftpUf;Fk;.

(M) fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jg; gphpT

246. fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jg; gphpT vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;spl;l kPsha;T mikg;ghf gzpGhpAk; vd;gJld; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; $wpypUe;J khjhe;jf; fz;fhzpg;G mwpf;iffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vd;gJld; ,e;j mwpf;iffis fUj;jpl;l topg;gLj;jy; FOtpw;F fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; $wpdhy; rkh;gpf;fg;gLk; mwpf;iffis kPsha;T nra;tjpy; gq;fhspj;Jt muq;fpd; rpghhpRfspdhy; topfhl;lg;gLk;. fUj;jpl;l topg;gLj;jw; FOthdJ gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F nghWg;ghdjhftpUf;Fk;.

r%fg; ghJfhg;;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; xg;gilf;fg;gLtjpyhd Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa kPsha;T

ghJfhg;;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; toq;fg;gLjYf;fhd gq;fhspj;Jt xOq;Ffspd; kPsha;T epiy

ghJfhg;;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; jpwikahdJk; tpisgaDs;sJkhd eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F MjuT toq;Ftjw;fhd nfhs;if kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; nfhil KidTfisf; fz;lwpjy;;

(,) fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; $W

247. r%f Kfhikj;Jtf; $whdJ fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; $whfg; gzpahw;Wk; ,f;$wpd; nghWg;G gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;;Jtg; gphptpw;F epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l njhlh;GfisAk; njhopEl;g MjuitAk; toq;Fjy;;



134

r%f ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpjpl;lk; kPJ juTj;jsj;ijAk; mwpf;ifaply; KiwikiaAk; epWTjYk; Ngzpitj;jpUj;JjYk;;

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; ,ilntspfs; kw;Wk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; fUj;jpl;lg; gphpTfs;> cs;ehl;L fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpTfs;> fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhspKfth; epiyaq;fs;> Jiwr;Nrit toq;Fgth;fs;> murhq;fk; rhuhj kw;Wk; jdpahh;Jiwg; gq;fhspfSld; $l;bize;J nraw;gLjy;;

Nkw;ghh;it tbtikg;gpd; gpufhuk; mwpf;iffisj; jahhpj;jYk; rkh;g;gpj;jYk;;;

ntspthhpf; fz;fhzpj;jYf;F tpNrlkhf gq;Fjhuh;fs; muq;fpw;F mwpf;ifapLtjw;F xOq;F nra;jy;.

(<) cs;ehl;Lf; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpT

248. cgfUj;jpl;l kl;lj;jpyhd fz;fhzpj;jy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fspd; tplaj;jpy; vjph;kiwahd jhf;fq;fis ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ njhlh;gpy; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffspd; epiy kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kPJ NeubahdjhfTk; jPtpu ftdk; nrYJtjhfTkpUf;Fk;. cs;ehl;L fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpT khjhe;j mbg;gilapy;; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;fhzpf;Fk;.

8.3 mwpf;ifaply;

249. fz;fhzpj;jypd; Kf;fpakhd ntspaPL gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fp gy;NtW tif vOj;jpyhd mwpf;ifaply;fisAk; tha;nkhop%y mwpf;ifaply;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

fhy uPjpahd mwpf;iffs; (khjhe;j> cs;sf) fhyhz;L kw;Wk; tUlhe;j> v];vk;Mh;rp mwpf;iffs;);

epkpj;j mwpf;iffs;> tpNrlkhf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Nfhupf;ifapd;Nghpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlHghdit

tof;fkhd Kfhikj;Jt kPsha;T mkh;TfSf;fhd cs;sff; Fwpg;Gfs; my;yJ tha;nkhop Kd;itg;Gfs;.

250. ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fs; Kd;ida mwpf;iffSld; Rygkhf xg;gplf;$bajhftpUg;gjd;nghUl;L mwpf;iffs; xUjug;gLj;jpa tbtikg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;. mwpifahdJ RUf;fkhdjhfTk; mh;j;jKs;sjhfTk; chpa Neuj;jpy; fpilf;ff;$bajhfTk; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ml;ltizfspypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;Yk; tpjptpyf;FfisAk; tpyfy;fisAk; Jyhk;gukhff; fhz;gpf;ff;$bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.



135

8.3.1 mwpf;ifaply; nghWg;Gfs;

251. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;fhd mwpf;ifaply; nghWg;Gf;$wy; xOq;Ffspd; Kf;fpakhdnthU mk;rj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j kl;lj;jpyhd mwpf;ifaply; nghwpKiwfs; vspikahditfshfTk; vy;NyhuhYk; mZfg;glf; $badthftpUf;Fk;.

mwpf;ifaply; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; njhlh;gpy; Ml;fSf;Fk; FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; tpepNahfg;glf;$ba rpW gpuRuq;fisAk; RUf;fkhd tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; mwptpj;jy;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Njrpa fUj;jpl;l topg;gLj;jy; FOtpd; khjhe;j Kd;Ndw;w kPsha;Tf;$l;lq;fSk;$l mwpf;ifaply; nghwpKiwfs; gFjpahftpUf;Fk;;

fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt $Wf;Fk; topg;gLj;jy; FOtpw;Fk; gq;fhsp muq;fpw;Fk; mwpf;ifaply;;

gpujpf;; fUj;jpl;lg;gzpg;ghsh; (r%f) fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsUf;F mwptpg;ghh;. fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsh; jkJ gq;fpy; Njrpa fUj;jpl;l topg;gLj;jy; FOtpw;F khjhe;jthhpahfTk; jpwKiw efuq;fs; gq;Fjhuh;fs; muq;fpw;F Mz;bw;F ,uz;L jlitAk; mwptpg;ghh;.

8.4 fz;fhzpj;jy; fl;likg;G

252. fz;fhzpf;fg;glTs;s nraw;ghLfs; njhFjp gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpaitfshftpUf;Fk;.

Kfhikj;Jt <LgLj;jYf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;;; jpwidf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> gapw;rpf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;; kdf;Fiw epthuzq;fSf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; . gq;Fgw;Wjy; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fSf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;;; ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaplYf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;; jd;dpr;iraw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;Jf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; . chpj;Jilikfs; kw;Wk; el;l<l;Lf; nfhLg;gdtpw;fhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;; fyhrhu kw;Wk; r%f nrhj;J tsq;fspd; kPl;nlLg;gpw;fhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;. gytPdkhd/eypTw;w FLk;gq;fs;> njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; Ml;fSf;fhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;. tUkhdq;fis kPs epWTtjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; tUkhdq;fis kPs epWTtjw;fhd epiy gytPdkhd/eypTw;w FLk;gq;fs;> njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; Ml;fspd; epiy.

253. Nkw;$wpa ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfspd; njhlh;gpy;

cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspthhp fz;fhzpj;jy; elhj;jg;gLk;. fz;fhzpj;jy; fPNoAs;s 9Mk; ml;ltizapy; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjd; gpufhuk; eilKiw>



136

ntspaPL kw;Wk; ngWNgW Fwp;fhl;bfspd; fl;likg;igj; njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. msT Kd;Ndw;w tiffs; khjhe;j kw;Wk; fhyhz;L kPsha;TfisAk; Mz;bw;F ,Ujlit Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;iffisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.



137

Table 9: jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj; jiyaPLfSf;fhd fz;fhzpj;jy; Fwp;fhl;bfs;

Fwpfhl;bfspd; tif

Fwp;fhl;b MNyhrid toq;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs;-

nra;Kiw m gq;fhspj;Jt <LghL * gq;Fjhuh; mikg;Gfs;> toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; ghy; (Mz; / ngz;) hPjpahfg; gzpf;fkh;j;jg;gl;l gjtpapdh;fs;;

* gq;Fjhuh;fs; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;Jiuahly;fspYk; gq;F gw;Wjy;;;

* gq;Fjhuh;fs; mikg;Gfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ntspf;fs tp[aq;fs;

M jpwd; fl;;bnaOg;GjYk; gapw;rpAk; * gq;Fjhuh;fSf;Fk; gq;Fgw;wpath;fSf;Fkhf elhj;jg;gl;l gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

* gjtpapdh;fSf;Fk; gpw cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;Fk; gq;Fgw;wpath;fSf;Fk; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; elhj;jg;gl;ld

* tbtikf;fg;gl;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwikfSk; eilKiwfSk;

, Jau epthuzk; * ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;litfSk; tif hPjpahf Jau epthuzf;FOtpd; rfy cs;sf rhjdq;fspdhYk; jPh;T nra;ag; gl;l Jauq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> toq;fg;gl;l epthuzq;fs;> mDruizapd; chpa fhyg;gFjp;;

< gq;Fgw;WjYk; fye;Jiuahly;fSk;

* ,lk;> Nehf;fk;> tuT vd;gtw;wpd; cldhd gq;Fgw;wpatHfspdJk; MNyhridfspdJk; vz;zpf;if> gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;l jfty; rhH rpw;NwLfspdJk; ife;Ehy;fspdJk; tif kw;Wk; vz;zpf;if

c ntspg;gLj;jYk; mwpf;ifaplYk; * kPs; FbNaw;wf; FOf; fSf;Fk; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt myfpw;Fk; jpwKiw efuq;fs; gq;Fjhuh;fs; muq;fpw;Fk; nra;ag;gl;l ntspg;gLjjy;fspdJk; mwpf;ifaplypdJ; vz;zpf;if

C jd;dpr;iraw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; * ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if. FLk;gq;fSf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;L mf;FLk;gq;fSf;Ff; Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l tPLfspd; vz;zpf;if;

* Gjpjhff; Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l tPLfspy; FbNawpa FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

* tPLfSf;F chpj;JWjpfs; toq;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if;

* G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l tPlikg;GfSk; njhlh;Gila cl;fl;likg;Gk;>

* G+h;j;jpnra;ag;gl;l kf;fspd; miktplq;fs; V chpj;JWjpfSk; el;l<Lfspd;

nfhLg;gdTfSk; el;l tifthhpahf el;l <Lfs; toq;fg;gl;l

ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; vz;zpf;if kPs; FbNaw;wk;> kPs;miktplk; kw;Wk;

Gdh;tho;T cjtpngw;w ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; vz;zpf;if;

V fyhrhu kw;Wk; nrhj;J tsq;fspd;kPl;G

kPs; miktplj;ij kPl;ig Ntz;Lfpd;w fyhrhu kw;Wk; r%f tsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

kPs; miktplk; / kPl;G toq;fg;gl;l mj;jifa r%f tsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

I gytPdkhd FLk;gq;fSk; njhFjpfSk; egh;fSk;

cjtpia Ntz;Lfpd;w gytPdkhd twpath;fs;> ngz;fs;> rpWth;fs; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if>

cjtpiag; ngw;Ws;s gytPdkhd ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fspd; vz;zpf;if>



138

toq;fg;gl;l cjtpia Mf;fg+h;tkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

X tUkhdj;jpd; kPl;G tUkhd tha;g;Gfis Ntz;Lfpd;wth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>

toq;fg;gl;l tUkhd tha;g;Gfspd; tif> cs;sf Gdh;tho;T gapw;rpiag; ngw;w

ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; vz;zpf;if> tUkhdk; gpwg;gpg;gjw;F cs;sf Gdh;tho;T

gapw;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpath;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

jhf;fk; X tUkhdj;jpd; kPs; epWTif kPs; miktplj;ij my;yJ kPs; rPuhf;fiyj; njhlh;e;J nghUshjhu hPjpahf RWRWg;Gld; gzpahw;Wgth;fspd; / FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

Xs

gytPdkhd FLk;gq;fSk; egh;fSk;

toq;fg;gl;l Nrit tif%yk; gytPdkhdth;fspd; me;j];jpy; khw;wq;fs; cjhuzk;: gapw;rp> Ez;epjp> ghlrhiyapy; Nrh;j;jy;> njhopy;fs; Kjypad. tof;fky;yhj mZF topfis ,oe;j FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if;

tl;b ,y;yhj tof;fky;yhj flid mZfpg; ngWk; trjpia ,oe;j FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; epWtd hPjpahd fld; Kiwikfis mZfpg; ngWjy; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;jy; topia kPsTk; ngw;Ws;s FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;



139

,izg;G 1- r%f kjpg;gPl;bd; nghopg;G > aho;g;ghzk; 2016

Jupjkhd r%f kjpg;gPL> aho;g;ghzk; 2016: Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;

jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; jiyefu kw;Wk; Nkw;F mgptpUj;jp mikr;R

aho;g;ghzj;jpd; Jupjkhd r%f kjpg;gPL 2016: Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;



140

1. nghJ ,yq;if murhq;fk; tlkhfhzj;ij ,yq;ifapy; ePbj;j rkhjhdj;jpw;Fj; jilahftpUf;fpd;w mgptpUj;jpapy; Njf;fepiyapy; cs;s xU gpuhe;jpakhftpUf;fpd;wikia Vw;fpd;w mNj Ntisapy; aho;g;ghzj;ij xU tsh;r;rp ikakhf milahskwpe;J itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpj; jilg;ghijapd; ,ay;ghf rpy gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; xU rpy kf;fs; njhFjpfsplKk; tsq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w mNj Ntisapy; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wikAk; tWik epyTfpd;w jdpj;jdp ,lq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wikAk; ,yq;ifapd; Fztpay;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; tWikf;F ePz;lfhykhf ,Ogwp epiyapy; cs;s cs;sf Nkhjy;fhuzkhftpUg;gjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Kd;dh; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F mbg;gilahd Mf;fg+h;tkhd Rw;whliy 2009Mk; Mz;by; Nkhjy; Kbtile;jik cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J kpfTk; Njitg;gLfpd;w mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fp Kd;NdWtjw;F GJ toptiffisj; jpwe;Js;sJld; mgptpUj;jpf;F fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jtw;iwtpl nghpa tha;g;Gfis toq;fpAs;sJ. fle;j fhyj;Jld; kf;fs; ,izf;fpd;w aho;g;ghz kuGhpikr; rpd;dq;fis kPsf; NfhUtjw;fhd jiyaPLfis cs;slf;Ftjw;Fk; ,e;ehl;bw;Fk; ntspAyfpw;Fk; nrhe;jj; Njhw;wnkhd;iw vwpT nra;J fhl;Ltjw;Fkhd r%f vjph;ghh;g;GfSk; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd. Nkhjy; KbTw;wjd; gpd;dh; FWfpa fhyg;gFjpnahd;wpw;Fs; gq;Fjhuh;fspd;; cs;spLiffSld; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd xU fl;likg;Gk; jpl;lq;fSk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJld; nghpa cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mNjNtisapy; mNef gpw nghpa cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpf;fUj;jpl;lq;fs; ,d;Dk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; epiyapy; cs;sd. ,j;Jupj r%f kjpg;gPL r%f ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfspd; gpufhuk; jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; aho;g;ghzk; vd;gjw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhf nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; ghjfkhd r%f jhf;fq;fisj; jtph;g;gNj tq;fpapdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; nfhs;ifahFnkd;gJld; mj;jifa jtph;g;G rhj;jpakw;wjhftpUf;Fkplj;J fUj;jpl;l tbtikg;gpy; r%fjhf;ff; Fiwj;jy; eltbf;iffisAk; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;tJk; tq;fpapdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; nfhs;ifahFk;. r%fhPjpahf rpwe;jitfSk; fyhrhu hPjpahfg; nghUj;jkhditfSkhd mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; njhopEl;gf; fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspypUe;J va;jf;$batw;iw tpl eilKiwg;gLj;jypYk; ngWNgWfis ntw;wpfukhf va;JtjpYk; $Ljyhd tha;g;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;w Ghpe;Jzh;Tld; $Ljyhf ,e;j r%f kjpg;gPL Nkhjy; Kbtile;jjd; gpd;duhd epiyikapy; aho;g;ghzj;ij kPsf; fl;bnaOg;GjYld; njhlh;Gila tpNrl epiyikiaAk; fzf;fpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd.

2. tuyhWk; fyhrhuKk; kuGhpikAk;

aho;g;ghzk; r%fhPjpahfTk; fyhrhuuPjpahfTk; murpay;hPjpahfTk; nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; Vida gFjpfSld; Kf;fpakhd toptiffspy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 13Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ey;Y}iu ,uhrjhdpahff; nfhz;bUe;j jkpo; kd;dd; xUtdhy; aho;g;ghzk; Msg;gl;lJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j rkak; jkpoh; ehfhPfj;jpd; gFjpahftpUe;jJld; cz;ikapNyNa ,yq;ifapd; ,e;J / ngsj;j kuGhpikapy; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjpapdJk; fpof;Fg; gFjpapdJk; jkpo; kuGhpikapd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdnthU gFjpahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. aho;g;ghzkhdJ



141

njhy;nghUspay;hPjpahfTk; tuyhw;WhPjpahfTk; fyhrhu hPjpahfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fSf;Fk; flw;fiufs; Nghd;w ,aw;ifj; jyq;fspd; miktplkhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; ngah;ngw;w ,lnkd;w Gfior; rk;ghjpj;Js;sJ. njhy;nghUspay; jpizf;fsk; mNef njhy;nghUspay; miktplq;fisf; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. rpyKf;fpakhd rkaj; jyq;fshd ; ty;ypGuk; tp\;ZNfhtpy;> ey;Y}h; KUfd; Nfhtpy;> eFNy];tuk; rptd; Nfhtpy;> ehfjPg ngsj;j tpfhiu> xy;yhe;jh; Njthyak;> Gdpj N[k;]; Njthyak; vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpy MFk;. ke;jphp kid (murhpd; muz;kid) aho;g;ghzk; Nfhl;il> `nkd;N`d; Nfhl;il> neLe;jPT Nfhl;il> aho;g;ghz EiotisT> aKdh Fsk; Mfpad tuyhw;W hPjpahf Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fshFk;. gq;Fjhuh;fs; Rw;Wyhj;JiwiaAk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; ifj;njhopiyAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ,e;j ,lq;fs; tstha;;g;G hPjpahf Kf;fpakhditfs; vdf;fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;.

aho;g;ghzk; kPjhd fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rp 329Mz;L fhyk; ePbj;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j Ml;rp 1619Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 1658Mk; Mz;Ltiu Nghh;j;Jf;Nfahpd; iffspy; ,Ue;jJld; gpd;dh; 1658Mk; Mz;by; xy;yhe;jh;fspd; iffspypUe;jJ. gpd;du; 1796Mk; Mz;by; Ml;rp gphpj;jhdpah;fs; iffspy; ,Ue;jJ. ey;Y}hpy; ,Ue;j muz;kidia mopj;jjd; gpd;dh; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;ilia jiyefukhff; fl;bnaOg;gpdh;. Xy;yhe;jh;fs; aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;iliaj; jpUj;jpf; fl;bAs;sdh;.

aho;g;ghzj;jpd; etPdkakhf;fy; Vwj;jhs KjyhtJ 100Mz;Lfspy; fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpapd;fPo; nkJthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; gpd;dh; aho;g;ghzk; ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa efukhtjw;fhf Ntfkhf etPdkakhf;fg;gl;lJ. 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; miuthrpf;fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghzk; xU euk;G ikakhf mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,q;F Kf;fpa Nrit ikaq;fshd Giftz;b epiyak;> thb tPL> nghpa kUj;Jtrhiy> Ng&e;J epiyak;> mQ;ry; mYtyfk;> Njthyaq;fs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> E}y;epiyak;> re;ijfs; (nghpa re;ij kw;wk; rpwpa re;ij) epHthf mYtyfq;fs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;> nghyp]; epiyak; Kjypad epWtg;gl;ld. 1907Mk; Mz;by; gioa muz;kidapy; vQ;rpAs;s Eiothapy; gphpj;jhdpah;fspdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

3. nghUshjhuk;

tPl;Lf; fkj;njhopy;> flw;nwhopy; kw;Wk; tpyq;F Ntshz;ik Mfpatw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpa fkj;njhopy; JiwNa ,k;khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd toptifahfTs;sJ. tlkhfhzj;jpy; rdj;njhifapd; Vwj;jhs 60 tPjj;jpdh;fs; gaphpLjy; fkj;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. njhopyhsh;fspy; 45 tPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh; jq;fSila [PtNdhghaj;jpw;F fkj;njhopypy; Neubahfj; jq;fpAs;sdh;. khtl;lr; nrayfj;jpd; jftypd;gb 54>417 FLk;gq;fs; my;yJ ,k;khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;jf; FLk;gq;fspd; 1/3 FLk;gq;fs; [PtNdhghaj;jpw;F KOikahf fkj;njhopypNyNa jq;fpAs;sdh;. tsh;f;fg;gLk; gpujhd gaph;fs; ney;> njq;F> kuf;fwp tiffs; kw;Wk; Gifapiy MfpadthFk;. Nkhjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dh; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; fkj;njhopy; JiwahdJ ,e;ehl;bd; nkhj;j fkj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpapd; nkhj;jkhf Vwj;jhs 12 tPj cw;;gj;jpia toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;jf; fkj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpapy; ney;> nrj;jy; kpsfha;> rptg;G ntq;fhak; kw;Wk; jhdpag; gaph;fs; KiwNa 15 tPjj;ijAk; 30 tPjj;ijAk; 75 tPjj;ijAk; 30 tPjj;ijAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd. vdpDk; nghJthf



142

epHkhzf; ifj;njhopypy; mkaj; njhopYf;Fr; rhjfkhf fkj;njhopYf;Fg; gjpyPlhd nghJg; Nghf;Ffis mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhfTs;sJ. njhopyhsh;fs; cs;nsLf;fg;gLk; jpwid fkj;njhopypd; etPdkag;gLj;jYk; kl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. tpyq;F Ntshz;ik – mjhtJ Nfhopg;gz;iz> ghw;gz;iz> ML tsh;g;G MfpadTk;$l tUkhdk; gpwg;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfshf tlkhfhzj;jpy; [duQ;rfkhd nraw;ghLfshfpAs;sd.

vg;gbapUe;j NghjpYk; aho;g;ghz efukhdJ fkj;njhopYf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ltrjpia kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sJ. aho;g;ghzj;J 100fkj;njhopy; FLk;gq;fs; (nkhj;jr; rdj;njhifapd; 1%) ngUk;Nghf fhyj;jpy; 50.9 n`f;lah; tp];jPuzKila epyj;jpy; kioia ek;gp tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; 7958 n`f;lah; tp];jPuzk; cs;s epyj;jpy; ney;Yk; 28>701 n`f;lah; epyj;jpy; czTg;gaph;fSk; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j khtl;lNk ,e;ehl;bd; gpujhd jpuhl;irg; gaph;tsh;g;Gg; gpuNjrkhf cs;sJ. ,J Nfhg;gha; gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; cs;s cUk;gpuha; fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;jh; gphptpy; cs;s xU gpujhd gapuhFk;.

Ke;jpa kiog;gUtfhyj;jpd; kpif ePuhdJ ngg;uthpapYk; khh;r;rpYk; fpilf;ff;$bajhftpUe;jNghjpYk; ngg;uthpapypUe;J nrj;njk;gh; tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp ntg;gj;ijAk; tul;rpiaAk; nfhz;ljhfTs;sJ. Xf;NlhghpypUe;J [dthp tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp <uf;fhyg;gFjpahFk;. tlfpof;F gUtg; ngah;r;rpf; fhyNk kioapy; ngUk;gFjpia toq;Ffpd;wJ. Vg;gpuypy; ,Ue;J Nk tiuAs;s njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtg;ngah;r;rpf; fhyNk rpwpjsT kio nga;Ak; gUtg; ngau;r;rpf; fhykhFk;. ruhrhp tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; 50-75mq;FykhFk; vd;gJld; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; 50f;Fk; Fiwe;j mq;FykhFk;. kiotPo;r;rpapyhd khWghL tof;fkhdjhftpUe;Js;sJ.

ehd;F nghpa fhy;tha;fisAk; vl;L rpwpa fhy;tha;fisAk; ,izf;fg;gl;l Fsq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;s kioePh; tbfhy; tiyaikg;G; kio ePhpd; cr;rg;gha;r;riyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJld; gpbj;J itj;jpUf;Fk;; njhl;bahfTk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ aho;g;ghzk; khefu rigg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs; 39 Fsq;fs; fz;lwpaj;jf;fdthfTs;sd. ,tw;wpy; rpy Fsq;fs; mUfhikapy; cs;s tay;fSf;Fs; Nktpg;gha;jy; %ykhf ePh;g;ghrdg; gzpiaAk; Gupfpd;wd. fkf;fhuh;fs; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l fpzWfs; %ykhff; fkj;njhopYf;F epyj;jb ePiu mZfpg; ngWfpd;wdh;. rpW epy cilikahsh;fSk; ghuk;ghpa fhzp Fj;jiff;Ftply; KiwikfSk; fkj;njhopy; Kiwikapd; Fztpay;GfshfTs;sd.

nky;ypa kzw;gbkj;jpw;F fPNo aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL xU Rz;zhk;Gf; fw;fshd ; gbkj;ij epyj;jb ePh; Nrkpg;ghf itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ePiu kf;fs; tPl;Lj; NjitfSf;Fk; Fbg;gjw;Fk; fkj;njhopYf;Fk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. aho;g;ghz efuk; tpl;lj;jpy; 3 kPw;wiuAk; mijtplf; $Ljyhd kPw;wiuAk; nfhz;Ls;s 100>000 fpzWfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit tPl;Lf; fpzWfshfTk; Vidait fkj;njhopy; fpzWfshfTk; cs;sd. Vwf;Fiwa 1000 fpzWfs; epyj;jb ePh; tpy;iyf;Fs; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. fhgdPnuhl;irl;Lldhd kioePhpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ,urhad thdpiyapd; fhuzkhf Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; fiurypdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 600w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,aw;ifj; jhs;Tfs;> gs;sq;fs; kw;Wk; Fsq;fs; Flhehl;by; cs;sd. ,it epyj;jbapy; kpif ePiuf; flj;Jfpd;wd.



143

ntspehLfspy; cs;s cwtpdh;fspdhy; mDg;gg;gLk; gzj;njhiffs; FLk;gg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; xU Kf;fpakhd gFjpahfTs;sJ. ,e;j efuj;jpy; cs;s rdj;njhifapy; 1/6 gFjpapdh;fs; fdlh> N[h;kdp> Nehh;Nt kw;Wk; nejh;yhe;J> If;fpa mnkhpf;f ,uhr;rpak;> mT];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J Nghd;w mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; trpf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fSila ePbf;fg;gl;l FLk;g tiyaikg;G njhopw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; FLk;g guhkhpg;gpw;Fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpw;F FLk;gg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;$l MjuT toq;Ffpd;wJ. 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpukkhf gzk; Kjypad mDg;gg;gLjy; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; xU fpukkhd mk;rkhftpUe;Js;sJ.

njd;dpyq;ifapypUe;J tUfpd;w kPdth;fs; tlgFjpf;F te;J jw;fhypff; Fbirfisf; fl;bf;nfhz;L jkpo; kPdth;fSld; xd;whf kPd;gpbj;njhopypy; <LgLfpd;wdh;. kPd;gpbg;glFfSk; J}z;by;fSk; ,y;yhj mNef kPdth;fs; ,Ug;gJld; mth;fs; tpahghhpfSf;fhfg; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.

jw;NghJ aho;g;ghz r%fj;jpdh;fs; jk;Gs;s re;ijAld; jw;NghJ ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,q;F mth;fSila nghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNj Neuj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rfy tifahd Efh;Tg; nghUl;fspd; tUifAld; fld;%y tpw;gidfs;> Fj;jif> milT itj;jy; Kjypad %yk; tpw;gdTfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. jk;Gs;s re;ijapypUe;J kuf;fwp tiffs; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;wik Nghl;bia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. kWjiyahf cy;yhrg; gpuahzpfshf tUfpd;w “rpwpa nghUl;fSldhd ,e;jpah;fs;” $l kypthd ,e;jpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidia Nkw;nfhs;sy; topahf epiy epWtg;gl;Ls;s tpahghhpfSf;F Nghl;bia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

4. r%f rdj;njhifapay; epiyik ml;ltiz 100: mbg;gil r%f rdj;njhifapay; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> aho;g;ghz khtl;lk;

Fz ,ay;G tptuzk; N = 583882 ghy; Mz; 46.3%

ngz; 53.7%

taJ 14 tajpw;Fk; Fiwthdth;fs; 24.8%

14 ,y; ,Ue;J 59 taJ 44.9%



144

60 tajpw;Fk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJk; cilath;fs; 39.2%

,dk; rpq;fsth;fs; 0.4%

,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fs; 98.9%

,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fs; 0.3%

,yq;if K];ypk;fs; 0.4%

N = 138,000 FLk;gq;fspd; jiyth;fs;

Mz; 76.2%

ngz; 23.8%

N = 38,000 FLk;gq;fspd; ngz; jiyth;fs;

39 tajpw;Fk; Fiwthd taJilath;fs; 15.9%

40 taJk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJk; cilath;fs; 84.1%

tWik epiy jiyf;Fhpa Rl;nlz; 8.3%

rhjhuz tWik epiyf;Fk; fPo;g;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s FLk;gq;fs;

6.6%

r%f rdj;njhifapay; epiyik: tlkhfhzk; 1>061>315 Ml;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J 2012 Mk; Mz;bd; Fbrdj; njhif kjpg;gPl;by; cs;s ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhifapd; 5.4 E}w;WtPjkhFk;1. aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhifapy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh;fs; ,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fs; Mth;. (98.9%) aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 583>882 egh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; 47% Mz;fshth; vd;gJld; 53% ngz;fs; Mth;. ,r;rdj;njhif ,e;ehl;bd; 2.9% MFk;. 1981 ,ypUe;J 2012Mk; Mz;L tiu cs;s fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghz khtl;lKk; kd;dhh; khtl;lKk; KiwNa vjph;kiwahd tsh;r;rp tPjq;fshfpa - 0.7 tPjj;ijAk; - 02 tPjj;ijAk; fhz;gpj;Js;sd. ,jw;F khwhf tTdpah khtl;;lj;jpy; tUle;NjhWk; 2 tPjj;jpdhy; rdj;njhif mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. ,JNt ,e;ehl;bd; rfy khtl;lq;fspYKs;s mjp$ba tsh;r;rp tPjkhFk;. rJu fpNyh kPw;wh; xd;Wf;F 1981 Mk; Mz;bypUe;j 401 egh;fspypUe;J jw;NghJ 629 egh;fshf mjpfhpj;j rdj;njhif mlh;j;jp aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;sJ. aho;g;ghzk; tTdpah Mfpa ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk; efu rdj;njhifahdJ khtl;lj;jpd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapd; 20 tPjj;jpw;Fk; $LjyhdjhFk;. fpspnehr;rp kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lq;fs; efu rdj;njhif vjidAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. tTdpahtpypUe;;J aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F Gyg;ngah;Tk;$l ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. gps;isfspd; E}w;WtPjk; (15 ,w;Fk; Fiwthd taJilath;fs;)Vwj;jhs 24.8 MfTs;s Ntisapy; njhopy;GhpAk; taJ (15 ,ypUe;J 59 taJ tiu) cilath;fs; 60.2 E}w;WtPjj;jpdh;fshfTk; KjpNahh;fspd; rdj;njhif (60 taJk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJk; cilath;fs;) kPjp 15.1 E}w;WtPjj;jpdh;fs; Mth;). 1njhif kjpg;G > Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsk; (2015) rdj;njhifapd; Gs;sptpgutpaYk; tPlikg;Gk; 2012

FLk;gj; jiyth;fshfTs;s 138>000 Ngh;fspy; 105>000 (76.2%) egh;fs; Mz;fSk; kPjp 33>000 Ngh;fs; (23.8%) ngz;fSkhth;. ,j;njhFjpapd; 15.9 E}w;W tPjj;jpdh;fs; tajpy; 39 taJilath;fshf my;yJ mijtplf; Fiwe;j taJilath;fshfTk; kPjp 84.1% egh;fs; 40 taJilath;fshf my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJilath;fshftpUf;fpd;wdh;. aho;g;ghz efukhdJ 90>656 egh;fisf; nfhz;l tjpTr; rdj;njhifAilajhfTs;sJ. ,J ,e;Jf;fisAk; (fpl;lj;jl;l 60 %) fpwpj;jth;fisAk; (fpl;lj;jl;l 35 %) nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJld; Vwj;jhs 200>000 kf;fs; ,e;efuj;jpw;Fj; jpde;NjhWk; tUfpd;wdh;2.



145

tlkhfhzk; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j r%f rdj;njhifj; Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,k;khfhzk; Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L kPs; FbNaw;wg;gl;Ls;s ,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fisAk; Rakhf kPs; FbNawpa Etnuypah khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j tk;rhtsp ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; FbNawpa egh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 97>052 MFk; vd;gJld; ,J 31>188 FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r; r%fk; %d;W njhFjpapdh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. me;j tpguq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: cs;sfhPjpahf kPsf; Fbakh;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; (39>413) ntspehLfspypUe;J jpUk;gpte;J kPsf; Fbakh;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; (2>267) kw;Wk; Jg;guthf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; kPsf; Fbakh;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; (55>372) mj;Jld; eyd;Ghp epiyaq;fspy; ,d;Dk; Fbakh;j;jg;glhky; vQ;rpAs;s 4>240 egh;fs; cs;sdh;3. ,th;fspy; Vwj;jhs 4>000 FLk;gq;fisr; Nrh;e;j Vwj;jhs 15>000 egh;fs; aho;g;ghzk; gpuNjr nrayfg; gphptpy; trpf;fpd;wdh;. 1981Mk; 2015Mk; Mz;Lfspd; njhifkjpg;Gfspy; tTdpah khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhif Mz;LNjhWk; 2 tPjj;jpdhy; mjpfhpj;Js;s ; Ntisapy; aho;g;ghzk; khtl;lk; 0.74 tPj vjph;kiwahd tsh;r;rp tPjj;ijg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. Nghh;fSk; mtw;wpd; gpd;epfo;TfSk; tlf;fpd; rdj;njhifapy; tphpthd tPo;r;rpia> kuzq;fSk; cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspthh; Gyg;ngah;TfSk; epfo;e;j NghjpYk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gijAk; vy;hPhP< ,af;fk; njhlh;gpyhd kuzq;fspd; mNef egh;fspd; kuzq;fs; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; gjtpazpfisr; Nrh;e;j egh;fs; ciladthfTk; vy;hPhP< apdhy; td;dpg;gpuNjrj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fspDiladthfTk; ,Ue;jd5. td;dp khtl;lq;fspypUe;J aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpw;Fs; Gyg;ngah;Tk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. 5. fy;tp fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mNefkhf xU ghuk;ghpa tplakhf ,Ue;jJ. aho;g;ghz kf;fs; 1816Mk; Mz;bypUe;J kUj;Jtg; ghlrhiyfisAk; trjpfisAk; cs;slf;fp mnkhpf;f kprdhpfs; ghlrhiyfisj; jpwe;J fhyzpj;Jt fhyj;jpypUe;J fy;tp tha;g;GfSf;Fg; ghhpa mstpy; mDruiz toq;fpAs;sdh;. aho;g;ghz khefu rigapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf kpfg; gpe;jpa jfty;fspd;gb jw;NghJ 108 Mrphpah;fspd; topfhl;ly;fspd; fPo; 2>160 efur; rpWth;fs; 54 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Muk;g ghlrhiyfspy; gbf;fpd;wdh;. efuj;jpy; cs;s 51,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfs; 29>216 khzth;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. jw;NghJ aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; 3 Njrpag; ghlrhiyfSk; 17 khfhzg; ghlrhiyfSk; 3 jdpahh; ghlrhiyfSk; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; 5 ghlrhiyfs;; Mz;fs; ghlrhiyfSk; 5 ngz;fs; ghlrhiyfSk; 13 fytd; ghlrhiyfSk; MFk;. aho;g;ghzg;; gy;fiyf;fofk; gl;lg;gbg;G> gpd;gl;lg;gbg;Gg; gl;lq;fisAk;> bg;Nshkh fy;tp newpfisAk; toq;Ffpd;w mNj Ntisapy; tTdpah tshfk; gl;lg; gbg;G gl;lepfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisAk; bg;Nshkh fy;tp newpfisAk; toq;fp tUfpd;wd. aho;g;ghz khtl;lk; 130>380 khzth;fSld; 505 ghlrhiyfisAk; (,tw;wpd; 445 ghlrhiyfs; njhopw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gJld>; 176 khzth;fSf;F – XU Mrphpah; vd;w tpfpjj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. fpwp];jt kjg; gug;gy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Mq;fpyk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l xy;yhe;jh; fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghz khtl;lk; Nkw;Fyf tiff; fy;tpf;Fj; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. gphpj;jhdpah;fspd; fhyg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpyj;jpyhd fy;tp Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kiwapy; tpuptile;Js;sJ. tlkhfhzj;jpy; 1816Mk; Mz;by; mnkhpf;f kprdhpkhh;fs; ,ytrf; fy;tp epiyaq;fisj; jpwe;Js;sdh;. mth;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nkw;Fyf kUj;Jtg; ghlrhiynahd;iwAk; epWtpAs;sdh;. ,aw;ifNahL Nrh;e;j fpwp];jtj;Jf;fhd khw;Wif gue;j mstpy; ,lk;ngw;wJld>;; ,J Mq;fpyf; fy;tpf;fhd ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F ,e;Jf;fsplkpUe;jhd kpfg; gue;j kPs;nraw;ghl;Lld;; nraw;gLtjw;F toptFj;Js;sJ. ,e;J kjj;jth;fs; r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfisj; jsh;j;jpj; jhuhskhd fUj;Jf;fisg; g+h; GFj;jpAs;sdh;. tpjpKiwahd fy;tpia kf;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.



146

6. Gfyplkhf tPlikg;G

Gfyplkhf tPlikg;G vd;gJ r%f me;j];ijAk; fyhrhug; ngWkjpfisAk; $l gpujpgypf;fpd;w Xu; mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;. mNef tPLfs; FLk;gnkhd;wpd; cWg;gpdu;fspdhy; cilikahf itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l fl;likg;GfshFk;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tPlikg;G mlu;j;jp cau;thdjhFk;. efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigapd; $w;wpd;gb aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; tPlikg;G gw;whf;Fiw 5.8 rjtPjkhFk; vd;gJld; XusT epue;jukhd tPLfSk; jw;fhypf tPLfSk; KiwNa 18 rjtPjKk; 13 rjtPjKk; MFk;. aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gpuNjrr; nrayhsu; gpuptpw;Fs; tUk; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j tPlikg;Gj; njhFjp14265 myFfshFk;. ,jpy; 11049 myFfs; (77%) epue;jukhd fl;likg;GfshFk;. 1>523 myFfs; XusT epue;jukhd myFfshFnkd;gJld; (11%) 505(45) FbirfSk; 1>191 (8%) jw;fhypf fl;likg;GfSk; cs;sd. twpa epiyikapYk; tPLfs; cs;sd. Fwpg;ghf twpa kf;fs; tjpfpd;w flw;fiu ,lg;gug;Gfs; cs;sd vd;gJld; ,k;kf;fs; gpujhdkhf kPd;gpbj;njhopy; %yk; rPtpak; elhj;Jfpd;wdu;. vdNt Fiwe;j tUkhdj;njhFjpapdu;fshfpa ,k;kf;fSf;F tPlikg;G vd;gJ Xu; fupridf;Fupa tplakhfTs;sJ.

7. tPjpfSk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk;

aho;g;ghz tPjpfspd; tiyaikg;G xd;wpd; %yKk; Giftz;bg; ghijnahd;wpd;

%yKk; ,e;ehl;bd; gpujhd efuq;fSlDk; re;ij ikaq;fSlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayhsu; gpupthdJ 35.15 fpNyh kPw;wH; tPjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;tPjpfspy; 17.23 fpNyh kPw;wH ‘A’ tFg;G tPjpfSk; 10.44 fpNyh kPw;wH; ‘B’ tFg;G tPjpfSk; kPjp fpNyh kPw;wH J}uk; ‘C’ tFg;G tPjpfSkhFk;. 2aho;g;ghzk; khefu rigapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l jfty; 3khtl;lr; nrayfk;> aho;;g;ghzk; (2015)> Gs;sptpguf; ife;E}y; - 2015 aho;g;ghzk; khtl;lk ; 4njhif kjpg;G> Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk; (2015)> rdj;njhifapd; Gs;sptpguk; 2012 – Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; 5fyhepjp eNue;jpud; uh[rpq;fk; (2012> “NghUf;Fg; gpd;duhd tlkhfhzk;; cz;ik tplaq;fSk; fw;gidfSk;> 2012 khu;r; 27 Mk; jpfjpay; mDg;gg;gl;lJ. http:obsjeyaraj.com/dbsarcives/5101

6khtl;l nrayfk; (2015 Gs;sptpguf; ife;E}y; 2015 aho;g;ghz; khtl;lk;

8. tWik

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,e;j efukhdJ fopT ePiuAk; jpz;kf; fopTfisAk; khriljiyAk; Kd;Dhpik tplakhff; ifahs Ntz;bAs;sikiag; gw;wp kf;fSk; gq;Fjhuh;fSk; jPtpukhf czh;e;Js;sdh;. ,J Vnddpy; ,e;j tplakhdJ Fb ePhpy; gw;wPwpahj; njhw;wpdhy; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjdhyhFk;. jw;NghJ mNef kio ePiu



153

itj;jpUf;Fk; Fsq;fs; fopT ePiu mfw;Wk;; ,lq;fshf cs;sd. ,e;j ,lq;fspy; jpz;kf; fopTfSk; kpjf;ff;$ba nghUl;fSk; gbT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf fopT ePh;g;ghijf; kio ;ePh; fhy;tha;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;Fsq;fs; Mokhf;fg;gl;L kz; mfw;wg;gl;lhy; epyj;jb ePh; gytPdkile;JtpLk;. fpzWfspd; cah; mlh;j;jp ngUksT Gjpa ePh; ,Oj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w fUj;ijAk; juk; kw;Wk; msTg; gpur;rpidiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. fkj;njhopypy; ,urhad cuk; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf epyj;jb ePh; khriljy; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.

,tw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf murpay; ,yl;rpaq;fspYs;s nfhs;ssTg; gpur;rpidfSk; NtWghLfSk; fzf;fpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;L fUj;jpl;l eilKiwg;gLj;jy; xg;gPl;lstpy;epWtduPjpahd clDiog;GlDk; fye;JiuahlYlDk; R%fkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l nghwpKiwfs; %ykhf ifahsg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

16 khtl;lr; nrayfk; (2015) Gs;sptpgutpay; ife;E}y; 2015 aho;g;ghz khtl;lk;.

14. KbTiu

fUj;jpl;lk; xt;nthd;Wk; epjp KjyPL my;yJ njhopEl;gj;jiyaPL kl;Lkky;yhJ; mJ xU r%f eilKiwahFk;. mJ mNef r%f ebfh;fisAk; gq;Fjhuh;fisAk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jfpd;wJ. r%f ghpkhzq;fis vt;tz;zk; fz;lwpe;J r%fuPjpahf cs;slf;fg;glj;jf;f mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fis r%fhPjpahfTk; fyhrhu hPjpahfTk; tWikiaf; Fiwf;fj;jf;fdthf xJf;fPL nra;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp fUj;jpl;l ,lg;gug;gpYs;s kf;fSlDk; njhFjpfSlDk; mDgtq;fSlDk; epWtduPjpahd gq;Fjhuh;fSlDk; gpw ,lq;fspy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa jiyaPLfs; fUj;jpl;lg; gug;Gfspd; Fwpg;gpl;l r%f Rw;W ehlhf;fSf;Fs; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

,izg;G 2 fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;F tpjpfs; 2008



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156

,izg;G 3 fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;gpy; jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; eilKiw

nraw;ghLfs; / eltbf;iffs; tpguzk; / fhuzq;fs; jw;Nghija epiyik

1. 2013 xOq;Ftpjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd mikr;ruit mq;fPfhuk;

jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; jpUj;jpa kPs; FbNaw;wf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G fhzpnfhs;sy;fisAk; my;yJ mj;Jld; kPs; FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;s jz;zspf; nfhLg;gdTfisAk; 2009 xOq;F tpjpfspd;gb epUzapg;gjw;Fkhf fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wf;FOf;fis epWTtjw;F Vw;ghLfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. vdpDk; 2013 xOq;Ftpjpfs; 2008 xOq;Ftpjpfspy; mshtg; glhj el;lq;fspd; njhFjp nahd;iwAk; ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJld; gue;j el;l<l;Lg; nghjpnahd;iw epUzapg;gjw;F vy;iyfis tFf;fpd;wjd; fhuzkhf fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wf;FOit NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fhzp nfhs;sypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F jz;zspf; nfhLg;gdit epUzapg;gjw;F 2013 xOq;Ftpjpfis gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk; jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; mikr;ruitapd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

I.2015 a+d; 24Mk; jpfjpad;W mikr;ruitahdJ jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj; jpl;lj;ij xU “Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lk;” Mfg; gjtpg; ngahpLtjw;Fj; jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ (mikr;ru itg;gj;jpuk; njhlh;G ,y. 15/ 0773/ 614/ 022) II.2015 nrg;nuk;gh; 09Mk; jpfjpad;W fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wf; FOf;fs; fz;bapy; cs;s ,uz;L tPjp mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf epWtg; gl;Ls;sd. (fl;Lf];Njhl;il> klnty;y> jpfz kw;Wk; jh;k mNrhf;fh tPjpf;fUj;jpl;lq;fs;) III. fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s %d;W gpuNjrg; gphpTfspy; %d;W Gwk;ghd fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wf;FOf;fs; njhopw; gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

2. jfty; ntspaply; fUj;jpl;lg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh; fSf;F rfy ,iaGs;s jfty;fSk; ntspaplg; gLfpd;wd. gphpT 2 mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl;lTld; cldbahf jfty; ntspaPL cldbahf Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (jdpg;gl;l jug;gpdh;fsplkpUe;J fhzpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd Nehf;fk;) vd;gJld; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F mth;fSila tUkjpfs; nfhLg;gdT nra;ag;gLk;tiu

rpW Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> rpW mwptpj;jy;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp r%f kWnkhopfisg; ngWtjw;Fk; njhlh;G egh;fisf; fz;lwp tjw;Fkhf r%f ghJfhg;Gf; FO r%f fye;Jiuahly; fis elhj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. i. njhlf;f fye;Jiuahly;fs; eilKiwapy; r%f ghJ fhg;Gf;FO tPl;Lf;F tPL tp[aq;fisAk; Neh;Kf ciuahly;fisAk; elhj;jp



157

,J njhlug;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fsplkpUe;J fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mth;fSila fUj;Jf;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ii. efug; gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpYk; cs;s rfy gq;Fjhuh;fSf;Fk; murpay; jiyth;fSf;Fk; ,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; jfty;fis tpepNahfpj;Js;sJ. iii. fz;b kw;Wk; fhyp efug; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fhf fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpguq;fisf; nfhz;l rpW gpurhuq;fisj; jahhpj;jy;. iv. fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wf;FOtpd; $l;lj;jpw;F Kd;dh; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F fhzp nfhs;sy; eilKiw kw;Wk; el;l<l;L eilKiwfs; njhlh;gpyhd jfty;fis tpepNahfpj;Js;sJ. v. Jau epthuzf; FO gw;wpa jfty;fis fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhz;Ls;sJ. vi. fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;gpyhd jfty;fis mwptpg;gjw;F nghJ Clfq; fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ. rfy jug;gpdh;fSf;Fk; jfty;fisj; njhptpg;gjw;fhf jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghly; jpwKiwiaAk; gphpnthd;iwAk; jahhpg;gjw;F jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. cyf tq;fpapdhy; rhpg;gLj;jg;gl;l kPs; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lKk; SSRfSk; fUj;jpl;l tiyaj; jsj;jpy; nghJ kf;fSf;Fj; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (http://www.defence.lk/SCDP/ban/index.html)

3. nghJ kf;fs; m.fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg; jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgp

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158

fye;Jiuahly;fs; gl;l egh;fSf;F NghjpasT jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sjh vd;gijAk; mth;fs; KO eilKiw gw;wpa mwpit cilath;fshf ,Uf;fpd; whh;fsh vd;gijAk; (M) mth;fSila tplaq;fSk; Jauq;fSk; nrtprha;f;fg; gl;Ls;sdth vd;gijAk; (,) fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gile; jth;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Nkyjpfj; jfty;fSk; cjtpfSk; mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;g ijAk; (<) mth;fSila fUj;Jf;fSk; MNyhrid fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg; ;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gijAk; (c) mth;fSila tplaq;fSk; kdf;ftiyfSk; epthuz eltbf;iff;fhf ,iaGs;s Kfth; epiyaq;fSf;F jpUg;jpfukhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf fUj; jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fs; fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; el;l<l;Lf; nfhLg; gdT eilKiwfs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly; eilKiw ,lk; ngw;w fhyk; KO tjpYk; mjpy; gq;F gw;wpapUe;jdh;.

tpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lkhdJ fUj;jpl;l milahsg;gLj;jy;, fUj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkply;> fUj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F gpw;gl;l kl;lk; Mfpa gy fl;lq;fspy; nghJ kf;fs; fye;Jiuahly; fisAk; gq;Fjhuh;fs; fye;Jiuahly;fisAk; elhj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;l kpl;bUe;jJ. jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lkhdJ jdpegh; fye;Jiuahly;> njhFjpf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; $l;lq;fis elhj;jpAs;sJ. fUj;jpl;l kl;l Jau epth;j;jpf; FOf;fSk; jFe;j Jauq;fis mwptpf;Fk; KiwikAk; xOq;fhd epiyapy; cs;sd.

4. Jau epthuzg; nghwp Kiwapd; epWTif

fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 2 mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; cldbahf kPs; Fbakh;;j;jw; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sthW ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; Jau epthuzf;FOf;fs; epWtg;gl;L mit njhopw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Jau epthuzf;FOf;fspd; tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; gw;wpa rfy jfty;fSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Jau epthuzf;FO cWg;gpdh; fspd; tfpghfq;fSlDk; nghWg;GfSlDk; ehd;F kl;lq;fspy; epthuzg; nghwp KiwfSs; fz;lwpag; gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd: ntspf;fs kl;lk;> fUj;jpl;lg; gq;fhsp Kfth; epiya kl;lj;jpyhd Jau epthuzf; FOf; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpT kl;lj;jpy; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsh; kw;Wk; mikr;rpd; nrayhsh; kl;lj;jpy; Rje;jpu Jauf;FO Mfpad. ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F tha; nkhop %ykhfTk; vOj;jpYk; ,yj;jpudpay; njhlh;ghly; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; %ykhfTk; Kiwg;ghLfisr; rkh;g;gpf;FkhW mwptpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.



159

5. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSlDk; / fhzp nfhs;sy; Kfth; epiyaq;fSlDk; ,izjy;

fUj;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Kfth; epiyaq;fspdhy; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSlDk; gpw ,iaGs;s Kfth; epiyaq;fSlDk; fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; el;l<l;Lf; nfhLg;gdT eilKiwfSlDk; fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; el;l<l;Lf; nfhLg;gdT eilKiwfs; KOtjpYk; ,iztjw;Fk; (m) jfty; ntspapLjy; (M)fUj;jpl;llj;jpdhy; ghjpf; fg;gl;lth;fsJ fye;Jiu ahly; eilKiwapy; <LgLj;Jtjw;Fk; mj;Jld; (,)mwpf;ifapLtjw;Fk; Mtzkag;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhf Xh; mh;g;gzpg;G cj;jpNah fj;jh; epakpf;fg;gLthh;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzpfSf;Fk; fl;likg;GfSf;Fkhd rfy el;l<LfSk; fhzpia cilikahf;fg;gLtjw;FKd; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gLnkd;gJld; mjw;F fhzp nfhs;sy; xOq;F tpjpapd; gpufhukhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdT %yk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6. ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;G fSf;Fk; rPtNdhghaq; fSf;Fk; tUkhdq;fSf; Fkhd el;l<L

kjpg;gPl;L cj;jpNahfj;jh; fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; ngWkhd kjpg;gPL mwpf;if nahd;wpd; mbg;gilapy; me;j mwpf;if fpilj;jTld; cldbahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fspd; fl;likg;G fSf;Fk; rPtNdhghaq; fSf;Fk; tUkhdq;fSf;F khf el;l<L toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd MNyhrid toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; FOtpw;F / epiwNtw;W Kfth; epiyaf; FOtpw;F topfhl;Ltjw;fhd tpiy kjpg;Gj; jpizf; fsj;jpdhy; ngWkhd kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd tpjp Kiwahd tprhuiz fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wf;FOtpdhy; epiwNtw;W Kfth; epiyaf; FOtpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; cjtpf;F fl;llq;fs; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; gjpyPl;Lr; nryT gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; cgfUj;jpl;l epHkhzj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;dh; rfy ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfSf;Fkhd el;l<Lfs; ahtw;iwAk; g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F jpwKiw efuq;fs;> mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; cld;gl;Ls;sJ.

7.ghjpf;fg;gl;l chpj;JWjp itj;jpUg;gth;fSf;F jw;fhypf ,ltrjp

Fhzp nfhs;sy; fhuzkhf jq;fSila tjptplf; fl;likg;Gfis ,of;Fk; fhzp chpj;JWjp itj;jpUg;gth;fSf;F 2013 xOq;F tpjpfspy; tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sjd; gpufhuk; nghUj;jkhd ,ltrjpia thliff;F ngWtjw;F el;l<L

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd jw;fhypf/ khw;W ,ltrjpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;t jw;Fk; Fbakh;j;Jtjw;Fk; Mjuthff; fhzp nfhs;sy; xOq;F tpjpfspd; gpufhuk; mth;fSf;F Vw;Gilj;jhd jw;fhypf ,ltrjpf;Fk; ,lk;ngah;Tf;Fkhd gbfs; Vw;GiladthFk;.



160

toq;fg;gLk;. jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F ,lg;ngah;T ,ltrjpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dh; jq;fSila tjptplq;fis fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F Cf;Ftpg;G toq;Ffpd;wJ. jpwKiw efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf;FO ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;w epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ijg; gpd;njhlUk;. Gjpa tPLfSf;fhd tPl;Lj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tbtikg;GfisAk; jahhpg;gjw;Fk; fhzp nfhs;sYf;fhd mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fk; cjtp toq;Fk;.

8. el;l<l;bw;fhd epjpaq; fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fSf;F KO el;l<Ltoq;Ftjw;fhf fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphptpw;F Neubahf gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf jpiwNrhpaplk; tpNrl mDkjpiaf; NfhUkhW ,t;tikr;rpw;F Nfhhpf;if tpLf;Fk;.

fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpthdJ el;l<l;bw;fhf jpiwNrhpaplkpUe;J epjpaq;fis Neubahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;.

9. fhzpapd; cilikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphpthdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh;fsplkpUe;J fhzpia mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ifaspg; ;gjw;fhd tpUg;gj;ijj; njhptpf;Fk; fbjj;jpy; mth;fSila ifnahg;gj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW MNyhrid toq;fg;gL fpd;wJ. cld;gbf;iff; fbjk; ngUk;ghYk; rhj;jpakhd el;l<l;Lj; njhifiaAk; chpj;JWjpfisAk; cs;slf;fp rfy tptuq;fisAk; nfhz; bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzpf;Fk; fl;likg;GfSf;Fkhd rfy ,og;gPLfSk; fhzp cilikahf;fg;gl Kd;dh; toq;fg;gl;L g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ,J fhzp nfhs;sy; xOq;F tpjpapd; gpufhukhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdtpdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

10. el;l<Lfspd; KOikahd nfhLg;gdT

fhzp nfhs;sy; eilKiwahdJ rhpahd Kiwapy; elhj;jg;gLtjw;F rfy eltbf;iffSk; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdntd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; fz;fhzpj;jiyAk; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg;gphpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

cs;sff; fz;fhzpj;jy;; Kiwik Vw;fdNt epWtg;gl;Ls;sJld; fhzp nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; el;l<L eltbf;iffs; cs;sff; fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtg; gphptpdhy; fz;fhzpf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. fhzp nfhs;sy;> el;l<L kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wk; Mfpatw;iwAk; cs;slf;fp



161

r%f ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf ntspthhp fz;fhzpj;jy; jhgdnkhd;iw epakpg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,izg;G 4 fhzp RtPfupg;G xOq;F tpjpfs; 2013



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163



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169

,izg;G 5 "Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpl;lk;" vd;w tifapy; v];rpBgPf;fhd

mikr;ruitapd; mq;fPfhuk;

,izg;G 6 kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhd gbk mr;Rf;fs;



170

FWf;fg;gl;l kPs;FbNaw;w nray;jpl;lj;jpd; khjpupr; RUf;ff;Fwpg;G

(m) fUj;jpl;l tptuzk;

fUj;jpl;l miktplj;ijAk; mjd; mk;rq;fisAk; fz;lwpjy;;.

(M) ,lk;ngaHe;j egHfspd; njhifkjpg;G msitAk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kjpg;gPLk;

Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gl;l cgfUj;jpl;lk;> ,of;fg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tPLfspypUe;J my;yJ rPtNdhghaq;fspypUe;J ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; kw;Wk; gjpyPl;Lr; nryit epHzapg;gjw;fhf el;lq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tjpy; gad;gLj;jg;glTs;s Kiwapay;.

(,) rl;l kw;Wk; xOq;FWj;jy; fl;likg;G

Kf;fpakhd Njrpa nfhs;sy;> el;l<L> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; ed;nfhilaspj;jy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; chpj;Jhpikfis tpthpj;jy;;. vt;tz;zk; RNar;iray;yhj kPs;FbNaw;wk; kPjhd Njrpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpf; nfhs;iffs; va;jg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.

(<) toq;fg;glTs;s jFjp> el;l<l;bdJk; gpw kPs;FbNaw;w cjtpadJk; tptuzk;.

jFjpAila ,lk;ngaHe;j egHfspd; tFjp xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjtp toq;Fk; el;l<l;Lg; nghjpfs;> gpwFbNaw;w eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; gpwcjtpfspd; nghjpfisg; gw;wp tpthpj;jy;;.

(c); MNyhridfs; ehly;

RNar;iraw;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; kPjhd Njrpa nfhs;is kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp ghJfhg;G Njitg;ghLfspd; Nehf;fpy; MNyhridfs; ehly;; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wjy; ciuahly; gw;wp ciuahLjy;;.

(C) Jauepthuzj;jpw;fhd eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiwfSf;fhd epWtdhPjpahd nghWg;G

kPs;FbNaw;wk;> GdHtho;tspg;G Mfpatw;wpd; jpl;lkply;> ,zf;fg;Ngr;R> elhj;Jjy;> fye;Jiuahly;> mq;fPfhukspj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> Jau epthuzkspj;jy;> epjpaspj;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy; Mfpatw;wpd; gpujhd rpwg;Gg; gzpfisAk; nghWg;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;;.

(v) fz;fhzpj;jYf;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;Fkhd xOq;Ffs;

fz;fhzpj;jYf;Fk; kjpg;gpLjYf;Fkhd xOq;Ffisf; Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;

(V) Neu ml;ltizAk; tuT nryTj;jpl;lKk;;

jahhpj;jypypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy; tiuahd rfy kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffisAk; cs;slf;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jy; ml;ltiznahd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;

kPs;FbNaw;w nray;jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fj;jpd; khjphpr; RUf;ff; Fwpg;G

(m) fUj;jpl;l tpguzk;



171

glj;Jld; fUj;jpl;l miktplj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;

glq;fSld; kPs;FbNaw;wj;ij cUthf;Fk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdJk; epuy; fUj;jpl;l Mf;ff; $WfspdJk; nghJ tpguzk;.

kPsFbNaw;wj;ijj; jtpHg;gj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l khw;W toptiffis tpghpf;fTk; (tbtikg;Gf; fl;lj;jpy; VjhtJ ,Uf;Fkplj;J)

kPs;FbNaw;w nray; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tpsf;Fjy;

(M) r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPL

tphpthd mstPl;L msit> r%f nghUshjhu msit> rdj;njhifj; juTr; Nrfhpg;G Mfpatw;iwr; nra;J ngz;fs;> ngz;fspdhy; jiyikj;Jtk; tfpf;fg;gLk; FLk;gq;fs;> KjpNahHfs; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdHfs; Nghd;w gytPdkhd egHfisAk; cs;slf;fp rfykl;lq;fspYKs;s gytPdkhdtHfspd; gjpNtL xd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;

ngsjPf jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa nghUl;gl;banyhd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;

ghy; jhf;fq;fs;.

jpl;lkply; eltbf;iffspd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj jpl;lkply; eilKiwapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfSldhd fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wjy;.

r%f nghUshjhu mbj;jsk; (r%f kjpg;gPl;il ngUkstpy; efyhff; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJk; Mdhy; cldbahf fUj;jpl;lg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s r%fq;fis Ftpikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sJkhdJ).

(,) rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;Gfs;

fhzp clikapd; Ml;rp> nrhj;Jfs; kw;Wk; el;lq;fspd; ngWkjp> el;l<L kw;Wk; r%f eyNdhk;gy; rl;lthf;fk; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Vw;Gilj;jhd rl;l kw;Wk; epHthf eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; ,iaGs;s rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw (fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lk;> RNar;iray;yhj kPs;FbNaw;wk; kPjhd Njrpa nfhs;if ghJfhg;Gfs;).

kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffis edlKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghWg;ghfTs;s KftH epiyaq;fs; njhlHgpyhd rl;lq;fSk; xOq;FtpjpfSk;.

cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp ghJfhg;GfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhd nghwpKiwfs;.

,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffspd; tpisgaDs;s eilKiwg; gLj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; VNjDk; rl;l eltbf;iffs;.

(<) toq;fg;glTs;s jFjp> el;l<l;bd; tpguzk; kw;Wk; gpw kPs;FbNaw;w cjtp

ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfspdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glTs;s cs;shHe;j el;lq;fSf;fhd jFjpiaAk; chpj;JhpikfisAk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;;.

kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if fl;likg;gpd; chpj;JUnjhFjpapd; Nehf;fpy; chpj;JWjpj; njhFjpiaj; jahhpf;fTk;.

el;lq;fspd; gjpyPl;L nryit epHzapg;gjw;fhf el;lq;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;glTs;s Kiwapay;.

cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gl;l el;l<l;bd; tiffspdJk; kl;lq;fspdJk; kw;Wk; ,of;fg;gl;l nrhj;Jfspd; gjpyPl;Lr; nryit va;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd Jiz eltbf;iffspdJk; tpguzk;.

el;l<L kw;Wk; gpw kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffspd; nghjpfs; gw;wpanthU tpguzk;.

(c) fye;JiuahlYk; kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WjYk;



172

jpl;lkply; fl;lj;jpypUe;J njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;ba NjitAs;s fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wjy; eilKiwia tpthpj;jy;.

(C) tHj;jff; filfs; kw;Wk; tjptplf; FbakHj;jy;fspd; kPsmkHT nra;jy; (Vw;Gilj;jhdjhf,Uf;Fkplj;J)

ghjpf;fg;gl;legHfspd; cjtpAlDk; gq;Fgw;WjYlDk; kPs;mkHtpl tpUg;Ghpikj; njhpTfSk; miktplj; njhpTfSk; nra;ag;gLjy;.

(v) tUkhdj;ij kPl;nlLj;jy; jpwKiwfs;

Mgj;jhd epiyapy; tUkhdj;ijAk; rPtNdhghaq;fisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

tUkhd kPl;G> GdHtho;tspg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj; jpwKiw.

rPtNdhghaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,isQHfSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; VidNahHfSf;Fk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfis Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;.

(V) epWtdhPjpahd fl;likg;Gk; Jauq;fSf;fhd epthuzkspj;jYk;

kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;Fk; Nritfs; toq;Ftjw;Fk; nghWg;ghd KftH epiyaq;fis fz;lwpjiyAk; cs;slf;fp kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijAk; Jauq;fSf;fhd mikg;GfisAk;; fz;lwpjy;. mj;Jld; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s KftH epiyaq;fSf;Fk; epahahjpf;fq;fSf;FkpilNa jFe;j $l;bizg;gpw;fhd xOq;Ffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jy;; ,j;Jld; Nkyjpfkhf kPs;FbNaw;w nraw;ghLfis tbikg;gjw;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd eilKiwg;gLj;jy; KftH epiyaq;fspd; jpwidg; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; VNjDk; eltbf;iffisAk; (njhopEl;g cjtpiaAk; cs;slf;fp) cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

(I) kPs;FbNaw;w tuTnryTj; jpl;lKk; epjpaspj;jYk;

kPs;FbNaw;wr; nryTfs;> tUlhe;j tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; Mfpatw;iw fz;lwptJld; epjpaq;fspd; tpLtpg;gpw;fhd fhyj;ij Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;

epjpaspj;jypd; %yj;ijf; fz;lwpjy;

(x) eilKiwg;gLj;jy; ml;ltid

nghpa kPs;FbNaw;w rpwg;Gg; gzpfSf;fhd Muk;g kw;Wk; G+Hj;jp nra;jy; jpfjpfisf; fhz;gpf;Fk; Neuml;ltiznahd;iw toq;Fjy;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Gjpa kPs;miktplj;jyq;fSf;F ,lk;ngaHe;J nry;tjw;F Kd;dH mtHfSf;F chpj;Jhpikfs; vt;tz;zk; toq;fg;gLnkd;gijf; fhz;gpj;jy;; (Vw;Gilj;jhdjhftpUf;Fkplj;J).

(X) fz;fhzpj;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;

epjp kw;Wk; ngsjpf kPs;FbNaw;w Fwpapyf;Ffspd; cs;sff; fz;fhzpg;ig nra;tjw;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Fwp;fhl;bfisf; Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;

ntspthhp fz;fhzpj;jYf;fhd Vw;ghLfSld; kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;

fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gplLjypy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egHfspd; gq;fspg;ig Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;



173

,izg;G 7 r%f Nrhjidf;fhd gbtk;

m) cg fUj;jpl;l tpguk;:

1. cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fr; RUf;fkhd Xu; mwpKfj;ijAk; mjd; Nehf;fq;fisAk;; mjd; ed;ikfisAk; jUf.

2. jw;NghJs;s trjpfs;gw;wpa epiyikfs; kw;Wk; trjp tha;g;Gld;$ba cj;Njr rptpy; Ntiyfs; tpguk;

3. Ntiyia tpgupf;Fk;nghUl;L> njupTnra;ag;gl;l gzpaplj;jpd; fpilf;ff;$ba tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; cj;Njr eltbf;iffs;

4. ,J ,Uf;Fk; trjpfSf;F Kw;wpYkhd xU Gduikg;gh my;yJ Gjpa Ntiyfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhdjh?

5. ,t;Tg fUj;jpl;lk; SCDPapd;fPo; epjpaplg;glhj NtW eltbf;ifNahL neUq;fpa njhlu;Gilajh?

6. ,t;Tg fUj;jpl;lk; Ntiyj;jyj;jpw;F mg;ghyhd VJk; njhlh;Gila jhf;fk;/nraw;ghl;ilr; rk;ge;jg;gLj;Jfpwjh?

7. G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd fhyk;



174

M) fUj;jpl;l tbtikg;gpd; epahag;gLj;Jif kw;Wk; khw;Wg; gFg;gha;T:

1. cj;Njr nraw;ghLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Vd; mJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ? 2. fUj;jpl;lk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy; vd;d epfOk;? 3. $Ljy; gug;ngy;iyapDs; fUj;jpl;lk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; vd;d epfOk;? 4. vt;tif ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;kl;by; ,g;gpuNjrk; eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;sJ?

(,jw;F tpilaspj;jhy; ed;W) 5. cj;Njr jpl;lk; mdu;j;jq;fSf;F vt;thW jhf;Fg; gpbf;Fk;? (gjpyspg;gJ ed;W). ,) jhf;fg; gpuNjrk;: 1. vq;Nf nraw;ghL ,lk;ngWk;? vjw;$lhf (tha;f;fhy; tPjp> fhy;tha;) mJ fle;J

nry;fpwJ: re;ijfs;> tjptplg; gpuNjrq;fs;> gRk; tay;fs; Kjypad. 2. gzpf;fsj;jpd; RUf;fkhd r%f nghUshjhuj; juTfs; kw;Wk; jhf;fg; gpuNjrk;>

gadhspfs;/ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fs;: tu;j;jfq;fs;> tho;thjhuq;fs; 3. ahnuy;yhk; ed;ikailtu; kw;Wk; jpl;lj;ij tuNtw;gu;? ahu; vjpu;g;gu;? <) r%fj; jhf;f Nrhjid mwpf;if: (fPNo Nfl;fg;gLk; jftiy toq;Fifapy; m)-5 kw;Wk; m)-6 Mfpatw;wpd; gjpy;fisj; jaTnra;J

fUj;jpw;nfhs;f)

RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wj;jhy; epfof;$ba tpisTfs; Mk ; ,y;iy njupahJ tpguq;fs;

VJk; ngsjPf epu;khzpg;G Ntiyia cg fUj;jpl;lk; cs;slf;Fkh?

jw;NghJs;s ngsjPf trjpfspd; juKau;j;jiy my;yJ Gduikg;ig cgfUj;jpl;lk; cs;slf;Fkh?

cg fUj;jpl;lk; VJk; ghjpg;ig my;yJ ,og;ig tPl;bw;F> gpw nrhj;JfSf;F> tsg; gad;ghl;bw;F Vw;gLj;jf;$Lkh?

jpl;lj;jpw;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; tpy;yq;fk; ,y;yhJ murhq;fj;jpd;/khefurigapd; cilikapy; cs;;sjh?

mt;tplk; jdpahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhapd;> mJ nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLkh> my;yJ nfhilahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLkh?

fhzpj;Jz;L RtPfupf;fg;glNtz;bAs;sjhapd;> mjd; cz;ikahd msTk; cupikepiyAk; njupAkh?

jw;NghJs;s fhzpj;Jz;bDs; nghUs;fspd; efu; Tf;Fk; my;yJ rptpy; Ntiyfspd; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk; Njitahd ,lk; cs;sjh?

rptpy; Ntiyf;fhd cj;Njr jsj;jpy; fhzp cupj;jw;w ahUk; trpf;fpd;wduh/my;yJ tu;j;jfk; nra;fpd;wduh?

tptrhaf; fhzpfSf;F> gapu;fSf;F> kuq;fSf;F ,og;G/ghjpg;G ,Uf;Fkh?

tUkhdq;fSk; tho;thjhuq;fSk; ,of;fg;gLkh?



175

trjpfs;> Nritfs; my;yJ ,aw;if tsq;fSf;fhd mZF topia epue;jukhf my;yJ jw;fhypfkhf kf;fs; ,og;guh?

efu cs;s+uhl;rp rig fhzpr; RtPfupg;gpw;Fj; jdf;Nf Aupa eilKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sjh?

,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; Kd;dUk; fhzpr;rtPfupg;G ,lk; ngw;Ws;sjh?

RNjr kf;fs; ahuhtJ ghjpf;fg;gl;lduh? ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhzp/fl;likg;G cupikahsu;fs; jkJ fhzp/fl;likg;gpd; 10% f;Fk; Fiwthd gq;if ,of;fNtz;b tUkh?

mt;thwhapd;> ,f; fhzp/fl;likg;G cupikahsu;fs;; Njitg;gLk; fhzpia ,t;Tg fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf ed;nfhilahf toq;f tpUk;Gfpd;wduh?

jf fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; jw;fhypf jhf;fk; VJk; epfOkh?

c) Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l jhf;fq;fspd; kjpg;gPL

cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpd; $Wfs; fhzp Jg;GuT nra;jy;

kz; Ntiy

ghyq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw fl;Lkhdq;fis epu;khzpj;jy;

Njitg;gLk; jdpahu; fhzp (r. kP.) 10% f;Fk; mjpfkhd gug;ig ,of;Fk; fhzp cupikahsu;fs; vz;zpf;if

Njitg;gLk; mur fhzp (r. kP.) Njitg;gLk; tdf; fhzp (r. kP.) ghjpf;fg;gLk; tPLfspd; vz;zpf;if ghjpf;fg;gLk; filfspd; vz;zpf;if ghjpf;fg;gLk; gpw fl;llq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ghjpf;fg;gLk; mku;e;jpUg;Nghupd; vz;zpf;if ghjpf;fg;gLk; nghJ trjpfs;

C) ghjpf;fg;gLk; egu;fs; gw;wpa jfty;

cg fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba tPLfspd; vz;zpf;ifgw;wp VJk; kjpg;gPL cz;lh?

[ ],y;iy. [ ]Mk;. Mnkdpy;. mz;zsthf vj;jid Ngu;?

cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;nfhz;l jkJ nrhj;Jf;fspd; 10%f;Fk; Fiwthdij ,of;Fk; tPLfspd; vz;zpf;if:



176

o fhzp/khl;Lg; gl;b /filfs;

cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;nfhz;l jkJ nrhj;Jf;fspd; 10%f;Fk; mjpfkhdij ,of;Fk; tPLfspd; vz;zpf;if:

v) tFjpg;gLj;jy; kPjhd jPu;khdk; Nkw;fz;l gjpy;fis kPsha;T nra;jgpd;du; cg fUj;jpl;lkhdJ gpd;tUkhW tFjpg;

gLj;jg;gLfpwJ: [ ] KOikahd kPs;FbNaw;wk; Njitg;gLk; 'A” fUj;jpl;lkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

[ ] RUf;fkhd kPs;FbNaw;wk; Njitg;gLk; 'B” fUj;jpl;lkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

[ ] RP ,d;wp> cupa ftd mwpf;if kl;Lk; Njitg;gLfpw 'C” fUj;jpl;lkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s VJk; FLk;gq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth?

[ ],y;iy. [ ]Mk;. Mnkdpy;> kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAld; mtu;fspd; epiyikia tpsf;Ff.

,f; fUj;jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; eypTw;w epiyapy; cs;s kf;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd NjitfSk; Kd;DupikfSk; vit?

Nrhjid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; MNyhrfu; nraw;gLj;J Kftupd; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l mYtyu;

jpfjp: jpfjp: mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ gpujp fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; /(r%f)> SCDP

mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; /SCDP



177

,izg;G 8 PMU tpd; gzp kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd; gug;ngy;iy 1) jpl;lkply;: xt;nthU PPAAk; jkJ ghu;itapd;fPo; tUk; cgfUj;jpl;l eltbf;if fSf;fhd nraw;gLj;Jifj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahu; nra;Ak;. PMU mij xUq;fpizg;Gr;nra;J> ,Wjpahd tpupthd nraw;gLj;Jifj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahu; nra;Ak;. 2) fUj;jpl;l xUq;fpizg;G: midj;Jg; gq;Fgw;Wdu;fisAk; RKfkhd xU gzpf;FOthf xUq;fpizj;jy;. 3) gzpahl;nlhFjpia mikj;jy;: PMUTf;Fk; PPAf;Fk; Njitahd gzpahl;nlhFjpf;F Ml;Nru;j;jy;. MNyhrfu;fs; Nghd;w rpy gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu; mur kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp eilKiwfspd; gpufhuk; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;. 4) nfhs; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;; PMU gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu;f;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;. 5) fUj;jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jif: ngsjPf kw;Wk; epjprhu; Kfhikj;Jtk; cs;spl;l fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffis Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;. 6) fUj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;Lg;ghL: nryT> Ntiy epuy; kw;Wk; njhopEl;gr; nrayhw;Wiff; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; eilKiwfisr; rl;lfg;gLj;jy;. PMU kw;Wk; PPAfspd; gzpahl;nlhFjpapdu;f;Fr; nraw;gLj;Jif topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fjy; 7) Kfhikj;Jtj; jfty; Kiwik: ngsjPf kw;Wk; epjprhu; tsu;r;rpapidg; gpd;njhlu;e;J Muha Kfhikj;Jtj; jfty; Kiwiknahd;iw epWTTjy;. 8) gpizg;Gfs;: fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jifapy; <LgLk; Vida Kftu; mikg;GfSld; Clhb xj;Jiog;gjw;fhd eilKiwfis epWTjy;. 9) epjprhu; Kfhikj;Jtk;: gaDWjpahd epjprhu; fz;fhzpg;G Kiwiknahd;iw epWtpg; NgZtjd;%yk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffSf;F kl;LNk epjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij cWjp nra;J> fUj;jpl;l epjpfspd; gpupj;Jf; nfhLg;ig Kfhik nra;jy;. cuj;Jupikf; nfhLg;gdTfSf;fhd epjpfis cupa fhyj;jpy; xJf;fPL nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;jy;. gpupj;Jf; nfhLg;gpd;nghUl;L> itg;gpypUe;J kPsg;ngWjw;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fisj; jahupj;J cyf tq;fpf;F rku;g;gpj;jy;. 10. fz;fhzppj;jy;: ,dq;fhzf;$ba fhl;bfisf;nfhz;L fUj;jpl;l eltbf;iffisf; fz;fhzpj;jy; 11. ghy;epiy mf;fiw: ghy;epiy mf;fiwiar; nraw;gLj;j jpl;lnkhd;iw tpUj;jpnra;jy;. 12. $l;L cld;gbf;iffs;: cyf tq;fpAldhd cld;gbf;iffspd; midj;Jj; Njitg;ghLfSf;Fk; $l;L cld;gbf;iffSf;Fk; mike;njhOFtij cWjpg;gLj;jy;. 13. nrytpNyh> fhyj;jpNyh vy;iy kPwhjpUj;jy;: fUj;jpl;lkhdJ nrytpNyh> fhyj;jpNyh vy;iy kPwhJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;jy;. 14. ,ilA+Wfis mfw;wy;: ru;r;irfs;> gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhzYk; jPu;j;jYk;. 15. mwpf;ifaply;: Njitg;gLk; fhyf;fpuk mwpf;iffis EA, NPSC, SCDF kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jy;. 16. xUq;fpizg;G: gh.e.fspd; tUkhdj;ijAk; tho;f;ifj;juj;ijAk; kPl;nlLf;Fk;/ Kd;Ndw;Wk;nghUl;L> njhlu;Gila Kftu; mikg;GfSld; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;jy;.



178

17. kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jy;: GRCfs; cl;gl midj;J kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; rhjdq;fspdJk; eltbf;iffis xUq;fpizj;jy;



179

,izg;G 9 Kf;fpa mjpfhupfspd; jifikfSk; gpujhd ,LgzpfSk;

gjtpAk; jifikAk; ,Lgzpfs; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu;: ve;jputpaypYk; Kfhikj;J tj;jpYk; Xu; cau; kl;lj;Jldhd xU rpNu];~;l epHthf mYtyu;

fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd xl;Lnkhj;jj; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; toq;Fk; nghWg;G IGP iaf; $l;Ljy;; gq;Fgw;WdH muq;ifAk; topfhl;lw; FOf; $l;lq;fisAk; $l;Ljy>;; vOk; ru;r;irfSf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; gjpyspj;J> r%f Kfhikj;Jtg; gpupTf;F topfhl;lYlDk; fz;fhzpg;GlDk; jiyik jhq;Fjy;. MNyhrfu;fis thliff;fku;j;jy;> r%f Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd gzpahl;nlhFjpiaAk; tsq;fisAk; xJf;fPL nra;jy;. fhg;gPl;L mike;njhOfy; Fwpj;J murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; tq;fpf;Fk; mwpf;ifaply;.

gpujp fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg; ghsu; (r%f): Ie;J tUl Jiwrhu; mDgtq;nfhz;l njhopy; thz;ikAk;> r%f tpaypy; my;yJ njhlu;GW Jiwapy; Xu; gl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;ltu;

Njitg;gbd;> ntsp MNyhrfu;fspd; cjtpAld;> r%f Nrhjid> r%fj; jhf;f kjpg;gPL Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;>

MNyhrfu;fspd; cjtpAld; RAPfisj; jahupj;jy;> r%f Nrhjidia Mjupj;jy;> jhf;fq;fis tFjp nra;jy;> SIA

kw;Wk; RAPfisg; gupe;Jiuj;jy; cs;sff; fz;fhzpg;G> Mtzg;gLj;jy; MNyhrfu;fis Kfhik nra;jy; ntspf; fz;fhzpg;ig ,yFgLj;jy; kw;Wk; tUlhe;j r%ff;

fhg;gPl;il kPsha;T nra;jy; kPs; ,ltikTfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLKd; RPF,d;gpufhuk; eypTw;w

epiy tPLfSf;fhd gupfhu kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij jpl;lkply;

ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jitj;jy; tpopg;Gzu;ntOg;Gk; eltbf;iffSf;fhf IEC nghUl;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy; cgfUj;jpl;l kl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;;Wk; SDOfs; kw;Wk; CDO

fis njhopEl;g topfhl;lYld; Kd; elj;jpr; nry;yy; kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jiy PMU kl;lj;jpy; Mtzg;gLj;jy; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis elhj;Jjy;

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsH/r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;fs;: efu r%ftpay; ghlj;jpy; KJkhzpg; gl;lj;Jld;> jpl;lkply; khDlg; Gtp apay;> mgptpUj;jpf; fw;if fs; r%fg; gzp kw;Wk; r%ftpaypy; my;yJ njhlu;ghd Jiwapy; 3 tUl mDgtk;.

r%f Nrhjidapy; cjTjy;> njhif kjpg;gPl;ilAk; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;ilAk; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;sy;

ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jitj;jy; RR rptpy; NtiyAld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gLtij cWjpnra;jy; RAP apd; jpl;lkpliyAk; nraw;gLj;jiyAk; fz;fhzpj;jy; gh. e. fspd; kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jypy; cjTjy; cgfUj;jpl;l kl;lj;jpy; r%f eltbf;iffisf; fz;fhzpj;jy; tpopg;Gzu;ntOg;Gk; eltbf;iffSf;fhf IEC nghUl;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy; kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jiy PPA kl;lj;jpy; Mtzg;gLj;jy;

r%f mgptpUj;jp mYtyu;: r%fg;gzpapy; 5 tUl mDgtk; nfhz;l xU gl;ljhup

kf;fSf;fhf> CBOfSf;fhf kw;Wk; r%ff; fhg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F Mjutspf;Fk; Vida Kftu;fSf;fhf tpopg;Gzu;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis elhj;Jjy;

gq;Fgw;WdH kj;jpapy;> Fwpg;ghf gh.e.fs; kj;jpapy; r%ff; fhg;gPLfs; njhlu;ghd jftiyg; gug;Gjy;

cupj;Jupik tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd xOq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kPs;FbNaw;w eltbf;iffspy; gh.e.fSf;F cjTk;nghUl;L>



180

MNyhrfu;fs;> CBOfs; kw;Wk; Nrit toq;Feu;fSld; xUq; fpizg;ig Nkw;nfhs;sy;

gh.e.fspd; kdf;Fiw jPu;j;jy; fUj;jpl;l nraw;gLj;Jif njhlu;gpyhd juTfisg; gjpT

nra;jy; kw;Wk; PPAf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jy; cs;sf; fz;fhzpg;ig ,yFgLj;jy;, cgfUj;jpl;lj; jdpaiwapy; njhlu;G mYtyuhfr; nraw;gly;

MNyhrfu;: ,tu; ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l r%f mgptpUj;jpj; njhopy; thz;ikahsuhf ,Ug;g Jld;> efu kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; Nrupg; gpur;rpid fspy; mDgtk;nfhz;lt uhfTk; ,Ug;ghu;

tpguq;fSf;F ,izg;G 7 Ig; ghu;f;f



181

,izg;G 10 ntsp MNyhrfu;fis thliff;fku;j;Jtjw;fhd Nritg; gpukhzq;fs; (ToR) Nehf;fk;: ngUeuq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;rhdJ> Njrpa RatpUg;gw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if (NIRP 2001) kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;

(r%ff; fhg;gPLfs;) vd;gtw;wpd; gpufhuk; kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfk; (RPF) xd;;iw> %Nyhgha efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; jtpu;f;fKbahj RatpUg;gw;w kPs; FbNaw;wj; jhf;fq;fis ,dq;fz;L jzpf;Fk;nghUl;Lj; jahupj;Js;sJ. ,yFthd crhj;Jizapd; nghUl;L> RPF MdJ ngUeuq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; ,izaj; jsj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;F ,og;gPL kw;Wk; Gdu;tho;thjhu cjtpia toq;Fk;nghUl;L RPF MdJ> MNyhrfu;fis <LgLj;Jtjd;%yk; jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;J jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;Js;sJ. mNjNtis ntsp MNyhrfu;fis <LgLj;Jtjd;%yk; r%f gq;;Nfw;Gf;Fk; tUkhd kPl;nlLg;Gf;Fkhd Mjuit ,yFgLj;jpr;> nraw;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapy; tifg;nghWg;igAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r;Nritg; gpukhzkhdJ> mwpf;ifaply; xOq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fhy ml;ltiz vd;gtw;Wld; ,e;Nehf;;fj;jpw;nfd <LgLj;jg; glTs;s tha;g;GW MNyhrfu;fshy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;glTs;s ,Lgzpfs; kw;Wk; tpepNahfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; ,ay;igAk; gug;ngy;iyiaAk; toq;FfpwJ. MOM&WD mikr;rhdJ> RR&R nrad; Kiwapy; cjTk;nghUl;L> efu kPs;FbNaw;wk;> Nrupg; gpur;rpidfs;> efuhl;rp kw;Wk; tUkhd cUthf;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; fzprkhd mDgtk;nfhz;l ed;F jhgpf;fg;gl;l MNyhrfu;fsplkpUe;J tpUg;G ntspg;ghl;;il tuNtw;fpwJ.

mwpf;ifaply; xOq;Ffs;: fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; kw;Wk; gpjpf; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (r%f)MfpNahupd; fPo;> PMU kl;lj;jpy; MNyhrfu;fs; flikahw;Wthu;fs;. xl;Lnkhj;jf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; gapw;rp Mjuit PMU MNyhrfu;fSf;F toq;Fk;. cz;ikahd epiwNtw;WifahdJ UDA, RDA, ePu;g;ghrdj; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;w PPAfspdhYk; kw;Wk; VidNahuhYk; PMUtpd; xUq;fpizg;Gld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Ntiyapd; nraw;gug;G:

1. fUj;jpl;lk;> jkJ cupikfs; kw;Wk; cupj;Jupikfs; vd;gd njhlu;gpyhd kf;fspd; tpopg;Gzu;it tYg;gLj;jy;.

2. thho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; tUkhd kPl;nlLg;G eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpy; gh.e.fspd; gq;Nfw;ig tYg;gLj;jy;.

3. r%f mwptpg;Gg; gyiffs;> jfty; gug;gPL kw;Wk; fpukkhd MNyhrid ehly; Nghd;w r%f tifg;nghWg;G eltbf;iffs+lhf LA kw;Wk; RR vd;gtw;wpy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia tYg;gLj;jy;.

4. tho;thjhuq;fs;kPjhd tpNrl ftdf;Ftpg;Gld;> RR&R nrad;Kiwapy; ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig tYg;gLj;jy;.

5. eypTWk; epiyf; FLk;gq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjpYk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;ijr; rkhspg;gij mtu;fSf;F ,aYkhdjhf;FtjpYk; cjTjy;.

6. kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;F kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpd; gpd;duhd cjtpia toq;Ftjpy; cjTjy;.



182

7. njhopy; jUeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lthwhd RR&R nrad;Kiwapy; r%f cs;slf;fj;ijAk; eLepiyiaAk; tYg;gLj;jw;Fupa gpw xg;gilfs;.

jpl;ltl;lkhd gzpfs;

kPs; ,ltikTf;fhd cjtp: ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; USS,ypUe;J kPs;FbNaw;w ,lq;fSf;F RKfkhf kPs; ,ltikT nra;ag;gLtij ,yFgLj;Jtjpy; MNyhrfu; cjTthu;. mj;Jld; mtu;fspd; ,y;yplj;ijAk; tpahghuq;fisAk; kPs epWTtjpy; cjtpnra;J> fz;fhzpj;J> nrad;Kiwia Mtzg;gLj;Jthu;. RR&R ed;ikfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd> tLg;gL epiyapy; cs;s kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau;e;j FLk;gq;fSf;F> Njit mbg;gilapyhd Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; cjtpiaAk; mJ toq;Fk;.

jfty;> fy;tp kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;: nghJf; $l;lq;fs; %ykhfTk; kw;Wk; gh. e. fs; kw;Wk; eypTWk; epiyf; FOtpdu; kw;Wk; CBO Nghd;w mtu;fspd; mikg;Gfs; vd;gtw;Wldhd MNyhrid ehly;fs; %ykhfTk; MNyhrfu;fs; IEC nraw;ghLfspy; cjTthh;fs;. MNyhrfu;fs; gh.e.fSld; ey;Ywitg; Ngzp> RPF kw;Wk; RAPfspy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l mtu;fsJ cupj;Jupikfs; gw;wp mtu;fSf;F mwptpg;ghu;. jkJ cupikisAk; ed;ikfisAk; ngWtjw;fhd Mtzg;gLj;Jif kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; Fwpj;jhd mtu;fsJ tpopg;Gzu;it ,J vOg;Gk;. MNyhrfu; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; gadhspfs; FOf;fis xOq;Fnra;J> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;J mtu;fSf;F mwpT+l;b> jtwhd jfty;fis mtu;fs; kdjpypUe;J mfw;wptpLthu;. PMU Fwpj;j ,lj;J mjpfhupfs; vd;NghUldhd gh.e.fspd; Clhl;lq;fis MNyhrfu; ,yFgLj;Jthu;. gh.e. fSldhd khjhe;jf; $l;lq;fis MNyhrfu; Kd;$l;b mwptpf;fg;gl;l Neuj;jpYk; ,lq;fspYk; xOq;Fnra;thu;. ,f;$l;lq;fspy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;L> khjhe;j tsu;r;rp mwpf;ifapd; gFjpahf PMU/PPAf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;.

gh. egiu ,dq; fhzYk; Cu;[pjg;gLj;jYk;: MNyhrfuhdtu;> r%ff; FOf;fSld; MNyhrid ehly; topahfg; gl;baypYs;s jFjpAila eypTWk; epiyf; FLk;gq;fisAk; mku;e;jpUg;gtu;fisAk; ed;F Nrhjpj;J Cu;[pjg;gLj;JtJld;> jFjpahd gh. e. fSf;F milahs ml;ilfs; toq;FtjpYk; cjTthu;. mj;Jld; MNyhrfuhdtu;> gh. e. ,d; kdf;Fiwfisg; gjpT nra;tjpYk;> cupa eltbf;iff;fhf PMU/PPAf;F mwptpg;gjpYk; mtu; Xu; ClfkhfTk; nraw;gLthu;.

tho;thjhuk;/tUkhd kPl;nlLg;Gf;fhd ifg;gpb Mjhuk;: MNyhrfuhdtu;> tq;fpf; fzf;Ffisj; jpwg;gjpy; gh. e. fSf;F cjTthu;. RR&R cjtpapd; gad;ghL njhlu;gpy; mtu;fSf;F kjpAiu toq;fp> KjyPl;Lj; njuptpy; mwpT+l;b> tUkhdq;fspd; kPl;nlLg;ig mtu;fSf;F ,aYkhdjhf;Fthu;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> mjpf mstpy; nghUshjhuuPjpahf ed;ikailAk; tpjj;jpy; RR&R nghjpiag; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;FkhW fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mtu; MNyhrid $Wthu;. mj;Jld; mtu; gh. e. fSf;F cjTk;nghUl;L rpf;fdf; fld; FOf;fis mikf;fyhk;> Mw;wy; nfhz;ltu;fSf;F tUkhd cUthf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gapw;rpaspf;fyhk;.

xUq;fpizg;Gk; ngUk;Nghf;Fg;gLj;jy; gpizg;Gk;: kPs;FbNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia tYg;gLj;jp> eyNdhk;Gif kw;Wk; tUkhde;jUk; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd mtu;fsJ toptha;g;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L> MNyhrfuhdtu; murhq;fj;JlDk; gpw ngUk;Nghf;Fg;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fSlDk; xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;thu;.

FbapUg;Gj; njhFjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhf Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;: jk; nrhe;j tptfhuq;fisg; Ngz;jF epiyapy; Kfhik nra;Ak;nghUl;L> jkJ Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;g> Gjpa ,lq;fspy; kPs;FbNawpa kf;fSf;F MNyhrfu; gapw;rp toq;Fthu;.



183



184

,izg;G 11 'FLk;g ml;ilapd;" khjpupg; gbtk;

ngUefuq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;R %Nyhgha efuq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; kPs; ,ltikT cjtpf;fhd

FLk;g ml;il FLk;g ml;il ,yf;fk;: cgfUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ngau;:

Nj. m. ml;il ,y. gpujhd FbapUg;ghsu; ngau;;: tho;f;ifj; Jizapd; ngau;:

tpz;zg;gjhupapd; Kftup: FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if:

njhopy;:

1) gpujhd FbapUg;ghsupd;:

2) tho;f;ifj; Jizapd;:

3) FLk;gj;jpd; gpw cWg;gpdupd;:

4)

khtl;lk;:

gpuNjr nrayhsu; / cjtp mur mjpgu; gpupT:

m) G+u;tPf tjptplk;:

M) kPs; ,ltiktpd;gpd; tjptplk;:

fpuhk mYtyu; gpupTk; ,yf;fKk;

m) G+u;tPf tjptplk;:

M) kPs; ,ltiktpd; tjptplk;:

cupj;JupikfSk; nfhLg;gdTfSk;

njhlu;

,y.

cupj;Jupikfs;

njhif (&)

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik

f;fhd ifnahg;gk;

jpfjp

1 tPL

2 Nghf;Ftuj;J

3 fl;likg;G kw;Wk; mirahr;

nrhj;J ,og;G

4 tUkhd cjtp> jFjp ,Ug;gpd;.

5 thlifg; gb> jFjp ,Ug;gpd;.

6 NtNwNjDk; cjtp

ftdpf;f: jFjpAila cupj;Jupikfs; kl;LNk gh. e. FLk;g ml;ilfspw; gjpag;gLk;

,izg;G 12 kdf;Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOtpd; cj;Njr mikg;ghf;fk;

RahjPd kdf;Fiw Nfs; Mak;:



185

m) gpujpepjp> ,yq;if murpd; fhzp mikr;R M) gpujpepjp> cs;s+uhl;rp kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; mikr;R ,) gpujpepjp> tpiy kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; <) gpujpepjp> rptpy; r%fk; c) xU tof;FiuQu; C) murhq;fj;jpd; xU nrayhsu; juj;jpyhd Xu; Xa;Tngw;w rptpy; Nritahsu; (jtprhsu;) cupj;Jupik kjpg;gPl;Lf; FO (EAC) m) gpuNjr nrayhsu; M) gpujpepjp> epy msitahsu; ehafk; ,) khtl;l tpiy kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; gpujpepjp> <) gpujp fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (r%f)/PMU c) gpujp fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu; (epjp)/PMU C) fhzp mikr;rpypUe;J xU gpujpepjp v) Njit Vw;gLk;NghJ cupa PPA fs;

PPA kl;l Fiw jPu;f;Fk; FOf;fs; (1) UDA nrayhl;rpapd;fPo; tUk; cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd GRCfs; m) gpujk nrayu; (khfhz rigfs;) my;yJ aho;; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhfg; ngauplg;gl;ltu; M) gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; UDA my;yJ mtuhy; ngauplg;gl;ltu; (jtprhsu;) ,) Fwpj;j ,lj;J LRCapd; jtprhsu; <) Fwpj;j ,lj;J fpuhk mYtyu; c) APD/SDO (nrayhsu;) kw;Wk; C) r%fj;jpd; fPo;epiyg; gzpahsUs; ,Ue;J xUtu; cl;gl r%fj;jpd; nfsutkhd gpuirfs;

,Utu;: mtu;fSs; xUtu; ngz;zhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. (2) SLLRDC nrayhl;rpapd;fPo; tUk; cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd GRCfs; m) gpujk nrayu; (khfhz rigfs;) my;yJ aho;; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhfg; ngauplg;gl;ltu; M) gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; SLLRDC my;yJ mtuhy; ngauplg;gl;ltu; (jtprhsu;) ,) Fwpj;j ,lj;J LRCapd; jtprhsu; <) Fwpj;j ,lj;J fpuhk mYtyu; c) APD/SDO (nrayhsu;) C) ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jp;y; ,Ue;J xUtu; cl;gl r%fj;jpd; nfsutkhd gpuirfs; ,Utu;:

mtu;fSs; xUtu; ngz;zhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. (3) RDA nrayhl;rpapd;fPo; tUk; cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd GRCfs; m) gpujk nrayu; (khfhz rigfs;) my;yJ aho;; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhfg; ngauplg;gl;ltu; M) gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; RDA my;yJ mtuhy; ngauplg;gl;ltu; (jtprhsu;) ,) Fwpj;j ,lj;J LRCapd; jtprhsu; <) Fwpj;j ,lj;J fpuhk mYtyu; c) APD/SDO (nrayhsu;); C) ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jp;y; ,Ue;J xUtu; cl;gl r%fj;jpd; nfsutkhd gpuirfs; ,Utu;:

mtu;fSs; xUtu; ngz;zhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. (4) eP. gh. jpizf;fs nrayhl;rpapd;fPo; tUk; cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd GRCfs; m) gpujk nrayu; (khfhz rigfs;) my;yJ aho;; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhfg; ngauplg;gl;ltu; M) gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; eP. gh. jpizf;fsk; my;yJ mtuhy; ngauplg;gl;ltu; (jtprhsu;) ,) Fwpj;j ,lj;J LRCapd; jtprhsu;



186

<) Fwpj;j ,lj;J fpuhk mYtyu; c) APD/SDO (nrayhsu;) C) ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jp;y; ,Ue;J xUtu; cl;gl r%fj;jpd; nfsutkhd gpuirfs; ,Utu;:

mtu;fSs; xUtu; ngz;zhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. (5) kh. e. rigfspd; nrayhl;rpapd;fPo; tUk; cgfUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd GRCfs; m) khefurig Mizahsu; (jtprhsu;) M) Fwpj;j ,lj;J LRCapd; jtprhsu; ,) Fwpj;j ,lj;J fpuhk mYtyu; <) APD/SDO (nrayhsu;) kw;Wk; c) r%fj;jpd; fPo;epiyg; gzpahsUs; ,Ue;J xUtu; cl;gl r%fj;jpd; nfsutkhd gpuirfs;

,Utu;: mtu;fSs; xUtu; ngz;zhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

,izg;G 13 kdf;Fiw jPu;g;gjw;fhd tpz;zg;gg; gbt khjpup

......................... GRCapd; jtprhsu; jpfjp ..................................

cg fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ngau; khtl;lk; Njrpa m. m. ,y. FLk;g ml;il ,y. m. G+u;tPf tjptplk;: .......................................................

gpuNjr nrayhsu;/c. m. m. gpupT

gpujhd FbapUg;ghsupd; ngau;: M. kPs;,ltikT nfhz;l ,lk;



187

tjptplk; ........................................... gpuNjr nrayhsH/c. m. m. gpupT

tho;f;ifj; Jizapd; ngau;:

m. G+u;tPf tjptplk;: .......................................................

fpuhk mYtyu; gpupTk; ,yf;fKk;

tpz;zg;gjhupapd; Kftup: M. kPs;,ltikT nfhz;l tjptplk; .........................

FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if: fpuhk mYtyu; gpupTk; ,yf;fKk;

njhopy;:

1) gpujhd FbapUg;ghsupd;:

2) thof;ifj; Jizapd;:

3) FLk;gj;jpd; gpw cWg;gpdupd;:

.........................................................................................................................................................................................................

m. kdf;Fiwfs;

2

3

M. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; jPu;T

2

3

...........................................................................

..............................................

tpz;zg;gjhupapd; ifnahg;gq;fs;

Fwpg;G: fztd; kidtp ,UtUk; tpz;zg;gj;jpy;

ifnahg;gkplNtz;Lk;

,izg;G 14 RahjPdf; fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghLfis thliff;fku;j;jp fz;fhzpj;J MNyhrfu;fs; kPsha;T nra;jYf;fhd Nritg; gpukhzk;

tpUg;G ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd Nfhupf;if ehL: ,yq;if fUj;jpl;lk:; %Nyhgha efuq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk;> ,yq;if MNyhrf Nritfs;: fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghl;Lf; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;T MNyhrfu; fUj;jpl;lk; ID ,y. XXX 1. tpUg;G ntspg;gLj;jYf;fhd ,f; Nfhupf;ifahdJ. ...................... Me; jpfjpa ........................... .................. gj;jpupifapy; ntspahd ,f;fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd nghJg; ngWif mwptpj;jiyg;

gpd;njhlu;e;J ntsptUfpwJ.



188

2. fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd fld; cyf tq;fpahy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhz;f ,y. xxx-elk. MOM&WD MdJ> tUkhdj;jpd; xU gFjpia SCDPf;fhf> fhg;gPl;L Vw;ghl;Lf; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;T MNyhrfu; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf (SMRC) gad;gLj;j tpUk;GfpwJ.

3. SCDPf;fhf> MNyhrf Nritfs; fhzpr; RtPfupg;G> ,og;gPL> R&R nfhs;iffs;> Rw;whlw;Jiwr; nraw;wpl;lk;> jfty; ntspg;ghL> njhlu;ghly; vd;gtw;Nwhbize;j gy;NtW r%f kw;Wk; Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfspd; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kPsha;it cs;slf;F fpd;wJ.

4. ,g;NghJ MOM&WD MdJ> Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; jkJ tpUg;gj;ijf; fhl;LkhW jFjp tha;e;j MNyhrfu; $l;L epWtdq;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;fpwJ. Mu;tKila MNyhrfu;fs; ,r; Nritfis epiwNtw;wj; Njitahd jifikfisAk; cupa mDgtj;ijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpw jftiy toq;fNtz;Lk;. MNyhrfu;fs; cupa nraw;gug;gpy; Mff; Fiwe;jJ .....tUlq;fs; mDgtk; nfhz;bUg;gJk;> ,Njkhjpupahd Fwpg;ghf> efu kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;w Ntiyfspy; Mff; Fiwe;jJ .... Ntiyfisg; nghWg;Ngw;W epiwNtw;wpapUg;gJk; FWk; gl;baYf;fhd gpukhzq;fshFk;. MNyhrfu; jkJ FOtpy; jifikAk; mDgtKk; tha;e;j Mszpapdiuf; nfhz;bUj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

5. MNyhrfu;fs; cyf tq;fpf; fld;gLeu;fshy; MNyhrfu;fisj; njupT nra;jYk; gzpf;fku;j;jYk; [dtup 2011 vDk; cyf tq;fp topfhl;lypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwfspd;gpufhuk; MNyhrfu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.

6. Mu;tKs;s MNyhrfu;fs; Nkyjpf tpguq;fis 1000f;;Fk; 1700f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s Kftupapy; cs;s MOM&WD ,lkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

7. tpUg;G ntspg;gLj;jyhdJ> fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s Kftupf;F ..................md;W .................................. kzpf;Fg; gpe;jhJ Nru;g;gpf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

SCDP fUj;jpl;lk; fUj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsu;- SCDP

Kftup: ..............................................................................................

nguefu kw;wk; nky;khfhz mgptpuj;jp mikr;r...nguefu kw;wk; nky;khfhz mgptpuj;jp mikr;r

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