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104o 00 '48o 30 '

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103o 00 '48o 00 '

North Dakota Geological Survey100K Series: Wlst - g - MM Deep Geothermal Resources: Estimated Temperatures at the Top of the Madison Group

R. 103 W.

T. 15

7 N.

T. 15

5 N.

T. 15

3 N.

T. 15

2 N.

T. 15

4 N.

R. 101 W. R. 100 W. R. 99 W. R. 98 W. R. 96 W.R. 97 W.

R. 104 W. R. 102 W.R. 103 W. R. 101 W. R. 100 W. R. 99 W. R. 98 W. R. 97 W.

T. 15

6 N.

Carto graphic Compilation : Elroy L. Kadrmas

R. 95 W.R. 102 W.

Edward C. Murphy, State GeologistLynn D. Helms, Director Dept. of Mineral Resources

T. 15

8 N.

R. 96 W.

Williston 100K Sheet, North Dakota 1983 Magne tic NorthDeclinati on at Center of S hee t

13o 30'

Note: This map was expanded beyond the normal Williston 100k Sheet to include anadditional width of two miles to the Montana border.

Williston 100K Sheet, North Dakota

Geologic SymbolsDepth (in feet from surface)To Top of Madison Group

Adjoining 100K Maps

Mercato r Projection 1927 N orth American Datum

Shaded Relief - Vertical Ex ag geration 9 xStand ard parallel 48 o 00' Central meridian 1 03o 30'

0 1 2 3 4

Miles

Scale 1:100,000

Other Features

Water

County Boundary

Unpaved Road

Stream - Inte rmittent

Paved Road

River/Stream - Perennial

Sta te Highway(/85 Federal Highway

1806

Lorraine A. Manz2007

ReferencesGosnold, W.D. Jr. , 1984, Geothermal Resource Assessment for North Dakota. Final Report: U.S. Departmentof Energy Bulletin No. 84-04-MMRRI-04.

196197198

195

208209210211212213214

216217

222

Temperature/oF

218219220221

200201202203204205206

194193

207215 199

! Data Points. Selected points show temperature in oF

221

Where:ToZiKinQ

T = To + Zi(Q/Ki) n

i 1

= Surface temperature (in oC)= Thickness of the overlying rock layer (in meters)= Thermal conductivity of the overlying rock layer= Number of overlying rock layers= Regional heat flow

There are no data sets for North Dakota that list accurate temperatures for Paleozoic rocks.Bottom hole temperatures from oil well logs are unreliable and to assume that a simple linearrelationship exists between temperature and depth would be incorrect. Although grossly linearthe geothermal gradient in the upper lithosphere is significantly affected by thermal variables(heat flow and thermal conductivity) in the earth's crust. Any method used to accuratelycalculate subsurface temperatures must therefore take these factors into account. Provided thesubsurface stratigraphy is known, Gosnold (1984) showed that at a given depth (Z) thetemperature (T) can be represented by the following equation:

http://www.smu.edu/geothermal/

100oGeothermal energy is a renewable resource capable of producing an uninterrupted supply ofelectrical power and heat. In stable sedimentary basins, low-temperature energy ( < F)is extracted from the shallow subsurface (~8-400 feet) for use in domestic andcommercial heating and cooling systems. Historically, deeper, hotter resources in these regionshave not been developed because they were not economical. However, as the nationexplores ways to reduce its dependency on foreign energy sources and also begins to lookmore closely at renewable energy, accessing deep geothermal energy resources,particularly via existing oil and gas wells, is attracting a great deal of interest( ).

oFThe Madison Group contains the second shallowest of four major geothermal aquifers that occurin the Williston Bas in in North Dakota. The map shows calculated temperatures ( ) for the topof the Madison Group (assumed in this study to be equivalent to the base of the LodgepoleFormation).

Regional heat flow (Q= 62 mW/m2) was averaged from statewide data.

Rock units and thicknesses were obtained from oil well log tops (July 2006 update).Temperatures were only calculated for wells where all relevant log tops were given sinceommissions (particularly for the Pierre Formation) do not necessarily imply that units areabsent.

Metadata used in the compilation of this map is available on CD.

For the data set used to produce this map K and Q were assumed to be constants. Mean surface temperature was calculated from monthly station normals (atBismarck Municipal Airport, Fargo Hector Airport, Grand Forks International Airport,and Williston Sloulin Airport) for the period 1971 to 2000

(T0 = 5.1o C [41o F])T0,

http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim81/NDnorm.pdf( ). Thermal conductivities (K)for formations overlying the base of the Madison Group are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Thermal conductivity estimates from Gosnold (1984)

Formation Thermal Conductivity (W/M K)Late Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogeneclays, s ilts and sands PierreGreenhornMowry, Newcastle, Skull Creek

1.71.21.21.2

Inyan Kara 1.6Jurassic rocksSpearfishMinnekahta, OpecheMinnelusa GroupMississippian rocks above the MadisonUnconformityMadison Group

2.83.12.83.2

3.03.0