Nuclear Physics Programpresented to

Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee

October 12, 2006

Gene Henry

Director, Physics Research Division

Office of Nuclear Physics

Office of Science

Department of Energy

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The Science

Scientific thrusts and opportunities identified by the scientific community

Quark Structure of Matter Structure of nucleons & nuclei in terms of theirquark substructure

Phases of Nuclear Matter Properties of hot, dense nuclear matter Search for evidence of a quark-gluon plasma

Nuclear Structure & DynamicsNuclear structure at extreme excitation, angularmomentum, and proton/neutron ratios

Nuclear AstrophysicsReaction rates and simulations relevant to stellar burning and supernovae phenomena

Fundamental SymmetriesThe nucleon/nucleus as a laboratory to test the Standard Model and fundamental theories

Major Scientific Thrusts of the Field

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Nuclear Physics Why should the U.S. Government support it?

Scientific opportunities for nuclear physics today are compelling• Fundamental questions are still not answered• Advances in accelerator/detector/computing technologies put the answers within reach• The discoveries and advancements will have significant impact on other scientific fields

Leadership and competency in nuclear physics remain important to the Nation• The new knowledge/advancements are relevant to nuclear-related enterprises• Basic research drives advancements/development of new technologies and techniques• Basic research attracts/trains the next generation of scientists

1993 NAS COSEPUP (Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy) Report:The United States should be among the World leaders in all major areas of science

• Supports World Class Research Toward National Goals• Enables Rapid Response to Breakthroughs in other Nations• Supports Excellence in University Science Education• Attracts Bright Young Students to Science

The United States should maintain clear leadership in some major areas of science• IF Required by National Objectives• IF a Field is of a Broad Interest to Society• IF a Field Significantly Affects Other Areas of Science

“We must continue to lead the world in human talent and creativity.  Our greatest advantage in the world has always been our educated, hardworking, ambitious people -- and we're going to keep that edge.  Tonight I announce an American Competitiveness Initiative, to encourage innovation throughout our economy, and to give our nation's children a firm grounding in math and science.” President George W. Bush January 2006

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Basic Nuclear Physics ResearchAccelerator design • SNS, RIBF, ILC, ERL, FEL…Energy Generation• New reactors/advanced fuel cycle• Transmutation of nuclear waste • National Nuclear Data CenterMedicine• Imaging/technologies National Security• Safeguards/materials Management• Nuclear interrogation • Stockpile stewardship

Basic Research: Accelerators/DetectorsMedicine• Scintimammograpy, PET imaging, RadioisotopesNational/Homeland Security• Proton and muon Radiography and Radiation DetectorsEnvironment• Accelerator Mass Spectrometry• Atomic Trap Trace AnalysisIndustry• Accelerators & New Detectors

• Nature of matter and energy, discovery of sQGP and Color Glass Condensate

• Origin of the universe and how it works• Theoretical models applicable to other

scientific fields. Lattice QCD will provide framework for similar calculations in the defense field

• New developments in detectors, electronics, and software are applied to medicine, national defense, security

• Maintain nation’s core competency in its nuclear related efforts

Basic NuclearPhysics Research

Competency and Leadership in Nuclear PhysicsRelevant to the Department’s Mission and Economic Competitiveness

New Knowledge

Advanced Technologies

Trained Workforce

Accumulated Knowledge

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Subprograms are aligned with Scientific Thrusts

RequestSubprograms FY 2007Medium Energy (ME) 129.8 Quark Structure of MatterHeavy Ions (HI) 205.0 Hot, Dense Nuclear Matter Low Energy (LE) 83.9 Nuclear Structure/Astrophysics/SymmetriesNuclear Theory (TH) 35.3 All NP areas plus Nuclear Data

454.0

42%

27%

15%

3%8%

5%

Hot, Dense Nuclear Matter

Quark Structure of Matter

Nuclear Structure & Astrophysics

Symmetries & Neutrino Science

Nuclear Theory & Data

Stewardship

36%

56%

3%5%

ResearchFacility OperationsConstructionStewardship

Two of the Scientific Thrusts Dominate the BudgetFacility Operations Dominate Budget

FY 2007 Budget Request

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NP Program Facilities/Centers/ProgramNational User FacilitiesRelativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC/BNL) HE heavy ions, polarized protonsContinuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF/TJNAF) Polarized electron beamsHolifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF/ORNL) LE unstable and stable heavy ionsArgonne Tandem Linac Accelerator Facility (ATLAS/ANL) LE stable and unstable heavy ions

Centers of ExcellenceTriangle University Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL/Duke) LE light ions, neutrons, photonsTexas A&M Cyclotron Laboratory (TAMU) LE/ME light and heavy ionsYale University Tandem Laboratory (Yale) LE light and heavy ionsLBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron (LBNL/UCB) LE/ME light and heavy ionsCenter for Experimental Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (U. Wash) R&D and project infrastructureMIT Research and Engineering Center (MIT) R&D and project infrastructureInstitute for Nuclear Theory (U. Wash) DOE Nuclear Theory CenterNational Nuclear Data Center (BNL) Coordinates U.S. ND program

ExperimentsNon-NP Facilities: NSLS/BNL, HERA/DESY photons, electrons

LANSCE/LANL, Tevatron/FNAL cold neutrons, accelerator neutrinosNon-accelerator: SNO, KamLAND, solar and reactor neutrinos

University/National Laboratory Research ProgramResearchers (permanent & temporary/postdocs) ~ 1200 Ph.D.sStudents ~ 450 graduates & ~200

undergraduates~ 80 PhD Degrees/year

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NP National User Facilitiesserve an international community

CEBAF Jefferson LaboratoryCEBAF Jefferson Laboratory

RHIC Brookhaven National RHIC Brookhaven National LaboratoryLaboratory

HRIBFHRIBF

Number of UsersFacility U.S. Non-U.S. TotalRHIC ~ 600 ~ 500 ~1100CEBAF ~ 800 ~ 400 ~1200ATLAS ~ 200 ~ 180 ~ 380HRIBF ~ 150 ~ 80 ~ 230

~ 1750 ~1160 ~2910

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Theory Program

Activities:• 5 permanent members• ~3 visitor programs / year

~3-4 weeks in length~17 attendees per program

• Has supported:RHIC/dense matterQCD/Mesons & FieldsNuclear AstrophysicsEW/Fund. SymmetriesNuclear StructureLattice QCDSubfield Intersections

Mission:• Focus on:

emerging topicsnew exp. facilities

• Cross-cut with:astrophysicsparticle physicsatomic physicscondensed matter

• Develop young scientists

Institute for Nuclear Theory(Univ. of Washington)

Outstanding Junior InvestigatorProgram

• supports the development of outstanding early career scientists

• ~$300,000 expected for FY 2006• awarded for up to 5 years• 24 awards in 6 years

• 13 in theory• 11 in experiment• 9 tenured by 2005

Nucleon Structure

34%

Hot Dense Matter

26%

Nuclear Structure

26%

INT5%

Nuclear Astrophysics

7%Fund. Symmetries

2%

Theory Funding by Thrust

QCD vacuum

Force independent of distance

Valence quark

Meson

Baryon

Nucleus

Fundamental questions about the structure of matterPrimary focus of CEBAF (electrons) and RHIC (protons) Programs

- Why are there no free quarks in ordinary matter? How does “Confinement” work?

- How do hadrons acquire mass?

How is the massive hadron made from nearly massless quarks?

- What is the effect of the nuclear medium at high pressure and temperature?

Is “Chiral Symmetry” restored in the medium?

- Do exotic hadronic states exist?

Do newly found systems reveal unusual quark combinations?

- What is the role of quarks in the interaction among hadrons?

Is there a remnant of quark-quark interaction in nuclei?

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Fundamental questions about properties of matterPrimary focus of RHIC (heavy ions) and Rare Isotope Beam studies

neutron starsneutron stars

supernovaesupernovae

heavy-ion collisionsheavy-ion collisions

neutr

on e

xce

ss (

N-Z

)/A

finitefinitenucleinuclei

0

0.3

-0.3

1 ?? ??

local matter density

0.6

neutron neutron halos &halos &skinsskins

neutron drip lineneutron drip line

protronprotrondrip linedrip line

crustcrust

Net Baryon Density

Tem

pera

ture

Quarks and Gluons

Critical Point?

Color Super-Conductor ?

Ear

ly U

niv

erse

Neutron stars

Lattice QCD

Nuclei

~ 0,2 GeV

Hadrons

Tc RHIC and LHC

Rare Isotope Beam Facilities

Heavy-ion collisions at high temperature and pressure provide information on the phase diagram of nuclear matter

Nuclei with a large proton-to-neutron asymmetry are produced in stars and exhibit unusual properties

Properties of a “Quark Soup”:

The conditions of the infant universe, replicated in experiments at BNL/RHIC, continue to be revealed:

• Behavior of the “quenched” far-side jet produced in gold-gold collisions suggest evidence of a “sonic boom” in what appears to be near perfect Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) liquid formed at RHIC.

Geo-Neutrinos offer the promise of mapping the Earth’s interior:

The KamLAND collaboration made the first observation of so-called geo-neutrinos, those neutrinos resulting from the decay of uranium and thorium in the earth, opening a new area for terrestrial studies.

• KamLAND’s reactor anti-neutrino measurements in Japan, together with NP’s supported Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) measurements in Canada, have set the most precise limits on neutrino properties.

Observational reach of orbiting satellites extended:

Measurements of proton + 18-fluorine reactions at HRIBF/ORNL indicate that more 18-fluorine survives a novae explosion than previously believed.

• The net production of 18-fluorine is a factor of two higher than previously calculated, extending the observational reach of orbiting gamma-ray spectrometer satellites.

FY 2006 Scientific Accomplishments

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Significant Impact on Society- Recent examples

• MRI for hyperpolarized gases: Static and dynamic imaging of lungs, heart, brain• micro-PET: Major advance in preclinical imaging of the brain without anesthesia• BNL BLIP: Development of new radioisotopes for medical diagnosis and cancer therapy• TJNAF biomedical instrumentation and imaging: Improved sensitivity and resolution for medical imaging devices • Highly Segmented Germanium Detectors (GRETINA; DBD): Higher sensitivity for small tumors and better characterization in Emission Tomography; Improved rejection of backgrounds in measurements of very low-level radio-activities for monitoring clandestine nuclear activities • National Nuclear Data Center: Applications in nuclear energy, national security, radiation protection; Improved cross sections for design of nuclear systems; Advanced Fuel Cycle • Proton Radiography: Movies of high speed shocks and implosion in dense materials objects; Study dynamics of fuel burning in internal combustion motors • Muon Radiography: Detection of contraband material in trucks and cargo containers at ports of entry• Energy Recovery Linac: Directed energy and materials processing applications • Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ATLAS, HRIBF: Evidence of the source of confiscated materials • Atom Trap Trace Analysis to determine isotopic abundances: Used to date Egyptian ground water, non-proliferation monitoring, Radio-Krypton Dating • Superconducting Radio Frequency: New technology for accelerators for basic energy sciences, nuclear and particle physics and defense applications • Accelerated beams test semiconductor devices for tolerances to space radiation (TAMU, LBNL): Qualify components used in space radiation environments

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NP Conducts Research Relevant to Advanced Fuel Cycles

Advanced Fuel Cycles strive to• minimize waste,• maximize energy output, and• resist diversion of material

Nuclear Physics and Advanced Scientific Computing Research held a workshop in August 2006 to identify opportunities for basic research relevant to advanced fuel cycles. The goals of the workshop were:

• Determine what nuclear physics R&D is needed for the AFC• Determine whether and how “needs” can be met by existing

programs• Determine what facilities are appropriate for the R&D program• Identify NP related computing resources required for modeling and

simulation

The workshop report (Sept. 2006) will be a basis of a call for proposals by NP

Timetable of events: Publish solicitation for proposals October 2006

Receive applications December 2006

Peer review applications January/February 2007

Provide funding Spring 2007http://www-fp.mcs.anl.gov/nprscafc

NP/ASCR Workshop:

- 130 participants from universities,

laboratories and a few from industry

- researchers from applied & basic disciplines

- eleven expert panelists from relevant areas

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The 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade

Scientific Case for upgrade has only grown stronger (FY 2005 NP Science Review)

It will make CEBAF a unique, world-class facility that will Provide new insight into the structure of the nucleon Investigate transition between hadronic and quark/gluon description Address the question of the mechanism that “confines” quarks together

It will develop new accelerator and detector technology Next generation Superconducting RF cavities New high rate electronics and detector instrumentation

Maintain U.S. skill-base in SRF technology

TPC: ~$306 Million

DOE approved (CD-1) in February 2006

Successful Lehman Reviews in 2005 and 2006

Lehman Review planned Jan 07 to assess readiness for CD-2

CD-2 planned Summer 2007

Project ready for Long-Lead Procurement in FY 2008

Plans are funding limited

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Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay (DBD) MIE(s)

DBD addresses compelling fundamental questions in physics.

• Is the neutrino its own antiparticle? • What is the neutrino absolute mass scale?

Answers could lead to profound consequences for understanding the universe.

• How must the Standard Model be modified?• What fraction of dark matter in the universe do the neutrinos constitute?• What role do neutrinos play in stellar and cosmic dynamics?

From “The Neutrino Matrix” APS study

NSAC recommended a phased approach with experiments chosen from among CUORE, EXO, Majorana; CUORE and Majorana are of interest to NP; EXO to HEP.

NP will conduct a review in November 2007:

• CUORE and Majorana are in advanced stages of conceptual development• They will be reviewed for scientific reach, technical feasibility, cost, schedule and management• NSF is expected to take part in the review• One or more experiments will be chosen to begin the DBD project in FY 2008 • Preliminary TPC range: $10M to $65M

Mass scaleunknown

CUORE and Majorana are international experiments.

• Italians lead CUORE; a prototype is fielded• Italians are prepared to move ahead rapidly• Majorana is led by Americans• Majorana is a candidate to be a flagship experiment at a U.S. underground laboratory• CUORE and Majorana use different active elements - Te and Ge, respectively - and different technologies• Europeans are developing a Ge experiment, but use a different approach than Majorana• Because of the compelling nature of this research, there are a number of competing candidate experiments

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Program Management Activities

National Academy scientific assessment of RIA• Assessment of the importance of U.S. capabilities for rare isotope beam studies• Report due October 2006

NSAC has been charged to:• Develop a new Long Range Plan for U.S. nuclear science community (December 2007)• Assess technical options for a U.S. rare isotope beam facility with available funds (March 2007)• Perform a Committee of Visitors (COV) review of ONP (February 2007)

Workshop held on nuclear data R&D for the Advanced Fuel Cycle (AFC)• Organized with ASCR and NE (August 2006) to identify needs and R&D opportunities • About 130 participants from universities, laboratories and some industry• Information in the Report (end of September) will be used in FY 2007 solicitation for proposals

NP User Facility Operations Efficiency Review• Conducted for the four NP user facilities (August 2006)• To identify cost drivers, trends, efforts implemented and planned to improve efficiencies• Findings of Review (Report - November 2006) revealing and will be useful in program planning

OSTP/Physics of the Universe (POU) High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) Taskforce• HEDP Taskforce to deliver a Report outlining path forward for coordinated U.S. HEDP program

OECD Global Science Working Group on Nuclear Physics (WGNP)  • Document what efforts/facilities/plans/collaborations exist for nuclear physics world-wide• Identify opportunities for enhanced coordination and collaborations (Report March 2008)

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Summary

The proposed Nuclear Physics program plan:• Pursues compelling high-risk, high-impact scientific opportunities• Builds on existing world-class research infrastructure (RHIC and CEBAF)• Establishes capabilities addressing the nuclear physics most relevant to national needs • Utilizes non-US facilities to provide outstanding science and opportunity for leadership

The tools and initiatives position the U.S. program to deliver outstanding science

Quark Structure of Matter/Hot Dense Nuclear Matter• Planned RHIC program with upgrades: Properties of hot, dense nuclear matter• RHIC Luminosity upgrade (RHIC II): Use rare probes to study new states of matter• U.S. participation in LHC heavy ions: New matter at high energy with “hard” probes• Planned CEBAF 6 GeV & RHIC spin-physics programs: Establish basic properties of nucleons• 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade: Search for exotic mesons: quark confinement• QCD Lattice Gauge computation (with HEP): Nucleon structure functions/phase transitions

Physics of Nuclei and Nuclear Astrophysics• Planned HRIBF/ATLAS programs and GRETINA: New regions of structure; light r-processes• Rare isotope beam experiments: Forefront NS/NA measurements with RIBs• Rare Isotope Beam Facility (RIBF): Origin of heavy elements; limits of stability• Perform large-scale computation simulations: Nuclear Reactions/Supernovae Modeling

Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos• SNO, KamLAND, MiniBooNE: Neutrino oscillations and mass• LANSCE, FNPB and neutron EDM experiment: SM tests: CP violation: matter/anti-matter ratio• Double beta decay experiment: Majorana particle? neutrino mass; tests of SM

18* Detailee/IPA

Dennis Kovar, DirectorCathy Slaughter, Administrative Specialist

Office of Nuclear PhysicsOffice of Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Theory & Nuclear DataSidney A. Coon

Director’s Office StaffSenior Technical Advisor (vacant)

Cathy Hanlin, Program Analyst Brenda May, Program Support Specialist

Physics Research Division

Eugene Henry, Director

Christine Izzo, Program Assistant

Facilities & Project Management Division

Jehanne Simon-Gillo, Director

Cassie Dukes, Program Support Specialist

Medium Energy Nuclear PhysicsBrad Tippens

Low Energy Nuclear Physics Physicist (vacant)* Detailee (vacant)

Heavy Ion Nuclear PhysicsGulshan Rai

Advance Technology Research and Development

Manouchehr Farkhondeh

Laboratory Operations James Hawkins

Nuclear Physics Instrumentation

Physicist (vacant)Detailee (vacant)

Facility ManagementPhysicist (vacant)

* Wlodek Guryn (Detailee)

Office of Nuclear Physics