Appendix

Several Equations

The following equations are added for the convenience of those who wish to make certain supplemental calculations:

1) Calculation of CIE chromaticity x,y when the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z are given.

Y y = X+Y+Z

2) Calculation of the CIE tristimulus values when x, y, and Y are given.

X = ~ Y Y

Z = (l-x-y) Y y

3) Calculation of the CIELAB color difference ßE:b, when the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z are known for both colors IRef.7.15, p. 106; 7.19,21].

where ßL*, ßa*, and ßb* represent the difference of L*, a*, and b*, respec­tively, for the two colors.

L*, a*, and b* are calculated by use of

L* = 116(y~)1/3 - 16

a* = 500[~x:j1i3 -~/oj1/3]

b* = 200[(*)1/3 _ (Z~j1/3].

Xo' Yo' and Zo are the tristimulus values of the nominally white object­color stimulus (the illuminant). YO is taken equal to 100, and Xo and Zo are calculated from values of x and y for the illuminant (Table 7.6).

The formula is valid only when X/XO, Y/YO, and Z/ZO all exceed 0.01.

121

Plate I. Goehte color circle. The samples were cut from chips in [5.141. The samples were photographed; hence their reproduction here must be considered only approximations of them. (cf.p.41)

122

0.9 ,..------,---,----,------,---...--------,r--- -,---,

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

>- 20_ 0.4 16 1_ 17 15

0 0.3 e21 22 C

-~ 4 5 0.2 2

0. 1 f---~

o 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x

Plate 11. Chromaticities of colors of samples compared with the chromaticity limits (MacAdam limits). [Luminance factor Y = 0.30 (approximately), Table 7.3]. The samples were cut from standard color chips (Munsell) and from chips in [5.14]. The samples were photographed; hence their reproduction

here must be considered only approximations of them. (cf.p.68)

123

09.-----,-----,-----,------r-----.-----.-----.--.

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

02

0.1 t-----~

o 0 7 x

Plate rrr. Seven pigments and their mixtures with titanium white pigment in a paint film. Curves (mixture lines) show the variation of chromaticity with white pigment content (Table 7.4). The samples were cut from color chips in [5.14]. The samples were photographed; hence their reproduction here must be considered only approximations of them. (cf.p.71)

124

0.9 .-----,,------y-----,-----,-----,----,----,----,

08

0.7

0.6 I-G

I- F ~ I IIfl ------

0.5 1-0 J

>- l N 0.4 1-8

!-Ä

Q3

p

0.2

5 0.1

0.7 x

Plate IV. Mixtures of pairs of pigments in paint films. Mixture lines are shown for: (I) Milori blue and chrome yellow (K) (Table 7.5) [5.14]; (lI) zinc yellow (J) and deep cadmium red (R) (reproduced from [Ref. 2.2, Fig. 18.7]); (III) Prussian blue (P) and chrome yellow (K) in oil (reproduced from [Ref. 7.12, Fig. 12]); and (IV) Prussian blue (P) and lead white (C) in oil (reproduced from [Ref. 7.12, Fig. 7]). The samples were cut from color chips in [5.14]. The samples were photographed; hence their repro­duction here must be considered only approximations of them. (cf.p. 73)

125

10R

10P

SY

1oPB+---+---+---+-----~~~~_r--_r--~--~--~ 10Y

SGY

SBG

Plate V. Color samples and a line enclosing the gamut of available Munsell standard color samples at Munsell Value 6 (luminance factor Y = 0.30). The color samples displayed are the same as those in Plate 11; they are de­scribed in Table 7.3. The samples were photographed; hence their reproduc­tion here must be considered only approximations of them. (cf.p.S8)

126

Y

G R

8

G20Y Y30G

Plate VI. Hering hue circle. (Based on [Ref. 8.15, Fig. 8J,cf.p. 95)

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131

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Color 77, ed. by F.W. Billmeyer, Jr., G. Wyszecki. Third Congress of the International Colour Association, Troy, N.Y. (Adam Hilger, Bristol 1978) pp. 399-400

8.29 G. Wyszecki: A regular rhombohedral lattice sampling of Munsell renota­tion space. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 725-734 (1954)

8.30 G. Wyszecki: Uniform color scales: CIE 1964 U*V*W* conversion of OSA Committee selection. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 456-460 (1975)

8.31 ISCC-NBS Centroid Color Charts. Standard Sample No. 2016. Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. (1965)

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Author and Subject Index

Absorption of light 28,31,33,66 Achromatic colors see Colors,

Achromatic Albers, J. 1 Angle of vision 53 Angstrom 17 ANLAß color difference 76 Appearance, aspects of 7,9 Area (spatial) averaging 39 Arny solutions 84 Art education 1,2,41 Art terms 14 Artists' paints 69,73

Barnes N.F. 28 Bowrnan, R. 33 Black body temperature see Color

temperature "Black light" 15,35 Brightness 11,37,39 Brightness sensitivity, eye 24,45,

49,50 Brilliance 12,92

Centroid number bl,102

Chevreul, M.E. 1 Chroma, Munsell 14,87,88,92 Chromaticity 45,47 Chromaticity (CIE) 52 Chromaticity diagram 45

(CIE) 52,57

Chromaticity limits see MacAdam 1 imits

CIE 23 CIE color space 81 CIE ILL

A 23 B 24 C 24 D65 24

CIE Illuminants 23 CIE standard observer 49 CIE tristimulus values 44,50 CIELAB color difference 76,83 CIELAß color space 83 CIELUV color difference 76 CIE(x,y,Y); CIE 1931(x,y,Y) 51,53 CIE(x,y,Y) color space 81

CIE(X10 'YI0'Y IO); CIE 1964(xI0 'YI0' Y 10) 54

CIE(AD,Pe'Y) 54 Coherent light 19 Color

attributes of 10 dimensions of 81 a property 5 asensation 7

Color circle, Goethe 41,48,61 Color circles 41,59 Color constancy 5 Color contrast see Simultaneous

color contrast

134

Color contrast maximum 61

Color difference 75,83 Color Harmony Manual 84,94

Color limits see MacAdam limits Color match 36 Color matching functions 50 Color mixture

additive 37,44,49,61,62 subtractive 38 by averaging 39,61

Color-name blocks, ISCC-NBS 102 Color-name map 57,105 Color names 57,101,105 Color perception 6,9,95 Color quality 45 Color rendering 65 Color response 7,14 Color sample systems 83,84 Color scales, uniform 97 Color solid 90,93 Color space, (eIE) 81 Color specification 2,51,91 Color specification (CIE) 3',53,56,

91 Color stimulus 7,14,15,43 Color systems 81,84 Color temperature 77

correlated 79 Color temperature curve 77

Co 1 or terms 13 Color: Universal Languages and Dic­

tionary oi Names 102,105

Co lors achromatic 10,58,64 aperture 9 centroid 61,102 complementary 38,41,48,59,61 chromatic 10,52

film 9 full 93 isolated 9 non-object 10 nonspectral 18,52 object 10 produced by monochromatic light

17,52 psychological 14,81 psychophysical 14,43,45,81

re 1 ated 93 spectral 18,52 surface 10 unrelated 9

Colorants 27 Colorimeter 45 Colorimetry 43 Colour Index 27

Complementary colors see Colors, comp 1 ementa ry

Complementary wavelength 56 Cubo-octahedron 99 Culver, B. 2

Daylight 21,24 Dictionary oi Colors Names see

Color: Universal Language and

Dictionary oi Names

DIN-Color Chart 83,84,106 Disk, spinning 39,61 Dominant wavelength 54 Dyes 27

Electromagnetic spectrum 15 Energy, radiant 15 Equal-energy distribution 21 Equal-energy white 50 Evans, R.M. 11,12,13,14 Excitation purity see Purity

Eye 6,53 Eye brightness sensitivity 24 Eyesight 10,15,24,36,53

Farnum, R.B. 2

Fluorence 12 Fluorescence 12,33

apparent 12 dayl i ght 34

Fluorescent brighteners 35

Fluorescent lamps, light from 20

135

Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) 102

ISCC-NBS color names 101,105 Isochrome lines 94 Isotint lines 94,97

Isotone lines 94,97 Isovalent loci 94

Johansson, T. 95

Jones,S.R. 73 Judd see NBS unit

Fluorescent paints, inks and dyes 33 Judd, D.B. 1,37,87 Foss Color-Order System 84 Fovea 53

Glass 31 Glossy surface 28 Goethe, J.W. von 1,41 Gray, neutral 10,59,66,87,93,100

Grayness 12 negative 12

Hardy-Wurzburg tri angle 64

Hearing 36 Hering, E. 10,95 Hickethier Color Atlas 84 Horticultural Colour Chart 84 Hue 10,57 Hue, Munsell 86,88 Hues

nonspectral 17

spectral 17

unitary (unique hues) 10

I CI 23

ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries,

Ltd.J Colour Atlas 84

Incandescent lamps, light from 20 Infrared radiation 15

Kelly, K.L. 57,61,105

Kelvin 77

Lasers 19 "Leonardo" 2

Levison, H.W. 27,76 Light 15,43

selective absorption of 28,31, 33,66

colored 7,37,57,62

psychophysical 43 reflected 28,31,33 scattered 6,28,33 transmi tted 31

Lightness 11,87,92 Lightness level 99 Lovibond Color 84 Luminance 50,51 Luminance factor 51,66,87

Luminosity, relative 24

Luminous objects (self-luminous) 10 Luminous reflectance see Luminance

factor

MacAdam, D.L. 66

MacAdam limits 66,82,90

136

Maerz, A., Paul, M.R.: The Dictio-

nary of CoZor 84,106

Match, color 36 Maxwell, J.C. 45 Maxwell tri angle 45 Metamerie illumination 37,65 Metamerism 36 Methuen Handbook of CoZour 85

Millimicron 17 Mixing light 62 Mixing paint 70 Mixture diagram 45,62 Mixture line 49,59,62 Monochromatic light 11,17,52 Monochromator 18 Munsell,A.H.1 MunseeZ Book of CoZor 83,85,89,92,

97,106 Munsell Chroma see Chroma, Munsell Munsell color solid 90 Munsell color space 90,102 Munsell color system 84,102,106 Munsell Hue see Hue, Munsell Munsell notation 91,92 Munsell renotation 92 Munsell Value see Value, Munsell

Music 1

Nanometer 16 National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

(USA) 102 NBS un it 75 Natural Colour System (NCS) 94

NaturaZ CoZour System (NCS) AtZas

85,96,106 Newton, 1. 6,7 Nickerson, D. lD1 Nonluminous objects (non-self-lumi­

nous 6,lD

North sky, light from 21 Nu-Hue Custom CoZor System 85

Opaque materials 27 Optic nerve 6 Optical bleaches 35 Optical Society of America (OSA)

43,97 OSA Committee color space 98 OSA uniform color seal es 85,97,

100 Ostwald, w. 93 Ostwald color solid 93 Ostwald color system 85,93

Paint glossy 28,29

matte 28,29

mixing of 70 films 28,29,38

fil ms, transparent 32,34

Phosphors 62,73 Pigments 27

fluorescent 27,35,70 PZochere coZor system 85

Pointillism 39,74 Pope, A. 2 ,13 Primaries

additive 40,45 imaginary additive (CIE) 49

subtractive 40 psychological 10,95

Printing

four-color 41 half tone 39

Psychophysics 14,43 Purity 54,56 Purple line 52

Radio waves 15,16

Reflectance 28

Refl ectance curve, spectral 28,35

Reflection specular 28

diffuse 28,69

interna 1 30

Relative luminosity see Luminosity,

137

Standard Color C=d of America 85, 106

Stimulus color see Color stimulus isolated color 9

Stimulus object 7 Sunlight 15,20,64

relative Television color 39,73

Relative spectral-energy distribu-tion curve 20,32

Response, color see Color response Retina 6,53

Rood, O. N. 1

Rösch, S. 66

Ross, D. 2 Rotating disk 39,61

Saturation 11,13,14,18,56,87,92

Scattering of light 6,15,28,66

Sensitivity, brightness see Bright-ness sensitivity

Seurat, G. 1

Shadow series 94,97

Signac, P. 1

Simultaneous color contrast 5,61

Spatial averaging 39 Spectral reflectance curve see Re­

flectance curve, spectral Spectral transmittance curve see

Transmittance curve, spectral Spectrophotometer 44

Spectroradiometer 18,20

Spectrum 15,18

Spectrum locus 52

Spectrum, visible 15,17,18

Temperature, kelvins and degrees Cen-ti grade 77

Temporal averaging 39

Transmittance 32 Transmittance curve, spectral 32

Transmitted light 31

Transparent materials 31 Tristimulus values (CIE) 44,46,50

Tungsten-filament lamp, light from

20 Turner, J.M.W. 1

Ultraviolet radiation 15,33

Uniform color scales, OSA 97

Unitary hue (unique hue) 10,95

Value, Munsell 87,88,92,100

Vi Ualobos Co lor Atlas 85

Visual angle see Angle of vision

"Warm" light 30 Wave frequency 16

Wavelength 16

Wavelength composition 20

Wavelength intervals 18,21

White light 47,58,64

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork

W Schu1tze Farbenlehre und Farbenmessung Eine kurze Einführung 3. , überarbeitete Auflage. 1975.57 Abbil­dungen, davon 4 in Farbe, 3 Tabellen. VII, 97 Seiten ISBN 3-540.Q7214-4

Inhaltsübersicht: Das Wesen der Farbe. Die Grundlagen der Farbmetrik und die Normvalenzsysteme. Die Methoden der Farbmessung und Farb­bewertung. Beziehungen zwischen spek­traler Energieverteilung und farbmetrischer Bewertung. Farbsammlungen, Farbord­nungen und die Bewertung des Farbab­standes. Besondere Einflüsse bei der Farb­betrachung. Fluoreszenzfarben. Praktische Anwendung der Farbmetrik. Zur Frage der ästhetischen Farbbewertung.

DyeLasers Editor: EP. Schäfer 2nd revised edition. 1977. 114 figures. XI, 299 pages (Topics in Applied Physics, Volume 1) ISBN 3-540.Q8470-3

Contents: F.P'Schäfer: Principles ofDye Laser Opera­tion. - B. B. Snavely: Continuous-Wave Dye Lasers. - C V.Shank E.P.lppen:Mode­Locking ofDye Lasers. - KH.Drexhage: Structure and Properties ofLaser Dyes. -T. W. Hänsch: Applications ofDye Lasers. -F. P. Schäfer: Progress in Dye Lasers: September 1973 till March 1977.

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork

metrologia ISSN 0026-1394 Title No. 124

International Journal ofScientific Metrology Published under the auspices ofthe International Committee ofWeights and Measures

Editorial Board: H. Preston-Thomas, Ottawa; E. R Cohen, Thousand Oaks, CA; P. Dean, Middlesex; T. W Hansch, Stan­ford, CA; B. N. Taylor, Washington, DC; G. W Wyszecki, Ottawa.

Advisory Board: V. O.Arontunov, Lenin­grad; 1. deBoer, Amsterdam; G. D. Bourdoun, Moskow; L. E. Howlett, Ottawa; F.1. Lehany, Chippendale; 1.M.Otero, Madrid; L. Plaza, Madrid; 1. Stulla-Götz, Vienna; 1. Terrien, Sevres; Y. Tomonaga, Tokyo; M. S. Vallarta, Mexico City; Z. Yamauti, Tokyo

Metrologiareports research dealingwith the improvement ofbasic measurements in physics. Emphasis is on the refinement of the six units that comprise the International System ofUnits - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, degree, and candela.

Sampie copies and subscription information upon request