ObjectivesObjectives Distinguish between anatomy and physiology Describe the location of the major body cavities List the organs located in each of the body cavities Name the major systems of the body List the organs associated with each system Describe the general functions of each system Properly use the terms that describe relative positions,

body sections, and body regions Demonstrate the directional and regional terms Name and describe the structural levels of living things State the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root

words of this unit

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts in relationship to one another

- gross: general body structures that can be seen with the naked eye

- microscopic:cannot be seen with the naked eye

- cytology: study of cells- histology: study of tissues

Physiology Study of how the body and it’s parts function the physiology, or function, of a particular body part

is dependent upon its structure. Often the topics of anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate and are taught together.

Gross Body RegionsGross Body Regions Head (cephalic) and neck (cervical) Extremities

- arms- legs

Trunk (body minus the head, neck and extremities)- chest (thoracic)- abdomen (celiac)- back

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization Atom: building blocks of matter Molecules: group of atoms joined together Cells:the basic unit of life Tissues: groups of similar cells working together

- epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue

Organs: groups of similar tissues working together Organ Systems: organs working together to perform a

specific body function Organism: living body

Body SystemsBody Systems Integumentary: protects internal body structures against

injury and foreign substances; prevents fluid loss; important in temperature regulation

Skeletal:supports and protects soft tissues and organs; provides framework; attachments for muscles; produces blood cells

Muscular:moves body and its parts; maintenance of posture; production of body heat

Nervous:controls and integrates body activities; responsible for "higher functions" such as thought and reasoning

Endocrine:regulates body metabolism

Body Systems Cont.Body Systems Cont. Cardiovascular:transports materials between different

cells and tissues Immune:protects the body against infection and invasion

Respiratory:provides for the intake and output of air, as well as the exchange of gases

Digestive:supplies body with substance (food) from which energy is derived; transports wastes from the body

Urinary:filters wastes from the blood; helps maintain water and electrolyte balance

Reproductive:produces gametes; continues the species

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyWhy?  Correct anatomical terminology allows people to

communicate effectively and accurately Body Positions

- Anatomical Position:body erect, feet on floor and slightly apart, head and palms facing forward

- Supine: body lying face upward

- Prone: body lying face downward

Anatomical Terminology Cont.Anatomical Terminology Cont. Directional Terms

- anterior (ventral)--the front side of the body- posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the body- superior (cranial)--toward the head- inferior (caudal)--away from the head- medial--toward the midline of the body- lateral--away from the midline of the body- proximal--closer to the point of attachment- distal--farther from the point of attachment- superficial (external)--located close to or on the body

surface- deep (internal)--located beneath the body surface

Regional TermsRegional Terms Anterior

Abdominal: anterior body trunk inferior to ribs Acromial: point of shoulder Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior surface of elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: arm Buccal: cheek area Carpal: wrist Cervical: neck region Coxal: hip Crural: leg Deltoid: curve of shoulder area formed by large

deltoid muscle

Regional Terms Cont.Regional Terms Cont. Digital: fingers, toes Femoral: thigh Fibular: lateral part of leg Frontal: forehead Inguinal: area where thigh meets body trunk; groin Nasal: nose area Oral: mouth Orbital: eye area Patellar: anterior knee Pelvic: area overlying the pelvis Pubic: genital region Sternal: breastbone area Tarsal: ankle region Thoracic: chest Umbilical: navel

Regional Terms Cont.Regional Terms Cont. Posterior

Calcaneal: heel of foot Cephalic: head Femoral: thigh Gluteal: buttock Lumbar: area of back between ribs and hips Occipital: posterior surface of head Olecranal: posterior surface of elbow Popliteal: posterior knee area Sacral: area between hips Scapular: shoulder blade region Sural: the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf Vertebral: area of spine Plantar: sole of the foot

Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections Sagittal:longitudinal section that divides the body into

right and left portions- median or midsagittal:directly down the middle of the body- parasagittal:divides anywhere except for right down the middle; divides the body into unequal parts

Frontal (coronal):divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse:divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

Sagittal MRI ScansSagittal MRI Scans

Transverse MRI Scans Cont. Transverse MRI Scans Cont.

Coronal MRI ScansCoronal MRI Scans

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal (posterior)

- cranial cavity--houses the brain- spinal (vertebral) cavity--contains the spinal cord

Ventral (anterior)- thoracic cavity

- pericardial cavity-surrounds the heart- pleural cavities--surrounds the lungs

- abdominopelvic- abdominal cavity--contains the stomach, spleen,

liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and the small and large intestine

- pelvic cavity--contains the lower part of the digestive system (rectum), the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs of the female

Body Cavities Cont.Body Cavities Cont. Abdominopelvic Cavity

- four quadrants- right upper quadrant (RUQ)- right lower quadrant(RLQ)- left upper quadrant(LUQ)- left lower quadrant(LLQ)

- Nine regionsepigastric--upper middle portionumbilical--central portion hypogastric--lower middle portionhypochondriac--either side of epigastriclumbar--either side of umbilicaliliac--either side of hypogastric

Body Cavities Cont.Body Cavities Cont. Oral: commonly called the mouth, contains teeth and

tongue

Nasal: posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways

Orbital: house the eyes

Middle Ear: medial to the eardrums