Oct 12/14• pass in Variables assignment

• review observational lab–summary statistics

–interrater reliability measure

–percent agreement

– Kohens’ Cappa

• APA format

• review requirments for observational lab

• return assignment 1

Observational Lab

• f) summary statistics, broken down by gender– depends on type of data:

– mean ; median ; mode for males and for females

• g) interrater reliability– see p.152-154 text

– percent agreement

– Cohen’s Kappa

– K=Po-Pc / 1- Pc

APA Format

• Necessity of presenting certain information

• Time-saving advantages of a consistent style

What’s in a Full APA Manuscript?

• Title page (page 1)

• Abstract (page 2)

• Introduction (page 3)

• Method– Participants– Materials (or Apparatus)– Procedure

What’s in a Full APA Manuscript? Cont’d

• Results• Discussion• References (new page)• Tables (if applicable; new page)• Figure captions (if applicable; new page)• Figures (if applicable; new page)

• Appendix/Appendices (if applicable; new page)

Details: General Format

• Typing recommended, if at all possible• Double-space everything, including references• One-inch margins all around• Left-justified only• Don’t hyphenate yourself; let word-wrap handle it

General Format Continued

• New paragraphs indented equivalent of 5-7 spaces

• Page header

– Very brief title plus page number

– Top right of every page, starting with title page

– APA says first few words of title; I prefer something informative

• Be sure to spell-check and proof-read

• for presentation see sample paper APA manual p.258-268

• typos in illustration in text

Details: Title Page

• Will have page header top right

• Running head: ALL IN UPPERCASE– Abbreviated, meaningful version of title– May be same as page header if quite short;

otherwise, slightly longer version

• Title centred, major words capitalized– Title should be specific, meaningful, no more

than 15 words

Details: Title Page Cont’d

• Name centered next

• Student ID number centered next

• Institution (i.e. Acadia University) next

• lecture and lab section including section number (i.e. Psyc 2013A, 2010LB)

• Date

Details: Introduction

• Title of paper appears at top, centered, major words capitalized

• Not in bold or underlined or anything

• 1st paragraph appears immediately below, indented

Abstract

• Summarizes the main points of your research• word Abstract is centered at the top of the page• generally written after the rest of the report• does not include any info not included in paper• one paragraph , not indented, on a separate page• always page two (in a full report), page header and

page number in upper right hand corner• present tense for results, past to describe variables

manipulated

Introduction

• Always starts on page 3• title of report is centered at the top• page header, page number in upper right hand

corner• first line indented

Method

• Word Method is centered• does not need to begin on a separate page• 3 subsections

– Participants

– Materials

– Procedure

• each subsection is at left margin word underlined• 1st line of each paragraph indented

Method: con’t• Participants

– provides information about your sample and how it was collected, mean age of the sample , total #participants, gender breakdown, if they received payment or volunteered

• Materialsdescribes items used to collect the data, copy of questionnaire

placed in appendix

• Proceduresummarizes each step in the execution of the research,

includes instructions to participants, experimental manipulations, randomization, control features in design

Results

• Tables and figures are normally mentioned in results section, numbered in order of mention in the text (always Table 1, then Table 2, etc.)

Discussion• heading is centered, 1st line that follows indented• purpose of discussion section is to evaluate and

interpret results of the study• hypotheses supported ? (avoid proved)

Results

• heading Results is centered on page• Results section summarizes the data collected and

the statistical treatment of them• begin by stating main results or findings• stats go in this section, do not include individual

scores or raw data• all your numbers go here, but not the conclusions

you make• standard presentation format for each stat (ie, t-

test: t(18) = 2.35, p <.05 - table in APA manual

Discussion (con’t)

• Elaborate, discuss relevance of hypotheses, what they mean in the bigger picture, how they related to previous studies, your conclusions

• relate to previous literature in the field (this means you will be citing like in the introduction

• discuss limitations to your study, suggest where results may be interpreted with caution

• end with suggestions for future research• discuss above in the order presented

Back to Observational Lab

• What you need to include (all APA format except introductory summary paragraph

• Title Page

• summary paragraph (in place of intro), statement of research question, operational definition (s), type of sampling used, and your null and experimental hypotheses (explicit )

• Method, Results, Discussion

• include calculations, coding sheets at back of report

Details: References• Appear on a new page, with References centred at

top, not bold or underlined• Double-spaced throughout• No bold or italics, only underlining• Each indented 5 spaces on 1st line• In alphabetical order by 1st author’s last name• Single authors go before multiple authors

References

• No footnotes are used for references.• All those, and only those, references cited in text

appear in your reference section.• You should have read every reference cited in

your reference section yourself.

Writing Tips: Introduction

• Start out with an interesting introduction to the question you will be addressing

• It should be clear on the very first page what your study will be about

• Provide an overview of what is known about the problem

• Start out broad and get more specific

Writing Tips: Intro Cont’d

• You don’t have to go into excessive detail on every study; you’re filling readers in on the basics of what is known

• Lead up to where things stand right now; why your study is needed

Writing Tips: Intro

• The need for your study should be made clear

• Give a brief overview of the design of your study: IV, DV, any particularly important controlled variables

• State your hypotheses for the current study

In-text Citations

• Any time you refer to another person’s research, they must be cited.

• E.g. In public places, men are less willing to display sadness (Jones & Sutter, 1992), but more willing to display anger (Franks, 1989; Guervo, Franks, & Josefo, 1994) than women.

In-text Citations Cont’d

• For 3 or more authors: cite in full first time, after that, use “et al.” e.g. Both physical and verbal indicators of anger show strong gender differences (Guervo et al., 1994).

• For 6 or more authors, use et al. right from the beginning.

• If no chance of confusion, don’t need dates after 1st time within same paragraph.

In-text Citations Cont’d

• Can also use researchers’ names directly e.g. A recent study by Whitecliff and Jerome (1997) suggests results are quite different when men are observed in private.

• Page number is given when direct quotes are used. E.g. Unfortunately, men may be “endangering their health by suppressing emotional displays” (Sutter, 1992, p. 126).

In-text Citations Cont’d• If more than one same year, same authors, use a

and b; e.g. Some longitudinal studies suggest gender differences in emotional displays are actually decreasing with time (Smith & Xiang, 1991, 1993a, 1993b).

• If you are doing a second-hand report of research, do like this: (Giuseppe, Jacek, & Hunt, 1992, as cited in Franks, 1994), and only cite Franks in reference section