МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра английского языка

ENGLISH WRITERS Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 курса дневного

отделения филологического факультета

Составитель: Мартемьянова Н.В.

ВОРОНЕЖ – 2000

2

UNIT I JONATHAN SWIFT

( 1667 - 1745 )

Vocabulary notes behind - the - scenes -закулисный to amount to so little - так мало значить to take up smth - браться за что-либо ‘The Drapier’s Letters’ - “Письма суконщика” ‘A Modest Proposal’ - “Скромное предложение” make-believe - выдумка ‘A Tale of Tub’ - “Сказка о бочке” on the surface - на первый взгляд to wage war - вести войну false pride - ложная гордость Pre - reading Task Before reading the text, skim the following paragraphs and answer the questions below. Paragraph 1 Why is Swift called a great satirist? Paragraph 3 What kind of relationships were between Jonathan Swift and Stella? Paragraph 6 What did the Queen Anne make Swift? Paragraph 8 What can you say about Gulliver’s Travels? What does it describe? Paragraphs 14-15 What are the other Swift’s works? Paragraph 18 What did Swift value? JONATHAN SWIFT TEXT A Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745), an English author, wrote Gulliver’s Travels (1726), a masterpiece of comic literature. Swift is called a great satirist because of his ability to ridicule customs, ideas, and actions he considered silly or harmful. His satire is often bitter,but it is also delightfully concerned about the welfare of the Irish and the behavior of the English toward Ireland.Swift was a Protestant churchman who became a hero in Roman Catholic Ireland.

3 His life. Swift was born in Dublin on Nov. 30,1667.His parents were of English birth. Swift graduated from Trinity College in Dublin, and moved to England in 1688 or 1689. He was secretary to the distinguished statesman Sir William Temple from 1689 until 1699, with some inerruptions.In 1695, Swift became a minister in the Anglican Church of Ireland. While working for Temple, Swift met a young girl named Esther Johnson, whom he called Stella.He and Stella became lifelong friends, and Swift wrote long letters to her during his busiest days. The letters were published after Swift’s death as the Journal to Stella. Temple died in 1699, and in 1700 Swift became pastor of a small parish in Laracor, Ireland.He visited England often between 1701 and 1710, conducting church business and winning influental friends at the higest levels of government. His skill as a writer became widely known. In 1710, Swift became a powerful supporter of the new Tory Government of Great Britain.Through his many articles and pamphlets that were written in defense of Tory policies, Swift became one of the most effective behind-the-scenes spokespersons of any British administration. Queen Anne recognized Swift’s work in 1713 when she made him dean (head clergyman) of St.Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin.Swift would have preffered a church position in England.The queen died in 1714, and George I became king. The Wig Party won control of the government that year. These changes ended the political power of Swift and his friends in England. Swift spent the rest of his life - more than 30 years – as a dean of St. Patrick’s.In many ways, these years were disappointing.Swift was disheartened because his political efforts had amounted to so little.He also missed his friends in England, especially the poets Alexander Pope and John Gay.However, he served in Ireland energetically by taking up the cause of the Irish against abuses he saw in British rule.It was as dean thatSwift wrote Gulliver’s Travels and the satiric pamphlete that increased his fame, The Drapier’s Letters and A Modest Proposal.Swift’s health declined in his last years and finally his mind failed.He died on Oct.19,1745.He left his money to start a hospital for mentally ill. TEXT B Gulliver’s Travels is often described as a book that children read with delight, but which adults find serious and disturbing. However, even young readers usually recognize that Swift’s “make-believe” world sometimes resembles their own world. Adults recognize that, in spite of the book’s serious themes, it is highly comic. Gulliver’s Travels describes four voyages that Lemuel Gulliver, who was trained as a ship’s doctor, makes to strange lands. Gulliver first visits the Lilliputians (pronounced LIHL uh PYOO shuhnz) - tiny people whose bodies and surroundings are only 1/12 the size of normal people and things. The Lilliputians treat Gulliver well at first.Gulliver helps them, but after a time they turn against him and he is happy to escape their land.The story’s events resemble those of Swift’s own political life.

4 Gulliver’s second voyage takes him to the country of Brobdingnag (BRAHB dihng nag), where the people are 12 times larger than Gulliver and greatly amused by his puny size. Gulliver’s third voyage takes him to several strange kingdoms. The conduct of the odd people of these countries represents the kinds of foolishness Swift saw in his world. For example, in the academy of Lagado, scholars spend all their time on useless projects such as extracting sunbeams from cucumbers. Here Swift was satirising impractical scientists and philosophers. In his last voyage, Gulliver discovers a land ruled by wise and gentle horses called Houyhnhnms (hoo IHN uhmz or HWIHN uhmz).Savage, stupid animals called Yahoos also live there.The Yahoos look like human beings.The Houyhnhnms distrust Gulliver because they believehe is a Yahoo.Gulliver wishes to stay in the agreeable company of the Houyhnhnms, but they force him to leave.After Gulliver returns to England, he converses at first onlywith the horses in his stable. Some people believe Swift was a misanthrope (hater of humanity), and that the ugliness and stupidity in his book reflect his view of the world. Other people argue that Swift was a devoted and courageous Christian who could not have denied the existance of goodness and hope. Still others claim that in Gulliver’s Travels, Swift is really urging us to avoid the extremes of the boringly perfect Houyhnhnms and the wild Yahoos, and to lead moderate sensible lives. Scholars are still tryuing to discover all the ways in which real people, institutions, and events are represented in Gulliver’s Travels.But readers need not be scholars to find pleasure in the book and to find themselves set to thinking about its distinctive picture of human life. TEXT C Swift’s other works. A Modest Proposal (1729) is probably Swift’s second best-known work. In this essay, Swift pretends to urge that Irish babies be killed, sold, and eaten. They would be as well off, says Swift bitterly, as those Irish who grow up in poverty under British rule. Swift hoped this outrageous suggestion would shock the Irish people into taking sensible steps to improve their condition. He had in mind such steps as the earlier refusal of the Irish to allow the British to arrange for Irish copper coins. The Irish rejected these coins because it was widely believed that the coins would be debased. Swift’s series of Drapier’s Letters (1724) actually forced a change in British policy on this matter. A Tale of a Tub (1704), on the surface, is a story of three brothers arguing over their father’s last will. But it is actually a clever attack on certain religious beliefs and on humanity’s false pride in its knowledge. In The Battle of the Books (17040), a lighter work, Swift imagines old and new books in a library waging war on each other. This work reflected a real quarrel between scholars who boasted of being modern and scholars who believed the wisdom of the ancient thinkers could not be bettered. Swift could be very playful. He loved riddles, jokes, and hoaxes. One of his best literary pranks was the Bickerstaff Papers (1708-1709). In this work, he invented an

5astrologer named Isaac Bickerstaff to ridicule John Partrige, a popular astrologer and almanac writer of the time. Swift satirized Partridge by publishing his own improbable predictions, including a prediction of Partridge’s own death. Swift then published a notice that Partridge had died, which many people believed. Swift wrote a great deal of poetry and light verse. Much of his poetry is humorous, and it is often sharply satirical as well. But many of his poems, both comic and serious, show his deep affection for his friends. Swift’s personality. Whether Swift hated humanity or whether hemocked people to reform them is still disputed. But there are some things Swift clearly either hated or valued. He hated those who attacked religion, particularly when they pretended to be religious themselves. He also hated the tyranny of one nation over another. Above all, he hated false pride - the tendency of people to exaggerate their accomplishments and overlook their weaknesses. Swift valued liberty, common sense, honesty, and humility. His writings - whether bitter, shocking, or humorous - ask the reader to share these values. Vocabulary and Grammar Tasks. 1 Find in the texts A, B, C the English for: шедевр, высмеивать, знатный, священник, влиятельный, мастерство, приводить в уныние, злоупотребление, ухудшаться, волнующий, крошечный, совершить побег, поведение, необычный, утверждать, побуждать, надоедливо, благоразумный, жестокий, хвастаться, мудрость, преувеличивать, достоинства, скромность. 2 Choose the right word from the texts A. 1) Swift was deeply __________ about the welfare and behaviour of the people of his time. A worried B concerned C disturbed 2) Swift graduated _______ Trinity College in Dublin. A from B into C out of 3) In 1700 Swift became _______ of a small parish in Laracor. A clergyman B priest C pastor 4) Queen Anne _____ Swift’s political work in 1713. A recognised B noticed C marked 5) The Whig Party won _____ of the government that year. A power B control

6 C elections Choose the right word from the text B. 6) Gulliver’s Travels is often described as a book that _____ read with delight A adults B students C children 7) The conduct of the _____ people of these countries represents the kinds of foolishness Swift saw in his world. A unusual B ordinary C odd 8) In his _____ voyage, Gulliver discovers a land ruled by wise and gentle horses. A last B first C second 9) He hated the tyranny of one nation _____ another. A under B over C above 3 Can you fill in the missing words from the text A? 1) Swift, Jonathan, an English author, wrote Gulliver’s Travels, a ____________ of

comic literature. 2) His parents were of English ____________. 3) While working for Temple, Swift met a young girl _______ Esther Johnson, whom

he ______Stella. 4) He _______ his money to start a hospital for the mentally ill. Can you fill in the missing words from the text C? 5) Readers need not be _________ to find pleasure in the book. 6) Swift could be very __________. 7) Swift wrote a great ______-- of poetry and light verse. 8) Swift ______ liberty, common sense, honesty and humanity. 9) His writings ask the reader ________ these values. 4 Insert articles if necessary. 1) Jonathan Swift _____ English author wrote Gulliver’s Travels. 2) Swift was _____ Protestant churchman who became _____ hero in _____ Roman

Catholic Ireland. 3) Swift graduated from _____ Trinity College in _____ Dublin. 4) In 1695 Swift became _____ minister in _____ Anglican Church of _____ Ireland. 5) He and Stella became _____ lifelong friends, and Swift wrote _____ long letters to

her during his _____ busiest days. 6) His skills as _____ writer became widely known. 7) In 1710 Swift became _____ powerful supporter of _____ new Tory government of

_____ Great Britain.

78) Swift spent _____ rest of his life as _____ dean of _____ St.Patrick’s. 9) He had in mind such steps as _____ earlier refusal of _____ Irish to allow _____

British to arrange to _____ Irish copper coins. 10) A Tale of a Tub, on _____ surface, is _____ story of _____ three brothers arguing

over their father’s _____ last will. 5 Complete these sentences by adding like or as. 1) The house is beautiful. It’s _____ a palace. 2) The letters were published _____ the Journal to Stella. 3) His skill _____ a writer became widely known. 4) Kate looks _____ her mother. 5) He works in a bank, _____ the most of his friends. 6) We did _____ he suggested. 7) I never know what to do in situations _____ this. 8) I’ll ring you up tomorrow evening _____ usual. 9) She is an exellent swimmer. She swims _____ a fish. 10) Everybody is ill at home. Our house is _____ hospital. 11) She has just found a job _____a secretary. 12) Why do you behave _____ a child? 6 Identify the kind of phrase. Write”C” if the phrase is a comparative,”S” if the phrase is a superlative, and “E” if the phrase is an expression of equality or inequality. 1) The letters were published after Swift’s death as the Journal to Stella. 2) His skill as a writer became widely known. 3) Swift became one of the most effective behind-the-scenes spokespersons of any

British administration. 4) Swift spent the rest of his life - more than 30 years - as dean of St.Patrick’s. 5) It was as dean that Swift wrote Gulliver’s Travels. 6) Gulliver’s Travels describes four voyages that Lemuel Gulliver, who was trained as a

ship’s doctor, makes to strange lands. 7) Gulliver was in the country where the people were 12 times larger than Gulliver and

greatly amused by his puny size. 8) Scholars spend all their time on useless projects such as extracting sunbeams from

cucumbers. 9) The Yahoos look like human beings. 10) They would be as well off, says Swift bitterly, as those Irish who grow up in poverty

under British rule. 11) He had in mind such steps as the earlier refusal of the Irish to allow the British to

arrange for Irish copper coins. 12) In The Battle of the Books, a lighter work, Swift imagines old and new books in a

library waging war on each other. 7 Choose the right word - adjective or adverb. 1) It was a really _____ holiday. The journey was really _____. (delightful , delightfully)

82) The weather this summer has been very _____. The audience was ______ small. (disappointing, disappointly) 3) The experience caused him much _____ suffering. I was _____ composing the letter I would write later. (mental, mentally) 4) The project’s costs remain _____ high. The news was extreamely _____. (disturbing, disturbingly) 5) The landscape was bare except for the _____ cactus. She looked at him very _____. (odd, oddly) 6) My friend is a man with _____ views. He enjoyed the work and was _____ good at it. (moderate, moderately) Reading Comprehension 1 Read the text A again and complete the following sentences. 1) Swift was deeply concerned about ___________________________________ 2) In 1695 Swift became _____________________________________________ 3) While working for Temple, _______________________________ 4) The Whig Party won ____________________________________ 5) However he served in Ireland energetically by ________________ 6) He left his money to start ________________________________ Read the text C again and complete the following sentences. 7) A Modest Proposal is ___________________________________ 8) Swift’s series of Drapier’s Letters _________________________ 9) A Tale of a Tub________________________________________ 10) In this work he invented an astrologer named Isaac Bickerstaff to ______________ 11) Above all he hated ____________________________________ 2 Answer the following questions: 1) What was Swift concerned about? 2) When was J.Swift born? 3) What did Swift graduate from? 4) What was his first job? 5) When did he meet Stella? 6) What did Swift become after Temple’s death? 7) What were his attitudes to the new Tory Government? 8) Who made Swift dean of St.Patrick’s? 9) What happened after the queen’s death? 10) Why was Swift disheartened? 11) What did Swift do with his money? 12) What did Swift hate? 13) What did he value?

9UNIT II

ROBERT BURNS (1759 -1796)

Vocabulary notes cotter - шотл.батрак Ayrshire - Эршир voraciously - жадно epistle - шутл.послание gregarious - компанейский Auld Lang Syne - Былые дни luve = love ye = you brae - крутой берег реки the Borders - граница между Англией и Шотландией Pre - reading Task Before reading the text answer the following questios: What is Robert Burns famous for? Do you know any of his well-known sonnets and poems? ROBERT BURNS Robert Burns was one of seven children born to a cotter near Alloway in Ayrishire.His father moved his family from one unprofitable ferm to another, but he was determined that his sons should be well educated.At various schools Robert was given a through grounding in English, including classic authors from Shakespeare onwards, and a knowledge of French and mathematics.He read voraciously for himself, and began to write occasional verses when he was still at school.His spare time was fully employed on the farm as labourer and ploughman.The experience of poverty and injustice as a youth no doubt increased his belief in the equality of men, which led him to become an ardent supporter of the early days of the French Revolution.After his father’s death in 1784 he and his brother Gilbert continued to farm, now at Mauchline, which is often mentioned in the poems.To this period at Mossgel belong ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’,To a Mouse’, ‘To a Mountain Daisy’, ‘Holy Willie’s Prayer’, ‘The Epistles to Labraik’, ‘ The Holy Fair’, and many others.He was much influenced at this time by Mackenzie’s novel The Man of Feeling, a book he loved ‘next to the Bible’.In 1785 he met Jean Armour, who was eventually to become his wife, but continued his long series of entanglements with women, many of whom are mentioned in his poems (for instance, Alison Begbie as ‘Mary Morison’,Mary Campbell in ‘To Mary in Heaven’). In this and the following year he wrote prolofocally, but his problems, both financialand domestic, became so acute that he thought of emigratind to Jamaica.However he sent his poems to a publisher in Kilmarnock, and , when Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect appeared in 1786 it was an immediate success.Burns found himself feted by the literary and aristocratic society of Edinburgh, not only for his poetic skills but because he appeared, in Mackenzie’s words as ‘a Heaventaught

10ploughman’.His attractive appearance and his gregarious temperament led him into a life of dissipation and amorous complexity.In 1787 he met Mrs M’lehose, with whom he corresponded at length in high-flown terms, addressing her as ‘Clarinda’, signing himself ‘Sylvander’.He was encouraged to write in the rhetorical and sentimental fashion of the day, and in this mode he wrote a great deal -‘The Lament’, ‘Despondency’, and ‘Address to Edinburgh’ are examples but fortunately his own characteristic voice was not subdued.A second editionof the Poems appeared in 1786, and Burns was asked if he would help to collect old Scopttish songs for The Scots Musical Museum.He responded with an energy and enthusiasm that were to last until his death.He collected, amended, and wrote some 200 songs, which include manyof his best-known lyrics, such as ‘Auld Lang Syne’, ‘O my luve’s like a red, red rose’,’Ye Banks and Braes’.In 1787 he travelled in the Highlands and the Borders, collecting tunes and words, and contributed in1792 to Select Scottish Airs.For all this work he took no money, regarding it as his patriotic duty.He did, however, continue to write and publish work of his own. In 1788 he finally married Jean Armour, and settled on a poor farm at Elisland, near Dumfries.A year later he eventually secured a post as an Exise officer, and in 1791 relinguished his farming life with relief and moved to Dumfries.Farming had always been a source of strainand anxiety to him, and he never, in Wordsworth’s words,’walked in glory and in joy.Following his plough along the mountainside’.Also in 1791 he published his last major poem,’Tam o’Shanter’.Turning against the French at last, he joined the Dumfries Volunteers in 1795, dying the following year of rheumatic heart disease. Burns wrote with equal facility in correct 18th-cent.English and in his native Scots. In some of his songs, most notably in ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’, English and Scots are bothused.The Scottish poems owe much to Scottish song, to the early Scottish poets, and to the 18th-cent.poet Fergusson.His songs, his satires, his animal poems, and his verse-letters, together with his one narrative poem’Tam o’Shanter’ contain the best of his work.His work was much admired by his contemporaries, and Lamb declared that in his own youth’Burns was the god of my idolatory’.His popularity with his fellow-countrymen is reflected in celebrations held all over the world on ‘Burns Night’,25Jan.,his birthday. Vocabulary and Grammar Tasks 1 Find in the text the English for: не приносящий прибыли, основательный, образование, запутанность, плодовито, острый . чествовать,амурный, способ, плач, отчаяние, подавлять, исправлять, песня, получать, акциз, бросать, напряжение, тревога, легкость, поклонение 2 Write the correct forms of the male or female nouns. Male Female son _________

11 ________ aunt ________ widow husband __________ gentleman __________ __________ woman __________ bride __________ mother nephew __________ king __________ prince __________ actor __________ waiter __________ hero __________ steward __________ 3 Choose the right word and use it in an appropriate form. grounding teaching the study

1) Entomology is _____ of insects. 2) She has got a thorough _____ in grammar. 3) She wants to go into _____ as a career.

to publish to print to edit

1) The magazine _____ monthly. 2) Children first learn _____ when they first go to school. 3) They _____ out most of the interview before broadcasting it.

profitable wealthy

1) To be _____ doesn’t mean to be happy. 2) She spent a very _____ afternoon in the library.

acute sharp

1) He is an _____ observer of the social scene. 2) There is a _____ contrast between the lives of the poorest and the richest

members of society. 4 Can you fill in the missing words?

1) His father _____ his family from one farm to another. 2) He began to write _____ when he was still at school. 3) After his father’s death he and his brother continued _____ . 4) In this and the following year he wrote ______. 5) He responded with _____ and _____ that were to last until his death. 6) A year later he _____ _____ a post as an Excise officer.

127) Burns wrote with equal _____ in correct 18th cent.English. 8) The Scottish poems _____ much to Scottish song. 9) His work was much _____ by his _____.

5 a)Look at the following list of words taken from the text.Discuss them and put into two groups: adjectives and adverbs. Unprofitable, various, thorough, voraciously, occasional, spare, fully, ardent, eventually, prolifically, financial, domestic, acute, immediate, literary, aristocratic, attractive, gregarious, rhetorical, sentimental, fortunately, patriotic, finally, equal, notably. Adjectives Adverbs b)Form, if popssible the adverbs from the adjectives and the adjectives from the adverbs. 6 Complete these words by adding the proper form of the reflexive pronoun with -self. 1) Catherine the Wheel prided _____self on her broken heart. 2) I remember _____self once. 3) My father was a Rocket like _____self, and of French extraction. 4) You were talking about _____self. 5) I’m always thinking about _____self. 6) You had better keep _____self dry. 7) They may have a little fair-haired boy with violet eyes like the Prince _____self. 8) The crackers were enjoying _____selves immensely. 9) It is most gratifying to find _____self so popular. 10) You have talked the whole time _____self. 11) I like to do all the talking _____self. 12) I often have long conversations all by _____self. 13) He made _____self very stiff and straight. 7 Complete these sentences by adding pronouns with -self(-selves) or each other. 1) People give _____ presents at Christmas. 2) Did you enjoy _____ when you were on holiday in Spain? 3) Mary looked at _____ in the mirror. 4) Linda and Tom are happy together.They love _____ very much. 5) They quarrelled last week.They are still not speaking to _____. 6) Men are very selfish.They only think of _____. 7) Mary and I don’t see _____ very often these days. 8) You’ll hurt _____ if you play with the scissors. 9) The bride and the bridegroom held _____’s hands. 10) Let’s go and wash _____. 11) The students in the class told _____ about their own countries. 12) Are you very tired?You don’t seem _____ today.

138 Complete the sentences using these words:each other, other or others. 1) It is quite clear that they love _____. 2) I thought it was quite the _____ way. 3) You should be thinking about _____. 4) “Let us put it into the fire!”said the _____boy. 5) The fireworks began to talk to _____ . 6) The King always answered questions that were addressed to _____ people. 7) The bride and bridegroom, for instance, love _____ dearly. 8) It would be unfair to expect _____ people to be as remarkable as oneself. 9 Insert articles if necessary. 1) He was one of ___ seven children born to ___ cotter. 2) At ___ various schools Robert was given ___ thorough grounding in ___ English. 3) He began to write when he was at ___ school. 4) His spare time was fully employed on ___ farm as ___ labourer and ___ ploughman. 5) In this and ___ following year he wrote prolifically. 6) Burns found himself feted by ___ by literary and ___ aristocratic society of ___

Edinburgh. 7) A year later he eventually secured ___ post as ___ Excise officer. 8) ___ Scottish poems owe much to ___ Scottish song, to ___ early Scottish poets and

to ___ 18th cent.poet Fergusson Reading Comprehension Tasks. 1 Are the following statements about the text true or false?If there is not enough information, write don’t know. 1) Robert Burns was of English birth. _____ 2) Robert was given a good education._____ 3) He began to write when he was a schoolboy._____ 4) He practically has no spare time. _____ 5) He was much influenced by Mackenzie’s novel The Man of Feeling._____ 6) Jean Armour became Burn’s wife._____ 7) They have 2 children._____ 8) He went to Jamaica because of his financial and domestic problems._____ 9) Burns became famous after publishing his poems in 1786._____ 10) In 1787 he married Mrs.M’Lehose. 11) He travelled in the Highlands and the Borders, collecting musical instruments._____ 12) After his marriage Robert Burns settled on a poor farm._____ 2 Read the text again and complete the following sentences. 1) Robert Burns was one of seven children born to _____________________________ 2) He read voraciously for himself and began _________________________________ 3) After his father’s death he and his brother Gilbert continued ___________________ 4) In this and the following year he wrote prolifically, but _______________________ 5) Whe Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect appeared 1786 _____________________

146) His attractive appearance and his gregarious temperament led him _______________ 7) For all this work he took no money _______________________________________ 8) In 1788 he finally _____________________________________________________ 9) Burns wrote with equal facility in ________________________________________ 10) The Scottish poems owe much __________________________________________ 11) Hi was much admired by ______________________________________ 12) His popularity with his fellow-countrymen is reflected in _____________ 3 Answer the following questions: 1) When was Robert Burns born? 2) What was his background? 3) Where did he get his grounding? 4) On which subjects did he get the perfect education? 5) What did he do in his free time? 6) Which book did he love most of all? 7) What made him thought of emigrating to Jamaica? 8) When did Burns become famous? 9) How did he collect songs for his books? 10) Who did he married?Where did they live? 11) Did he like farming? 12) When are’Burns Night’ celebrations held? UNIT III JOHN KEATS

(1795-1821) Vocabulary notes sensuous texture - чувственная ткань livery stable - платная конюшня surgeon – хирург Homer - Гомер Endymion -миф. Эндимион lush - пышный tuberculosis - туберкулез Grecian Urn -греческая урна Hyperion - миф.Гиперион silken thread - шелковая нить oft - поэт. часто JOHN KEATS John Keats, one of England’s greatest poets and literary theoreticians, together with Lord Byron and Percy B.Shelly, formed the second generation of British romantic poets.Noted for the rich, sensuous texture of his poetry, Keats was also a strenuous thinker, as revealed by his letters; in these he speculated on the nature of poetry and the poet and struggled with the problems of suffering and death.

15 Born in London, Oct.31, 1795, the son of a livery stable keeper, Keats was orphaned while still a child, and in 1811 he was apprenticed to a surgeon.As soon as he was qualified, however, Keats left surgery for poetry, influenced by his friend the poet Leigh Hunt, who encouraged him to write and also introduced him to many famous poets of the day. After producing several mediocre poems, Keats suddenly composed the remarkably assured sonnet “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer”(1816), soon to be followed by his long, ambitious allegorical poem Endymion(1818).Written in the lush style of Hunt - which Keats soon rejected - this work described the poet’s search for the ideal beauty.After ita publication he was attacked as a member of Hunt’s “Cockney School” of poetry in an article in Blackwoods’s Magazine.This and other severe attacks on Keats had been killed by criticism. Actually he died of tuberculosis, a disease against which both he and his brother Tom long struggled; in 1818, Tom died, and shortly afterward Keats became aware that he too had contracted consumption.His misery was exacerbated by his increasing ill health, marriage was impossible.Throughout this anguished time, however, Keats was producing his masterpieces.During 1819 alone, he composed The Eve of St.Agnes, Lmia, the six great Odes(including “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to a Nightingale”), and reworked his unfinished epic Hyperion into The Fall of Hyperion, in which he examined his own poetic career and redicated himself to the strenuous art of poetry. By early 1820, Keats understood clearly that he was dying and in the fall traveled with his his friend the painter Joseph Severn to Rome in an attempt to delay the workings of the disease.From there he wrote agonized letters lamenting his loss of love and the failure of his hopes of poetic excellence.He died on Feb.23, 1821, in the house on the Spanish Steps that now forms a memorial to him and Shelley. Keat’s short poetic life is unprecedented in English literature; between the ages of 18 and 24 he wrote poems of such power that they rank with the greatest in the language.Taking in all the senses, they lyrically render the totality of an experience and catch in their packed phrases the complexity of life in which pain and pleasure are inextricably joined.

Song (1817)Song (1817)Song (1817)Song (1817) I had a dove and the sweet dove died; And I have though it died of grieving:

O, what could it grieve for?Its feet were tied With a siken thread of my own hand’s weaving;

Sweet little red feet?Why should you die - Why should you leave me, sweet bird!Why?

You lived alone in the forest-tree, Why, pretty thing, would you not live with me?

I kissed you oft and gave you white peas; Why not live sweetly, as in the green trees!

16

Vocabulary and Grammar Tasks. 1 Find in the text the English for: известный, настойчивый, раскрывать, размышлять, лишиться родителей, отдать в учение, поощрять, посредственный, необыкновенно, отвергать, искать, узнать, страдание, обострять, время страданий, канун, эпическая поэма, вновь посвятить, оплакивать, совершенство, занимать место, передавать, горе, сплетать. 2 Complete the chart of the nationality words in the following order: country - adjective - person - nation. Russia Russian a Russian The RussiansEnglandIrelandWalesScotlandEgyptFranceGreeceSpain3 Fill each gap with a word or a word combination given below in an appropriate form. 1) Keats _______ while he was a child. 2) Lrigh Hunt _______ his friend to write.3) This work _______ in the lush style of Hunt.4) There is the myth that Keats _______ by criticism.5) His misery _______ by his love for Fanny Brawne, because the marriage _______.6) In his poems he _______ his own poetic career.7) By early 1820 Keats understood that he _______ .to be exacerbated,to examine,to die,to be orphaned, to be impossible,to encourage,to be written,to be killed 4 Choose the right word and use it in an appropriate form. generation age 1) The great problem today is _____ gap 2) She was the girl of my _____ . keeper owner ownership 3)The _____ of the land is disputed. 4) He was a very famous horse _____. 5) Who’s the _____ of this black Mercedes? to compose to make

17to do 6)He’s _____ a good progress. 7)She began _____ at an early age. 8)She _____ aerobics once a week. afterwards after 9) Let’s go to the theatre first and eat _____. 10) The day _____ he left the country. 5 Write in the plural form of the nouns in brackets. 1) They have got five _____ .(child) 2) When he fell over, he broke two of his _____ .(tooth) 3) We need some more _____ .(knife) 4) The cat is hunting for two _____ at once.(mouse) 5) You should have written _____ about it for our staff.(Memorandum) 6) What are the main _____ in nature?(phenomenon) 7) We caught three little _____ there.(fish) 8) These _____ are too small for me.They hurt my _____ .(shoe, foot) 9) Do you know these _____ over there?(person) 10) _____ are thought of as rather silly animals.(sheep) 11) The gown was embroidered for the loveliest of the Queen’s _____ .(maid-of-

honour) 6 Fill in the blanks with correct preposition. 1) Keats was a strenuous thinker as revealed ___ his letters. 2) He speculated ___ the nature of poetry and the poet. 3) He struggled ___ the problems of suffering and death. 4) He was apprenticed to a surgeon ___ 1811. 5) Keats left surgery ___ poetry. 6) His misert was exacerbated ___ his love ___ Fanny Brawne. 7) He died ___ Feb.23,1821. 7 Use the ve4rbs in brakets in the Past Tenses. 1) Keats _____ surgery for poetry.(leave) 2) This work _____ the poet’s search for ideal beauty.(describe) 3) This and other severe attacks on Keats later _____ rise to the myth that Keats _____

by criticism.(give;to be killed) 4) Throughout this anguished time, however, Keats _____ his masterpieces.(produce) 5) By early 1820, Keats _____ clearly that he _____and in the fall _____ with his

friend to Rome.(understand, die, travel) 6) Between the ages of 18 and 24 he _____ poems of such power that they rank with

the greatest in the language.(write) Reading Comprehansion 1 Read the text again and complete the following sentences. 1) John Keats together with Lord Byron and Percy B.Shelly,

_______________________ 2) Keats was orphaned ___________________

183) Keats left surgery for poetry influenced by

___________________________________ 4) After producing several mediocre poems,

____________________________________ 5) This and other severe attacks on Keats

______________________________________ 6) Actually he died of ____________________ 7) His misery was exacerbated by

____________________________________________ 8) By early 1820, Keats understood clearly that he was dying and

____________________ 9) Between the ages of 18 and 24 he

___________________________________________ 2 Answer the following questions: 1) What can you say about John Keats as a poet? 2) When was John Keats born? 3) What was his background? 4) What speciality did he get? 5) Did he work as a surgeon?Why 6) In what style was written the sonnet’On First Looking ...”?What did it describe? 7) What myth appeared then? 8) What did Keats actually die of? 9) Why couldn’t he marry? 10) Which masterpieces were written throughout the anguished time? 11) What did Keats do after he understood he was dying? 12) When and where did Keats die? UNIT IV

CHARLES DICKENS (1812 - 1870)

Vocabulary notes navy - военно-морской флот to survey - рассматривать fame - слава to decline - ухудшать mistreatment - дурное обращение greedy - алчный crudeness - грубость evil - пагубный wasteful - расточительный sanitation - оздоровление garbage heap - мусорная куча filthy - грязный

19Pre - reading Task Before reading the aticle, skim the following paragraphs and answer the questions below. Paragraph 3 What influenced on Charles Dickens as a writer? Paragraphs 5,6 What made Charles Dickens famous? What were his works as an editor? Paragraphs 13-15 What novels belong to the first phase of his work? What are the second phase? Last paragraph Why does Dickens take such an important place in English literature? CHARLES DICKENS Charles John Huffam Dickens was born in Portsmouth on Feb.7,1812.He moved with his family to London when he was about two years old.Many of the events and people in his books are based on events and people in his life.Dickens’ father, John Dickens, was a poor and easygoing clerk who worked for the navy.John served in some respects as the model for Wilkins Micawber in David Copperfield.He spent time in prison for debt, an event Charles re-created in Little Dorrit. Even when John was free, he lacked the money to support his family adequately.At the age of 12, Charles worked in a London factory pasting lables on bottles of shoe polish.He held the job only a few months, but the misery of that experience remained with him all his life. Dickens attended school off and on until he was 15, and then left for good.He enjoyed reading and was especially fond of adventure stories, fairy tales and novels.He was influenced by such earlier English writers a s William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollett, and Henry Fielding.However, most of the knowledge he later used as an author came from his observation of life around him. Dickens became a newspaper reporter in the late 1820’s.He specialized in covering debates in Parliament, and also wrote feature articles.Dickens’ first book, Sketches by Boz(1836, consisted of articles he wrote for the Monthly Magazine and the London Evening Chronicle.These descriptions, fictional portraits, and short stories surveyed manners and conditions of the time. Literary success Dickens won his first liteary fame with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.Published in monthly parts in 1836 and 1837, the book describes the humorous adventures of a group of slightly eccentric characters in London and the English countryside.At 24, Dickens suddenly found himself famous.He remained so until his death. Dickens founded and edited two highly successful weekly magazinez.He edited Household Words from 1850 to 1859 and All the Year Round from 1859 to his death. Personal Life Personal unhappiness marred Dickens’ public success.In 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth.Catherine had a sister Mary, who died in1837.Dickens’ grief at Mary’s death has led some scholars to believe that he loved Mary more than his

20wife.Catherine was a good woman but lacked great intelligence.She and Dickens had 10 children.The couple separated in 1858. Dickens had remarkable mental and physical energy.He recorded his activities in thousands of letters, many of which make delightful reading.He spent much of his crowded social life with friends from the worlds of art and literature.Dickens enjoyed drama and went to the theatre as often as he could.When he was rich and famous, he made a hobby of producing and acting in amateur theatrical productions.He had great success giving public readings of his works.Dickens’gift for creating dramatic scenes in his novels can be traced to his love for the theatre. Besides writing, editing, and touring as a dramatic reader, Dickens busied himself with various charities.These charities included schools for the poor children and a loan society to enable he poor to move to Austria.Dickens often walked for hours to work off his remaining energy.He came to know the streets and alleys of London better, perhaps, than any other person of his time. Dickens’ health began to decline about 1865 and he died of a stroke on June 9,1870. Dickens’ books Dickens wrote 20 novels (including 5 short Christmas books), and many sketches, travel books, and other non-ficyion works.Not all of his books were best sellers, but the most popular ones broke all sales records for the time. The first phase After the success of The Pickwick Papers,Dickens turned to more serious themes and plots.However, he always introduced enough humor to keep his books entertaining. Oliver twist(1837-1839) describes the adventures of a poor orphan boy.The book was noted for its sensational presentation of London’s criminal world and for its attack on England’s mistreatment of the poor. In Nicholas Nickleby(1838-1839), Dickens criticized greedy properties of private schools, who treated students brutally and taught them nothing. Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844) is one of two books that Dickens based on his first trip to America.The other is the travel book American Notes(1842).It is best known for its unflattering picture of the crudeness of American manners and for its comic characters. The second phase During the 1840s, Dickens’ view of Victorian society, and perhaps of the world, grew darker.His humour became more bitter, often taking the form of biting satire.His characters and plots seemed to emphasize the evil side of human experience. Dombey and Son(1846-1848) deals primarily with a selfish egoist whose pride cuts him off from the warmtn of human love.The book stresses the evils of the Victorian admiration for money.Dickens believed that money had become the measure of all personal relations and the goal of all ambition. With David Copperfield(1849-1850), Dickens temporarily lessened the role of social criticism to concentrate more on semiautobiography.David’s youth is clearly patterned after Dickens’ youth. Bleak House(1852-1853) is in many respects Dickens’ greatest novel .The book deals with many social evils, chiefly wasteful and cruel legal progresses.It also attacks the neglect of the poor, false humanitarians and clergymen, and poor sanitation.

21 Hard Times attacks philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s doctrine of utilitaritarism.Betham believed that all human ideas, actions, and institutions should be judged by their usefulness. In Little Dorrit(1855-1857),Dickens continued his campaign against materialism and snoberry, which were represented by the rich Merdle family and their social-climbing friends.He also ridiculed government inefficiency. In Great Expectations(1860-1861), Dickend returned to the theme of a youth’s discovery of the realities of life.An unknown person provides the young hero Pip with money so that Pip can live as a gentleman.Pip’s pride is shattered when he learns the source of his “great expectations”. Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865) was Dickens’ final novel of social criticism.Dickens again attacked the false great garbage heaps of the London dumps as a symbol of filthy money. Dickens’ place in literature Dickens is now considered one of the major figures in English literature.Numerous books and essays have described Dickens as a writer of considerable depth and complexity.He has also been praised as a sensitive and philosophic observer of hum,an struggles within social institutions.In this sense, Dickens has been associated with such authors as Herman Melville, Franz Kafka, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Vocabulary and Grammar Tasks 1 Find in the text the English for: долг, не иметь, наклеивать, навсегда, давать материал(в прессе);большая статья,очерк; посмертный, редактировать, портить, талант, благотворительность, заем, очерк, известный, собственник, нелестный, едкий, едкий, цель, уменьшать, копировать, священник, высмеивать, неспособность, общий. 2 Look at the list of adjectives from the article and divide them into three groups: popsitive, negative and either according to their meanings. Poor, easygoing, free, humorous, eccentric, successful, remarkable, amateur, entertaining, criminal, greedy, private, unflattering, comic, bitter, evil, selfish, wasteful, cruel, false, filthy, major, considerable, sensitive Positive(good) Negative(bad) Either(not sure) 3 Complete the words in the sentences below by adding -able or -ible.Make any spelling changes that are needed 1) A darksuit is prefer_____ to a light one for evening wear. 2) We spent a profit_____ day cleaning out the cupboards. 3) Signs of economic and social decay are clearly vis_____ in the streeyts of the capital. 4) He was a very pleasant and person_____ young man. 5) The weather was really so horr_____ yesterday. 6) Of course, this meat is not eat_____ . 7) I do not think this work is manage_____ for one person alone. 8) It’s no longer poss_____ to find a cheap flat in London. 9) My mother became comfort_____ after the operation. 10) She keeps an unbeliev____ number of cats at home!

2211) It was very sens_____of you to bting your umbrella. 12) Is it accept_____ to wear jeans to this reception? 13) I do not like change_____ weather in London. 14) The teacher made me respons_____ for keeping the class in order while she went

out. 15) The damage to my car is hardly notice_____. 16) Foe me she has an irresist_____ fascination. 17) He is quite knowlege_____ about wines. 18) The island is access_____ only by boat. 19) Your excuse does not seem to be reason_____ . 20) This document is comprehens_____ only for lawyers 4 Use the right adjective ending in -ing or -ed to complete each sentence. 1) Not so long ago the country was ______ with windmills. a) covering b) covered 2) The film was very _______ . a)entertained b)entertaining 3) Are you _______ in French literature? a)interested b)interesting 4) My son’s behaviour is _______ . a) frightened b) frightening 5) I was _______ with the book.I expected it to be much better. a)disappointed b)disappointing 6) I’m going to the States next week.It will be an _______ experience. a)excited b)exciting 7) He never stops talking and never says anything _______ . a)interested b)interesting 8) He’s the most _____ person I have ever met in my life. a)bored b)boring 9) It is not _____ that he failed the exam, he had not studied hard. 5 Use one of words or word combinations given below in an appropriate form to fill each gap. 1) He _____ with his family to London. 2) Many of the events and people in his books _____ on events and people in his life. 3) Even when John was free, he _____ the money to support his family adequately. 4) Dickens _____ school off and on until he was 15, and then _____ for good. 5) Personal unhappiness _____ Dickens’ public success.

236) Besides writing, editing, and touring as a dramatic reader, Dickens _____ himself

with various charities. 7) He _______ the streets and alleys of London better, perhaps, than any other person

of his time. 8) The most popular books _____ all sales records for the time. 9) Dickens _____ one of the major figures in English literature. To be based. To leave, to mar, to busy, to attaend, to be considered, to come to know, to lack, to break, to move. 6 Choose the right word.If you are not sure check the meaning in the dictionary. 1) It was very _____ of you to bring your umbrella. a) sensitive b) sensible 2) I have bought these _____ shoes in the shop near you. a) comfortable b) convenient 3) The news of his death will deeply _____ her. a) effect b) affect 4) Don’t mention that she’s put on weight _____ she is very ____ about it. a) sensible b) sensitive 5) Are you _____ on that hard stool? a) comfortable b) convenient 6) Smoking and drinking ______ health. a) affect b) effect 7) She is very _____ about money. a) sensitive b) sensible 8) They met in a mutually _____ place. a) comfortable b) convenient 9) The advertising campaign didn’t have much _____ on sales. a) affect b) effect 10) Don’t be so _____ - I wasn’t critisising you. a) sensible b) sensitive 11) Will three o’clock be _____ to you? a) comfortable b) convenient 12) Her new dress produced quite an ______on everyone.

24a) affect b) effect 7 Fill in the blanks with correct preposition 1) Charles John Huffam Dickens was born _____ Portsmouth ___ Feb.7,1812. 2) He moved ___ London when he was about Two years old. 3) Many ___ the event and people ___ his books are based ___ events and people ___

his life. 4) His father worked ___ navy. 5) ___ age of 12, Charles worked ___ a London factory. 6) He enjoyed reading and was especially fond ___ adventure stories. 7) He was influenced ___ early English writers. 8) He specialised ___ covering debates in Parliament. 9) He recorded his activities ___ thousands ___ letters. Reading Comprehension 1 Are the following sentences true or false?If there is not enough information, write don’t know. 1) Charles Dickens was of an English birth.___ 2) His father was a successful businessman.___ 3) Charles got a good education.___ 4) Dickens was a newspaper reporter.___ 5) In his books there are many characters and events from his life.___ 6) He won his literary fame with Oliver Twist.___ 7) He was unhappy in his personal life.___ 8) Dickens had 10 children.___ 9) All his life Charles loved his wife’s sister.___ 10) Dickens enjoyed the theatre.___ 11) He devoted himself for the bringing up children.___ 12) His dream was to go to Australia.___ 13) Dickens liked walking in the streets.___ 14) Dickens died of tuberculousis.___ 15) He is one of the major 16) figures in English literature.___ 2 Complete the following chart for Charles Dickens Topic Main idea Paragraph(s) 1.Introduction 2. Childhood 3. First job 4. First literary works 5. Literary success 6. Personal life 7. Dicken’s likes and dislikes

8. Other work 9. Dickens’ books

2510.Place in literature 3 Explain in your own words the significance of these items to Charles Dickens’ life. Sketches by Boz the Evening Chronicle The Posthumous Papers of the Pikwick Club Household Words All the Year Round Victorian Society Oliver Twist David Copperfield 4 Which of the words below describe Charles Dickens? Writer poet

curious talanted

clever successful

energetic leader bachelor author

modern imaginative sympathetic

generous mean cruel

5 Make the plan of the text. 6 What have you learnt about Charles Dickens from the text?Tell the class. UNIT V

OSCAR WILDE (1854 - 1900)

Pre-reading Task Before reading the whole text, skim the following paragraphs and answer the questions below. Paragraph 1 Besides writing what was Oscar Wilde famous for? Paragraph 2 What was Wilde’s origin? Paragraph 3 Where did Oscar Wilde study? Paragraph 4 Which books did he write in 1888 - 1892? Paragraph 5 Where is Oscar Wilde’s tomb? OSCAR WILDE Though Oscar Wilde is known today primarily as a playwright and as the author of The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891) - his only novel - he also wrote poetry, fairy tales, essays and criticism, all of which express his aesthetic approach to life and art.Indeed, he was the most popular spokesman in the late XIXth century advocating the doctrine

26of aestheticism, which insisted that art should be primarily politics, religion, science, bourgeois morality. Oscar Wilde (Fingal O’Flahertie Wills) was born in Dublin on October 16,1854 to parents who were prominent in Ireland’s social life.His father(William Ralph Wills) was a leading ear and eye surgeon who had founded a hospital a year before Wilde’s birth and who had received the appointment of Surgeon Oculist in Ordinary to the Queen, and honorary position especially created for him in recognition of his international reputation.Wilde’s mother (Francesca Elgee Wilde), nine years younger than her husband, was known in literary and political circles as “Speranza”, a name she adopted in the 1840s to give hope to Irish nationalists and activists in the woman’s rights movement. Wilde received an education appropriate to his station in life.When he was ten, he was sent to Portora Royal School(founded by King Charles II) in Enniskillen, Ulster.In October 1971, he entered Trinity College in Dublin, where he distinguished himself by winning various prizes and medals, particularly for his learning in the classics.In June 1874, he won a scholarship, the classical Demyship, to Magdalen College, Oxford University, after completing his third year at Trinity College.At Oxford, Wilde developed the manner of poseur and was widely recognised by his fellow students as a brilliant talker. On May 29, 1884 he married Constance Lloyd.She came from a respectable family in Ireland.They had two children - Cyril and Vyvyann.Probably, his happy life inspired him to write stories for children.The Happy Prince and Other Tales was published in 1888, A House of Pomegranates - in 1891-1892. In October 1900, following his trip to Rome, Wilde was ill with an ear infection that developed into encephalitis.On October 10, he underwent an operation.Thus, he died on 10 November at the age of forty-six.His tomb, sculptured by Sir Jacob Epstein, is in Père-Lachaise Cemetery,Paris. Vocabulary and Grammar Tasks 1 Find in the text the English for: драматург, подход, оратор, учение, утверждать, известный, назначение, почетный, общественное положение, выдающийся, получить стипендию, вдохновить, позер, уважаемый, вдохновить, перенести операцию. 2 Change the following nouns into adjectives poetry approach religion literature politics

education classics manner respect infection

3 Complete the following adjectives by adding the corect prefix(un-, in-, or im-) and put them in the appropriate column below. ___happy ___clear

___patient ___grateful

27___practical ___common ___proper ___lucky ___true ___fair ___attentive ___convenient

___definite ___kind ___correct ___person ___different ___pleasant ___constant ___sincere

4 Fill the gaps with one of the words or word combinations given below in an appropriate form 1) Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin to parents who _______ in Ireland’s social life. 2) His father _______ a hospital a year before Wilde’s birth. 3) He had received _______ of Surgeon Oculist in Ordinary. 4) Wilde received an education appropriate to his _______ . 5) In Trinity college he _______ himself by winning various prizes and medals. 6) At Oxford Wilde _______ the manner of poseur. 7) His happy family life _______ him to write stories for children. 8) In October 1900 Wilde _______ with an ear infection. To found, to be ill, to be prominent, to distinguish, an appointment, to develop, station in life, to inspire. 5 Here is a list of verbs used in the article, some of the verbs are regular.Which are they? a)Write in the Past Simple of all verbs know _______ write ______ express _______ be _______ insist _______

have ______ found ______ receive _______ send ________ create _______

enter _______ win ________

distinguish _______ come _______

Reading comprehension 1 Identify the paragraphs which deal with the following topics: Topics Paragraphs 1.Oscar Wilde’s origin. ______________ 2.Wilde’s personal life. ______________ 3.Wilde’s career as a writer. ______________ 2 Read the text again and complete the following sentences 1) Though Oscar Wilde is known as a playwright he also wrote

___________________________

282) He was the most popular spokesman in the late XIXth century advocating

_________________ 3) Oscar Wilde was born in

________________________________________________________ 4) His father was a leading ear and eye surgeon who

____________________________________ 5) Wilde’s mother was known as

____________________________________________________ 6) Wildw received an education appropriate

___________________________________________ 7) In October 1871 he entered

______________________________________________________ 8) At Oxford Wilde developed the manner of

__________________________________________ 9) She came from a

______________________________________________________________ 10) His happy family life inspired him

_______________________________________________ 11) In October 1900, Wilde was ill with

______________________________________________ 3 Answer the following questions: 1) What Oscar Wilde is famous for? 2) What did hi write? 3) What did he advocate? 4) When and where was Oscar Wilde born? 5) Which family did he come from? 6) Which education did he get? 7) How did he study? 8) Which manner did he develop at Oxford? 9) Who did Oscar Wilde marry to? 10) Which family did his vife come from? 11) What inspired him to write stories for children? 12) What did Oscar Wilde die of? Список использованной литературы. 1. English Reader’s Ddigest, 1995,NN 1-3; 9; 11. 2. How English Works>A grammar practice book, OUP, 1997. 3. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Fifth edition, 1997.

29 Составитель – Мартемьянова Наталия Владимировна Редактор - Бунина Т.Д.