1

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/

dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{

dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf

km};nf

d'2f g+= @)^^–WF–)))*

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt OGx'/]8

OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsf tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs clwjQmf >Ls[i0f ;'j]bL –––– !

P]=sf sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt af/ OsfO{sf ;b:o

clwjQmf /fds[i0f sfˆn] –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ! lgj]bs

P]=sf jsfnt lgb]{zs ljb'/k|;fb clwsf/L –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– !

la?¢

/fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, lztnlgjf;, sf7df8f} ––– !

dlGqkl/ifb\, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/ –––––––––––– !

g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•f eb|sfnL, sf7df8f} ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ! ljkIfL

g]kfnL ;]gfsf tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL ?SdfËb s6'jfn, dfkm{t

g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•f eb|sfnL, sf7df8f} ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– !

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf

bfo/ e} k]z x'Fbf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz aLr dt}So x'g g;sL ;jf]{Rr

2

cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jdf]lhd o;

Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f

b]z zflGt k|lqmofsf] dfu{df /x]sf] cfhsf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;xdltsf] /fhgLlt

dfkm{t ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L bLuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug'{ cfhsf]

d"n cfjZostf xf] . o; aLrdf ldlt @)^^.!.& df k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 csf{ k|ToyL{

tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] cfb]z gdfg]sf] / gful/s

;jf]{RrtfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] egL :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]df ;f] pk/ lghaf6 k]z u/]sf]

:ki6Ls/0f lrQ a'‰bf] gePsf] egL @)^^.!.@) df lghnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf

!!-#_ adf]lhd k|wfg ;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf *-#_ adf]lhd sfod d'sfod

k|wfg;]gfkltdf bf];|f] kbqmdsf] jl/i7 clws[t /yL anflws[t s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod

d'sfod k|wfg;]gfklt lgo'Qm u/]sf]df k|ToyL{ /fi6«kltn]] ;f] sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmnfO{

r'gf}tL lbFb} ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] ;Lldt e"ldsfaf6 cfkm"nfO{ dfly /fvL ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf, dd{

/ cfzo ljkl/t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #& tyf wf/f !$$-@_, !$$-%_

sf] dd{ / efjgf ljkl/t sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ;DkGg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]

bkmf !!-#_ tyf bkmf *-#_ adf]lhd k|wfg;]gfklt x6fpg] / sfod d'sfod lgo'lQm ug]{

u/L u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL lbFb} ;/sf/n] jvf{:t u/]sf ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{

@)^^.)!.@) ut] ;+ljwfgsf] /Ifs / kfns ePsf] axfgfdf k|ToyL{ k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{

jt{dfg cj:yfdf oyfjt\?kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'x'g egL lgb]{zg

ug'{ ePsf] s'/f ;f]xL @! ut]sf] sflGtk'/ b}lgs, uf]/vfkq b}lgs nufotsf klqsfdf

;dfrf/ k|sflzt e} ;fj{hlgs ?kdf yfxf x'g cfof] . dxfdlxd /fi6«kltaf6 ePu/]sf]

pQm sfo{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ab/of]Uo ePsf] s'/f b]xfo

adf]lhd pNn]v ub{5f}+ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfndf Pshgf

/fi6«klt /xg], ;f]xL pkwf/f -@_ df /fi6«klt /fi6«fWoIf x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf o; ;+ljwfg /

3

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lghn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ tyf pkwf/f -#_ df /fi6«kltn]

;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{kg]{] k|d'v st{Jo lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L wf/f

#& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ n] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] / zf;g

Joj:yfsf] ;~rfng / lgoGq0f ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . wf/f $$

n] ;d]t ;f] s'/fnfO{ yk :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ df g]kfnL

;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . wf/f

!$$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg"g adf]lhd

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{5 elgPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL pkwf/f -%_ df g]kfnL

;]gf ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& n] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] / g]kfnsf]

zf;gJoj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg]

:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) df k|]lift kq / sfo{ pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs

k|fjwfg ljkl/t 5g\ . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf *-!_ df k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm g]kfn

;/sf/af6 x'g] / bHof{gL lrGx ;d]t k|wfgdGqLaf6 k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . bkmf *-#_ df

ljbfdf a;]sf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kb l/Qm x'g cfPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn

;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jl/i7 clws[tn] sfod d'sfod eO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]

sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] 5 eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL P]g adf]lhd ;/sf/n] ljkIfLnfO{

k|wfg;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ bkmf *-#_ adf]lhd s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfod

k|wfg;]gfkltdf lgo'Qm u/]sf]df ;/sf/sf] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ;f] sfo{nfO{ r'gf}lt

lbFb} sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/n] k|wfg;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ ;s]sf ljkIfLnfO{ oyfjt\\

k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf ydf}tL ug]{ /fi6«kltsf] ;f] sfo{n] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfb]lv ljleGg

wf/fdf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / ltgsf] efjgfsf] pNn+3g ePsf] :ki6 5 . ;+ljwfgdf

:jljj]sdf ug{ kfpg] u/L /fi6«kltsf] s'g} clwsf/ /flvPsf 5}gg\ . t/ /fi6«kltn] ljkIfL

k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ k7fpg'ePsf] kqdf ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/df :yflkt / lg/f]lkt u/]sf

sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lghL ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] c;+j}wflgs x'Fbf pQm sfo{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gL

k|fjwfgsf] ljkl/t 5 .

4

/fi6«kltn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|fjwfg ljkl/t

sfd ug'{ ePsf] / cGo ljkIfLn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfo{ gu/]sf] ug{

g;s]sf] / ug{ grfx]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}+ . ljkIfLx?af6 eP u/]sf

plNnlvt u}/;+j}wflgs sfo{af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ljkl/t x'g] u/L g]kfndf

k|wfg;]gfkltsf] Ps kbdf @ hgf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] axfnL ePsf] / o:tf] c;+j}wflgs

sfo{af6 /fi6« / g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ kg]{ c;/nfO{ dWogh/ u/L o; ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

uDeL/ ljifonfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs

;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf o; ;Ddflgt cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;d]t xfdL

lgj]bsx?df /x] ePsf]n] of] lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}+ . ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,

;}lgs P]g, @)^# ;d]t ljkl/t /fi6«kltaf6 ;/sf/n] kbaf6 x6fPsf JolQmnfO{

k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf ydf}tL ug]{ c;+j}wflgs sfo{nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

!)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f, cfb]z, k"hL{ hf/L

u/L ab/ ul/kfpFm .

/fi6«kltaf6 ePsf] pQm sfo{ tTsfn g/f]Sg] xf] eg] o;n] ;/sf/ / /fi6«fWoIfsf]

sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df låljwf pTkGg x'g], tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg gaGg] / rfn'

zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ cj?4 kf/L ulDe/ b'3{6gf x'g ;Sg] k|jn ;+efjgf ePsf] / To;f] x'Fbf

d'n's csf]{ o'4sf] df/df km:g] ePsf]n] /fi6«kltaf6 u}/;+j}wflgs / u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ldlt

@)^^.)!.@) df tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L k7fOPsf] kqsf]

sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .

;fy} k|:t't ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] uDeL/ ljifo e} ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofsf] ;d]t

cj:yf ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #* adf]lhd cu|flwsf/ k|bfg

u/L 6'Ëf] nufO{ kfpFm .

6fOkaf6 ePsf] q'6L ;RRofO{ kfpmF eGg] lgj]bg

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf /fi6«klt ;d]t ljkIfL e} btf{ ePsf] pTk]|if0fsf]

lgj]bgsf] lj?4 v08df pNn]lvt ljkIfLx?sf] qmd k|s/0f ! df tf]lsPsf]df k|s/0f g+= $

sf] klxnf] x/km, !# x/km, k|s/0f %-u_ sf] afx|f}+ x/kmdf ljkIfL g+= $ nfO{ ljkIfL g+= #

5

egL ;Daf]wg x'g uPsf]n] pQm :yfgdf pNn]lvt ljkIfL g+= # nfO{ $ dfgL ;RofO{ kfpg

;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @( adf]lhd lgj]bg u/]sf] 5' . ;f] adf]lhd

;+zf]wg ul/kfpmF .

sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{

xf] < ljkIfLx?dWo] ljkIfL g+= ! sf] xsdf lghsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 / cGosf xsdf

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !)

lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL

ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d'2fsf]

ljifoj:t' x]bf{ sfo{sfl/0fL tyf /fi6«kltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] ljleGg wf/fx?sf] JofVof ug'{ kg]{ ljifo b]lvPsf] x'Fbf k"0f{ ;'g'jfO{sf]

a]nfdf g} af]Ng'kg]{ b]lvPsfn] xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf]

ljifoj:t' rfF8f] 6'+uf] nfUg'kg{] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL agfO{Psf ;a} lgsfoaf6 lnlvt hjfkm

k|fKt ePkl5 k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^^.!.@@ sf] cfb]z .

k|ToyL{x?tkm{af6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkmsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ pk]Iff u/L k|wfg;]gfkltaf6 / k|wfg;]gfkltsf] k|ToIf lgb]{zgdf

hËL c•faf6 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -!_

sf] k|lts"n x'g] sfd ePsf]n] tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL >L ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!

sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljleGg tLgj6f ljifodf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ tf]lsPsf]

;doleq g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]

k=;+=d+=k=j}= @)^^, r=g+=!%, ldlt @)^^.!.^ sf] kqaf6 >L ?SdfËb s6'jfn, k|wfg;]gfklt,

g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ n]vL k7fOPsf]df k|wfg ;]gfklt dxf/yL >L ?SdfËb s6'jfnn] g]kfn

;/sf/ ;dIf ldlt @)^^.!.* df k]z ug'{ ePsf] ;kmfO{sf] ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^^.!.@) df

a;]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbsf] a}7sn] lgDg ljifodf lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

6

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL

>L ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ ljleGg tLgj6f ljifodf ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ lgb]{zg lbOPsf]df

lghn] ldlt @)^^.!.* df k]z u/]sf] ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf]n] lghnfO{ ;}lgs

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbaf6

cfhs} ldltaf6 nfu" x'g] u/L cjsfz lbg] .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt >L ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!

sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|wfg;]gfklt kbaf6 cfh}sf ldltdf cjsfz lbOPsfn]

l/Qm x'g cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu

;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf jl/i7

clws[t, /yL >L s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfod k|wfg;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef/

;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg]] .

k|s/0f ! / @ df plNnlvt ljifodf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] plNnlvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|wfgdGqL

tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] qmdzM r=g+=&@, &# ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kqaf6

k|wfg;]gfklt >L ?SdfËb s6'jfn tyf /yL >L s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ n]vL uPsf] . ;fy} ;f]

lg0f{o adf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"nfO{ u/fpg r=g+= &$ ldlt @)^^.!.@)

df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] . o;}aLr ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjsf; lbg]

lg0f{o ul/Psf g]kfnL ;]gfsf dxf/yL >L ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf oyfjt\

?kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g egL ;f]xL /ft lgb]{zg lbPsf]df g]kfn

;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@! df a;]sf] a}7sn] b]xfo adf]lhd lg0f{o u/]sf] .

æ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt 8f=/fdj/0f ofbjaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] dWo/ftdf g]kfnL

;]gfsf cjsf; k|fKt k"j{ k|wfg;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnsf] gfddf lbOPsf] cfb]z g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# ljkl/t ePsf] / To:tf] cfb]z hf/L ug{

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{ s'g} klg ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL clwsf/ gePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/

pQm cfb]znfO{ u}/;+j}wflgs / nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf ljkl/t ePsf] 7x/ ub{5 . ;fy},

7

pQm cfb]znfO{ cljnDa lkmtf{ lng ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt ;dIf cg'/f]w;fy kqfrf/ ug{]

lg0f{o ub{5 .Æ

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@! sf] plNnlvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g ;DdfggLo

/fi6«kltHo" ;dIf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] r=g+= && ldlt @)^^.!.@! sf]

kqaf6 kqfrf/ ;d]t eO;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't dfdnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6

g} 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) / @)^^.!.@! df ePsf lg0f{ox?sf]

k|lts"n x'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 yk s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g . ctM g]kfn

;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] plNnlvt lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# cg's"n g} ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] gfddf s'g}

klg lsl;dsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no

;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf lgj]bsn] ls6fgL;fy ljkIfL

agfOg' ePsf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"sf gfddf ;DejtM ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/f, k|rng Pj+

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw -Conventions_ ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ug'{ pko'Qm

g;DemL lghaf6 ;f]em} lnlvt hjfkm dfu gul/Psf] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGo

ljkIfLx?af6 dfq lnlvt hjfkm dufpg] cfb]z eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]

cf}lrTo :jtM ;dfKt eO{;s]sf] 5 .

o; sfof{noaf6 s] s:tf] c;+j}wflgs Pj+ u}/sfg"gL sfd sf/jfxL x'g uPsf] xf]

eGg] s'/f lgj]bgdf st} pNn]v;Dd klg ug{ ;Sg'ePsf] b]lvFb}g . o; sfof{nonfO{

ljkIfLsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/L sf/0f, cfwf/ b]vfO{ lgj]bs :jo+n] ljkIfL g} agfpg g;s]sf]

jf agfpg cfjZos gb]v]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] s'g} ;Gbe{ Pj+ ;/f]sf/ x'g

g;Sg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub}{ :jo+ lgj]bsn] kIf sfod gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 g} o; sfof{nosf]

xsdf ;d]t s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .

l/6 lgj]bsx?n] d"ntM OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ePsf]

tYo :jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] eGg] bfaL

8

lhls/ lng'ePsf] k|Zg k|f/DetM g} cg'lrt Pj+ cfwf/xLg b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$$ Pj+ wf/f !^$, ;}lgs P]g Pj+ ;}lgs lgodfjnL, @)@)

;d]t cGtu{t axfn /x]sf k|wfg;]gfklt ;d]tsf] kbflwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf /fi6«fWoIf

-/fi6«klt_ sf] txaf6 eP u/]sf lg0f{o÷lgb]{zgsf ;DaGwdf pTk|]if0f÷k/dfb]z nufotsf

cfb]zaf6 dfq k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;+j}wflgstf Pj+ sfg"gL j}wtfsf] Goflos

k/LIf0f÷k'g/fjnf]sg ;j{dfGo ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qaf6 ;d]t ;Dej gx'g] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w

5 . t;y{ ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf, k|rng Pj+ l;4fGtn] ;d]t pTk|]if0f÷k/dfb]zsf]

kl/lw aflx/sf] dfubfaL x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg u|x0f of]Uo 5}g .

ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] ˆofS; k|ltlnlk Pj+ ;fj{hlgs kq klqsfdf 5flkPsf]

;dfrf/sf s'/fx?nfO{ g} Ps dfq cfwf/ agfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] xsb}of cGtu{t o; ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f

clwsf/If]q cGtu{t pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfpg] lgj]bsn] cfkm"n] p7fPsf jf cbfntdf k|j]z

u/fPsf] ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf k'li6 Pj+ k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ sf/0f, cfwf/ Pj+ tYo tyf lgjf{x

ug'{kg]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljifoj:t'l;t cy{k"0f{ ;DaGw gePsf] / tT;DaGwL

k"j{ zt{x? lghx?n] k"/f u/]sf] Pj+ To:tf] cfwf/sf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .

/fHosf] s'g} cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/L jf JolQmsf] lgo'lQm jf cjsfzsf ;DaGwdf

/fHosf] pRrtd kbflwsf/Lsf] txaf6 ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ pTk|]if0f÷k/dfb]zsf]

cfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 r'gf}tL lbg jf ljjfbdf Nofpg ldNb}g . k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ JolQmnfO{

;/f]sf/ geO{ cGo a];/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] cfˆgf] xs clwsf/sf] ;d]t k|ToIf jf k/f ]If

c;/ k/]sf] sf/0f g} gb]vfO{ lbPsf] lgj]bgkq cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f

-@_ sf] k|fjwfg cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^s cGtu{t ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6

d'n'ssf] /fi6«fWoIfsf] x}l;otn] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg

ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'?k cfˆgf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L Pj+ st{Josf] lgjf{x eO{ cfPsf] Joxf]/f

ljgd| cg'/f]w ub}{ ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^6 adf]lhd o; sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ;DdfggLo

/fi6«kltHo"af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;xhstf{ Pj+ ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf;Dd lgjf{x

9

ug]{ afx]s o; sfof{nosf] cGo s'g} lg0ff{os e"ldsf g/xg] / k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df klg

g/x]sf] x'Fbf o; sfof{nosf] gfddf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g] k|of]hg

;d]t b]lvFb}g .

nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf /fi6«klt Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf

dlGqkl/ifb\ Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] /fHo ;+rfng ;DaGwL Jofks

ljifosf sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf y'k|} cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s k|lqmofsf]

dfWodaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df qmdzM ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/fx?

:yflkt x'Fb} a:b} uPsf] cj:yfdf ljjflbt ljifosf] lg0f{o x'g'cl3 lgoldt Pj+ k6s k6s

lghx?sf aLrdf e]63f6, 5nkmn eO{ ;f]sf] ljj/0f ;d]t o; sfof{no dfkm{t\ ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf k7fOPsf] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' . l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]

ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kq k7fpg'eGbf klxn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|wfg;]gfklt ?SdfËb

s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg] tyf /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfod k|wfg;]gfkltsf]

sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg] egL ePsf] lg0f{o cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] rf}yf] / kfFrf}+

;+zf]wg cg';f/ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfO{ ;+zf]wg gu/L ul/g] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o

u}/;+j}wflgs tyf /fi6«sf] lxt ljk/Lt x'g] s'/f g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt ;d]t

/xg'ePsf] ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 ldlt @)^^.!.&, @)^^.!.(, @)^^.!.!# ;d]tsf]

5nkmnaf6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ cjut u/fO;s]sf] Pj+ ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo";Fu

k/fdz{ u/]/ dfq o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg /fli6«o lxt cg's"n x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] lg0f{o lng]

egL ljZjf; lbnfpg' ePsf] s'/fx?sf] ;+:d/0f u/fpFb} lnlvt–kq dfkm{t ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f

u/fpg' ePsf] pNn]vgLo x'g cfpF5 .

;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt / k|wfg;]gfklt aLrsf] ;DaGw / kqfrf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] lj:t[t

?kdf kl/eflift Pj+ lgoldt gu/]sf] l:yltdf tyf ;f] ;DaGw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;}lgs P]g,

@)^# nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg cg'?k ;+zf]wg gu/]sf]

cj:yfdf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8, ;fd~h:otf / ;Gt'ngsf] ;}4flGts l/QmtfnfO{ k"/f u/L a'‰g

;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf, k|rng, l;4fGt Pj+ k/Dk/fsf] d2t lnFb} dgg ug'{

/ a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"n] ;+ljwfgsf] ;f/ / ljifoj:t'dfly s'g} lg0f{o

10

gu/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf k|lqmofTds q'6LnfO{ ;Rofpg, ;'wf/ ug{, ldnfpg lbPsf]

;Nnfx ljrf/flwg /x]sf] cj:yfdf oyfl:ylt sfod /fVg] p2]Zon] lgb]{zg hf/L eO uPsf]

Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) df ljjflbt cjsf; ;DaGwL lg0f{o

x'g'cl3 g} ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\df ;lDdlnt cGo bnx?n] cfˆgf] ;dy{g lkmtf{

lnO;s]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf], dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf tL bnsf dfggLo dGqLHo"x?n]

efu g} glnPsf] cj:yfdf zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] PskIf /x]sf] /fhg}lts bnsf] lg0f{o÷lgb]{zg

cg'?k cNkdtdf k/]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 pQm lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg÷;}lgs

P]g ;d]tsf] Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;d]t ljrf/0fLo b]lvg] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;fy}, ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf+z bn ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ljifodf pko'Qm

lg0f{o lng k|d08n ;lxt ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"nfO{ e]6L lnlvt cg'/f]w ul/Psf] ;d]t

;du| /fhg}lts kl/l:ylt ;d]tsf] cWoog / d"Nof+sg eO{ ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6

lg0f{o lng'ePsf] xf] .

t;y{, k|:t't lg0f{o ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs ljifo dfq ;dfj]z ePsf] geO{

b]zsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff, sfg"gL Pj+ zflGt–;'Joj:yf, ;}lgs ;+u7gsf] ;+j]bgzLntf, lj:t[t

zflGt ;Demf}tf cflb ;d]t k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifodf tTsfn

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 ckl/xfo{ lg0f{o lng'ePsf] pNn]vgLo x'g cfpF5 . o; ;Gbe{df

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^s, !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ / !^% sf] pkwf/f

-@_ sf k|fjwfgx?sf] kl/k|]Iodf æ/fi6«fWoIfÆ ePsf] Pj+ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!_, -@_ /

-#_ tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k /fi6«sf]

lxtdf cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf / kl/l:ylt cfO{k/]sf] pNn]vgLo Pj+ ljrf/0fLo

x'g] Joxf]/f ;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5' . t;y{ plNnlvt sf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{o ;DaGwL ljjfbsf]

ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t ljz'4 Goflos k/LIf0f÷d"Nof+sg x'g'

kg]{ cj:Yff 5}g .

11

nfdf] ;–z:q åGå kZrft\ ;+qmd0fsfndf zflGt :yfkgf / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v

p2]Zo ;d]t tf]sL hf/L eO{ nfu" /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cGtu{t ul7t

cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* / $# adf]lhd ;d]t /fhg}lts ;dy{g Pj+

;xdlt h'6fpg g;sL cNkdtdf kl/;s]sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ cjsf;

lbg] ;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;+j}wflgstf Pj+ sfg"gL kIf q'6Lk"0f{ Pj+ sfg"g ;Ddt

gb]lvPsf]n] ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf cfjZos lgsf;sf]

lg0f{o lng n]vL uP nuQ} kl5 k|wfg;]gfkltsf gfddf plNnlvt kq n]vL uPsf]n]

sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5sf] /fhg}lts 36gf ljsf;qmddf ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqLHo"n] ldlt @)^^.!.@! df cfˆgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf]

k|lqmof k|f/De eO{;s]sf] / lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z ;d]t hf/L geO{ ;f] kq

sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf] ;d]t cj:yf 5 . pko'{Qm plNnlvt kl/l:yltdf lgj]bsx?n]

ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf, h6Lntf Pj+ ;+j]bgzLntfsf] uxg cWoog÷d"Nof+sg gu/L Pj+

ljjflbt ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfnfO{ cgb]vf u/L /fhg}lts ljifosf] ljjfbnfO{ k|:t't ul/

l/6 lgj]bg lbg'ePsf] k|:t't ljifo Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lw aflx/sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

pko'{Qm sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs sf/0f tyf cfwf/ afx]s gjf]lbt u0ftGqfTds /fi6«sf]

/fi6«klt -/fi6«fWoIf_ Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL ;d]t aLrsf] ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL Pj+

/fhg}lts, cGt/lqmof Pj+ cGt;{DaGw, k|lqmofx? Pj+ clwsf/If]q ljz'4 sfg"gL, ;+j}wflgs

cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] ljifo geO{ /fhg}lts kIf ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g] x'G5 . o:tf

sltko lg0f{o / ljifox?sf ;DaGwdf cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ;d]t 5nkmn÷k/fdz{ eO{

dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o ug'{ cl3, lg0f{osf] bf}/fgdf tyf lg0f{o eO;s]kZrft\ klg

k"glj{rf/÷k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu /fi6«fWoIfsf] txaf6 n]vL k7fpg], cg'/f]w ul/g],

/fi6«fWoIfsf] To:tf] ;'emfj÷k/fdz{ :jLsf/ ub}{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] nf]stflGqs ;+j}wflgs

k/Dk/fsf] ?kdf cGo d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs zf;g Joj:yfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv cEof;

ePu/]sf] / ul/g] ljifo /lxcfPsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/0fLo x'g cfpF5 . u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf]

;+ljwfg Pj+ ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/fsf] ;fdfGo cWoog Pj+ cjnf]sgaf6 klg plNnlvt

;+j}wflgs cEof;÷k/Dk/f, k|rng ;DaGwL nfdf] k/Dk/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . oL ljifox?df

12

ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs ts{sf cfwf/df dfq ljjfbsf] lg?k0f x'g;Sg] ljifo gePsf]

Joxf]/f ;d]t ljgd| cg'/f]w ub}{ sfg"gL, ;+j}wflgs sf/0f, cfwf/ Pj+ ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf

dfGo l;4fGt ;d]t ljkl/t bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 .

g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•f

l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfL g+= # egL ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•f kb wf/0f

ug]{ JolQm geO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] d'Vofno xf] . lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt k|s/0f k|s/0fx?df

lgj]bsn] bfjL u/] adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•fn] s'g} kb wf/0f ug]{, hËL c•fnfO{

g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} kbaf6 x6fpg], ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 hËL c•fnfO{ s'g} kbdf /xL

/xg egL lgb]{zg x'g] tyf s'g} kb wf/0f ug]{ eGg] k|;+u g} /x+b}g . pNn]lvt ;Gbe{df

g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•f, eb|sfnLnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L hËL c•fsf] gfddf ;DdfggLo

/fi6«kltHo"af6 s'g} kqfrf/ gul/Psf] cj:yfdf kq klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ / ;f]

Joxf]/fsf] kqsf] k|ltlnlksf] xjfnf lbO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} hfgsf/L g} geO{ ;f]

;Fu cy{k"0f{ ;DaGw g/x]sf l/6 lgj]bsx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;Ddflgt

cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfpFbf cfkm"n] p7fPsf ljjfbsf]

ljifosf ;DaGwdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ k"j{zt{x? ;d]t k"/f gu/L bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't cfwf/xLg l/6

lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .

g]kfnL ;]gf hËL c•f ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo geO{ kfngf ug]{

lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]

kl/lwleq /xL ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] cIf/;M kfngf ub}{ cfPsf]df o; hËL c•fsf] s]

s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] s] s'g k|fjwfg s] s;/L pNn+3g x'g uPsf] xf] / s]

slt sf/0fn] o; hËL c•fnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg] v'nfpg g;sL ljkIfL g}

agfpg' gkg]{ lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFm .

tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt, ?SdfËb s6'jfn

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ! sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;Fu

aflemPsf] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] eO{ P]=sf] wf/f !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ df

ePsf] Joj:yfn] of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx? vf/]h of ;+zf]wg

13

geP;Dd sfod /xg] eP tfklg of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf]

tLg dlxgf kl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# -ldlt @)^%.)@.!^ df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ ;Fu aflemPsf] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf

k|fjwfgx? ldlt @)^%.%.!^ af6 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;}lgs

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf *-!_, bkmf *-#_ / bkmf !!-#_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf]

pkwf/f -!_ sf] -!s_, -@_ / -#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] x'gfn] pQm bkmfx? pNn]lvt ldltaf6 :jtM

vf/]h eO;s]sf] dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf o;} ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt glh/ ;d]taf6

k'i6L x'g] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^% sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ljifo jf k|;+un]

csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx?sf] clwgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof

;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf]

JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf], ;+ljwfgdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQmsf]

;DaGwdf Joj:yf eO{ cjsf; jf avf{;Lsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] / ;}lgs P]g,

@)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] Joj:yf plNnlvt cfwf/af6 :jtM vf/]h eO{ ;s]sf]

x'Fbf tT;DaGwdf sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] k|fjwfg cfslif{t x'g] eO{ sfg"g

JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf !^ df /x]sf] s'g} g]kfn P]gn] s;}nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{

clwsf/ lbPsf]df cs}{ clek|fo gb]lvPdf ;f] avt lgo'lQm ug]{ clVtof/ kfPsf clwsf/Ln]

cfkm"n] jf To:tf] clVtof/ kfPsf] c?n] lgo'lQm u/]sf] dflg;nfO{ ;:k]08 jf avf{:t ug{

kfpF5 eGg] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo" /xg'

ePsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf sfo{/t lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{nfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg] clwsf/

klg ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltdf dfq /x]sf] :ki6 5 .

pko'{Qm ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\ -g]kfn ;/sf/_

af6 dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsf; lbg] clek|fo /fvL o; ;Ddflgt cbfntdf

d'2f k/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifox?nfO{ cfwf/ sf/0f b]vfO{ ldlt @)^^.)!.)^ ut]

:ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]df d}n] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;To ;fFrf] Joxf]/f ;lxtsf]

;kmfO{ k]z ul/;s]kl5 ;f] sf] Gofof]lrt ?kn] cWoog Pj+ d"Nof+sg geO{ ldlt

14

@)^^.)!.@) ut]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7saf6 u}/;+j}wflgs / u}/sfg"gL?kn] dnfO{

k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsf; lbg] lg0f{o u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ldlt

@)^^.)!.@) sf] kqaf6 dnfO{ cjsfz kq lbO{Psf]df g]kfnL ;]gfsf k/dflwklt

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"af6 jt{dfg cj:yfdf oyfjt\\ ?kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf

lg/Gt/tf lbg x'g egL lgb]{zg eP cg';f/ oyfjt\\ ?kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNb}

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf slQklg ljrlnt geO{ /fi6«sf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t

/lxcfPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub}{ dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L tTsfnLg

dlGqkl/ifbn] u/]sf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|lts"n lg0f{o cf/DetM cdfGo -ab-initio void_

/x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|lts"nsf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;f] lg0f{onfO{ sfod /fVg]

clek|fon] bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .

lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{ / d]/f] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf, hËL c•f g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gåf/f :yflkt ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] st{Jokfng ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] /

d}n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs

P]g, @)^# sf] kl/lwleq /xL ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] cIf/;M kfngf ub}{ u/fpFb} cfPsf]df

d]/f] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] s] s'g k|fjwfgsf] s] s;/L pn+3g x'g uPsf]

xf] / s] slt sf/0fn] dnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg] v'nfpg g;sL, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg Pj+ ;}lgs P]g ;d]tn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kb Pj+ xs

;DaGwL ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of k|fKt x'g g;Sg] sfg"gL JolQmsf]

?kdf btf{ ePsf Ps ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6, ljkIfL g} agfpg' gkg]{ lnlvt hjfkm

k|:t'tstf{nfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't cfwf/xLg / xsb}ofljxLg l/6 lgj]bg

vf/]h efuL 5 .

ldl;n ;+nUg cGo tYo Pj+ kqx?

lgj]bs >L s[i0f ;'j]bL ;d]t ljkIfL g]kfnL ;]gf hËL c•f ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=

)^%–wo–&)( sf] pTk|]if0f ljifodf /fi6«kltsf] sfof{nosf] r=g+=@** ldlt @)^^.&.!% sf]

kq;fy o; sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o;}

15

;fy k7fOPsf] 5 egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] r=g+=##%# ldlt @)^^.&.!^ sf]

kq;fy lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o; cbfntdf k|fKt ePsf] .

;Djt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+=&)( ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.&.!( sf] kqdfkm{t dfu eO{ cfPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o;} ;fy ;+nUg /fvL k7fO{Psf] egL af]wfy{ tyf

sfof{y{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/

ax; k}/jL tyf k|lt/Iff ug{ egL lbO{ o; cbfntdf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

sfof{noaf6 r=g+= (% ldlt @)^^.&.@) sf] kq;fy lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk klg k|fKt ePsf] .

lgj]bsx? /fds[i0f sfˆn] / ljb'/ clwsf/Ln] o; cbfntaf6 tf]lskfPsf]

@)^^.!).!# ut]sf] tf/]v u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvof] .

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]z

k|:t't ljjfbdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltjf6 ;fljs kbdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]{zkq

lbOPsf tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltn] g} cjsfz k|fKt ul/;s]sf] nufotsf s]xL ljifox?sf]

jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;fGble{stf /x]sf] gb]lvPklg lgj]bg bfjLsf] d"n ljifo cyf{t

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s= adf]lhd /fi6«kltnfO{ k|fKt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfng ug'{kg]{

st{Josf] k|of]u, sfo{If]q / To;sf] ;Ldf ;DjGwL dxTjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs JofVofsf] k|Zgsf]

;fGb{lestf ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+qmd0fsfndf d'n'sdf ev{/}

;+:yfut x'g nfu]sf] u0ftGqsf] w/f]x/ jf k|ltssf ?kdf /xsf] /fi6«ktLo ;+:yfsf]

;+ljwfgsf] kfng / ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ k|d'v st{Jo ;DjGwdf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf p7fOPsf

ljjfbx?sf] ;+j}wflgs / Goflos ;+af]wgaf6 ;f] ;+:yfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; / cf:yfnfO{

alnof] agfpgdf d2t g} k'Ug hfg] eO{ k|f/+eLs cj:yfdf /x]sf] u0fftGqfTds ;+j}wflgs

ljsf;qmdn] :yfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff lng' c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf

s'g} ;+a}wflgs hl6ntf cfO{ ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] zf;g Joj:yf sfod u/fO{ b]znfO{

;+j}wflgs dfu{df cu|;/ u/fO/xg tyf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf k|lt:kwf{Tds

ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/,

aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]if :jtGqtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL

16

/fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufotsf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu klg

/fi6«ktLo ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf ;DjGwdf cem :ki6 x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:tt'

lgj]bgdf ;lGglxt /x]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] /fi6«kltsf] ;ljwfgsf]

;+/If0f / kfngf ug]{ k|d'v st{Josf] sfo{If]q / ;Ldfsf ;DjGwdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{

Ohnf;af6 lg?k0f x'g cfjZos / jf~5gLo b]lvPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(

sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/L nut s§f u/L

k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L

bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo .

k|wfg;]gfkltsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf /fi6«kltsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfsf] :ki6tfsf]

lgldQ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ df ;+zf]wg e};s]sf] cj:yfdf To;}

ljifodf /fi6«kltaf6 lbOPsf] lgb]{zkq ;d]t lg:k|of]lht e};s]sf] / eljiodf k|of]u x'g]

;+j}wflgs e"ldsfsf] vf]lh ul//xg' plrt klg x'Fb}g . ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cg';f/ s;}sf] xs lxtsf] k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ cyjf

To:tf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]

7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 o; ljifodf k"0f{ Onf;af6 JofVof x'g'

kg]{ egL ePsf] cfb]z;Fu d]/f] c;xdlt x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod

# sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fo

;lxtsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.!@.#! sf] cfb]z .

ax; v08

lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf @)^&

;fn ;fpg @),@!,@#,@$,@%,@*,#),#! / efb| ! ut] ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf lgj]bs tyf k|ToyL{x¿sf

tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax;sf] ;f/;+If]k

b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

17

lgj]bsx¿sf tkm{af6

lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmf >L >Ls[i0f ;'j]bL

hg cfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd :j?k ljb|f]xL zlQm;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF

;+ljwfgsf] kl/sNkgf hgtfn] u/] . ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL aLr lj:t[t zflGt ;Eemf}tfsf]

cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] l:ylt xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf /

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf a'Fbfx? ;d]t Ps} k|s[ltsf 5g\ . hgk|ltlglwåf/f zf;g Joj:yf

;Grfng ug]{ ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s df /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf

hgk|ltlglwn] g} hGdfPsf] xf] . sfo{sf/Ln] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L tTsflng k|wfg

;]gfkltnfO{ lbPsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] ljkl/t /fi6«kltaf6 g]kfnL ;]gf hËL c•fnfO{

n]v]sf] lgb]{zkq ;+ljwfg Pj+ zflGt ;Demf}tf ljkl/t 5 . ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] ljifodf

g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"gL q'6L jf k|lqmofut q'6L u/]sf] eP o; cbfnt ;dIf cfpg ;Sg]

cj:yfnfO{ /fi6«kltn] cfkm}+ k|of]u u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . c7f/ j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdlt Pj+

k|wfgdGqL cNkdtdf k/]sf] eGg] egfO{sf cfwf/df /fi6«kltn] sfo{sf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{

s'l07t u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . lgo'lQm ug]{n] jvf{:t ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ;+ljwfgn] af]n]sf] 5}g, of]

;j} cj:yfdf nfu" x'g] cj:yf klg /xFb}g . ;+j}wflgs Pj+ /fhg}lts 36gfqmd tyf lgjbg

lb+bfsf] cj:yf kl/jt{g eP klg @)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6«kltn] lbPsf] kqsf] ;+j}wflgs k/LIf0f

x'g' cfjZos 5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L

;DdfgLo /fi6«kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) df k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt\ sfd ug'{ egL

n]v]sf] kqaf6 ;+j}wflgs ljjfb z'? ePsf] l:ylt xf] . pQm kqdf /fi6«kltn] cfk"mnfO{

/fi6fWoIf / ;]gfsf] k/dflwkltsf] ?kdf b]vfP klg cfn+sfl/s kbdf a;]sf] JolQmn]

sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ;+ljwfg tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] lbPsf] 5}g .

;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf ug'{ cufj} jg]sf] ;}lgs P]gn] /fi6«kltn] of]

of] sfd ug]{ 5g\ egL ljwflosfsf] dg;fo lyof] egL sNkgf ug'{ x'Fb}g . k|wfg ;]gfklt

lgo'lQm ug]{ k|lqmofdf;Dd /fi6«kltsf] sfo{ b]lvG5 eg] cjsf;sf] s'/f sfo{sf/L

dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ s''/fdf låljwf /xg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+ljwfg tyf P]gn] /fi6«kltnfO{ pGd'lQm

18

lbPsf] l:ylt ;d]t 5}g . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfsf] sfo{Gjog /fi6«kltn] ge}

sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ xf] . ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg jf sfg"gL Joj:Yff s]xL pNn]v gu/L

c7f/ j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltn] kq n]v]sf] eGg ldNb}g . pQm kq ;+ljwfgsf] s;Ldf

k/LIf0f x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L lbgd0fL kf]v/]n

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) df g]kfnL ;]gf hËL c•fdf k|]lift kqn]

;+ljwfgjfbsf] dfGotfnfO{ pN6f] lbzftkm{ nu]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf Pj+ lj:t[t

zflGt ;Demf}tf ljkl/tsf] sfo{n] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf kfpg ;Sb}g . sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf]

jf/]df ljjfb pTkGg u/fO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ nDAofpg] / zflGt k|lqmofnfO cj?4

ug]{ k|s[ltsf] /fi6«kltåf/f k|]lift kq ab/ ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]

Disciplinary Action /f]Sg] clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ 5}g . sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] Authority

exercise u/L Chief of Army nfO{ oyfjt /fVg] /fi6«kltsf] sfo{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf]

l;4fGt ;d]t ljkl/t 5 . ;/sf/ cNkdtdf k/]sf] 5 sL 5}g egL Test ug]{ clwsf/

ljwflosfnfO{ dfq /x]sf]df c? cËsf] clwsf/ ;d]t k|of]u u/L cfn+sfl/s k/dflwkltsf]

x}l;on] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt /xg lgb]{z u/]sf] sfo{ ab/ x'g' kg]{ l:ylt 5 .

/fi6«kltn] kfpg] pGd'lQm ;Fu k|:t't ljifonfO{ hf]8\g ldNb}g . Doctrine of Necessity sf]

l;4fGt cg';f/ ul/Psf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]klg To;sf] Objective Ground

b]vfpg ;s]sf] cj:Yff 5}g . Legal ground df ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] ljifon] b]z b'3{6gfdf

5 egL sfNklgs cfwf/df cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . ljgf]b sfsL{ /

/fhLj k/fh'nLsf] d'2fdf k|:t't l;4fGtsf] jf/]df lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6«kltsf]

u}/ ;+j}wflgs sbdn] eljiodf ;d]t lg/Gt/tf kfpg] l:ylt /xg' x'Fb}g . lgj]bg dfu

adf]lhd @)^^.!.@) sf] kq jb/ x'g' kb{5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f sfˆn]

dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/ ;+j}wflgs g}

ePklg To;nfO{ ;Rofpg] clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ 5}g . ljw]os k|dfl0ft ug]{ wf/f *& sf]

sfo{ jfx]s cGo sfd /fi6«kltn] ug{ kfpg] l:ylt 5}g . h;n] lgo'lQm u5{ p;}n] jvf{:t

19

ug{ ;S5 eGg] lgtfGt oflGqs ts{ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f /

kfngf ug'{ kg]{ eg]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] xf] . /fi6«klt

sfof{noaf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkmdf sfNklgs cfwf/df cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf] ;/sf/n] @)^^.!.@) df u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ cbfntdf ljjfb

ljrf/flwg /x]sf] cj:yf kl5 jg]sf] ;/sf/n] cl3Nnf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] @)^^.#.$ sf]

lg0f{o ;d]t ab/sf] dfu u/L l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] cj:Yff 5 . k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjlw

;lsPsf] egL lgj]bg lhsL/ lgik|of]lht eGg ldNb}g . /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/

jLrdf :ki6 ;Ldf /]vfsf] JofVof x'g' kg]{ l:ylt 5 . /fi6«kltn] cfk"mn] gu/]sf] sfdsf]

xsdf dfq pGd'lQm kfpg] xf], cfkm}+n] u/]sf ljjfbdf cfPsf sfdsf] jf/]df pGd'lQm kfpg]

cj:yf 5}g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L t'n;L e§

k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{ ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -%_ n] cGo s'/fx? sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g] eGg]

k|fjwfg adf]lhd ;}lgs P]g, @)^# jfx]s cGo sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf] k|of]u x'g] cj:yf 5}g .

;}lgs P]g, @)^# df @)^^.!).& df ePsf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ x]// k|:t't ljjfbsf] lgK6f/f ug{

ldNb}g . zflGt ;Demf}tf lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] / ;dod} :yfoL ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] nIo xf] . dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L

k|wfg ;]gfklt x6fO{ csf]{ ;]gfkltnfO{ sf=d'=sf] kbef/ lbg] u/]sf] lg0f{o cbfnt afx]s

cGoq r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6«kltnfO{ ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng

ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] 5}g . of] ljjfbn] ;]gfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0fdf ;xhLs/0f

ug{ xfn;Dd c;/ kl//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfd afx]s /fi6«kltn] cGo :jtGq

lx;fjn] sfd ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . /fi6«kltsf] sbd s'g} klg lx;fjdf ;+ljwfg cg's"n 5 eGg

ldNb}g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L w|'jk|;fb rf}nfufO{

hg cfGbf]ngsf] kmn:j?k ;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf cfPsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

Joj:yf /fi6«kltjf6 pNn3+g ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;+:sf/n] k|>o kfpg] lsl;daf6

20

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& adf]lhd sfo{sf/L

clwsf/ k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;sf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ /fi6«kltn] bnut jxfgfsf]

cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o 5Ng] sfd ePsf] 5 . lg/s+'z /fi6«kltsf] kl/sNkgf gu/]sf]

cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L /fi6«kltjf6 k|]lift @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g'

kb{5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L /ljGb| e§/fO{

;]gf sfo{kflnsfsf] dftxtdf g/xg] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/rgf xf] ls eGg] cy{ ug'{ kg]{

7fpF 5}g . ;}lgs zlQm eg]s} sfo{sf/L zlQm xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .

/fi6«kltåf/f hf/L @)^^.!.@) sf] kqdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL w/ftn s]xL pNn]v 5}g .

/fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\ jLr s'/f gldn]sf] cfwf/df dgf]ut 9+un] cGo bnsf] ;xdtL

elgPsf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/; g} gu/]sf] ljifodf ljlzi6 clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ u/L

ePsf] /fi6«kltsf] sbd sfg"g ;Ddt 5}g . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf tyf nf]stGqsf]

dfGotf Pj+ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf ljkl/t ePsf] /fi6«kltsf] sfo{sf] jf/]df Goflos JofVof

x'g' h?/L 5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L /ljg ;'j]bL

;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo ePsf /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ If]q

gf3]/ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ kq n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifodf /fhg}lts dfq ge} ;+j}wflgs

ljjfb ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] l:ylt 5 . Doctrine of Necessity sf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g]

cj:yf / kl/l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f ljsNk 5pGh]n cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf]

k|of]u ug{ kfO{b}g . /fi6«kltn] k|]lift u/]sf] kq Separation of Power and check and

Balance sf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 . k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsf; lbg] ljifosf] Notice

/fi6«kltn] klxn] g} lbPsf] lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o c;+j}wflgs eP k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{

cbfnt cfpg] ljsNk v'nf g} /x]sf] cj:yf Goflos clwsf/ ;d]t /fi6«kltn] k|of]u u/]sf]

l:ylt x'Fbf pQm @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 .

21

ljåfg clwjQmf >L af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{

ljut nfdf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdsf] lttf] cg'ejn] ubf{ xfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf

ljw]os k|dfl0ft ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t /fi6«kltn] k'glj{rf/ ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5}g .

/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] :jljj]sn] sfd ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg tyf ;}lgs P]gn] lbPsf]

5}g . /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL aLr cgf}krfl/s k/fdz{ ePs} l:ylt ePklg lg0f{osf] k|Zgdf

/fi6«kltsf] ;Nnfx dfGg' kg]{ afWofTds ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5}g . ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL

clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /x]sf] l:yltdf sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs w/ftn lagf k|wfg

;]gfkltsf] cjsf; ydf}tLsf] clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ x'g] s'/f klg ePg .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fi6« k|d'v sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ?kdf g/xg]

Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg Transitional Phase df hf/L ePsf]n] o;sf] JofVof

k|hftflGqs dfGotfsf] cfwf/df x'g' h?/L 5 . ljjfbsf] ljifo xf/lhtsf] ljifo gx'Fbf

/fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :yfg s] x'g] eGg] ljifodf ljifb JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 . /fi6«kltn]

z+sf u/L lkmtf{ ug]{ jf k'g{ljrf/ ug]{ ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqdf

/fi6«kltn] cfk"mdf /x]sf] cjlzi6 clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/]sf] eGg] egfO{ g/xL bnsf] bjfjsf]

cfwf/df u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ /fi6«kltn] ;Demfpg] k|ofz

;d]t ug'{ ePg . c7f/j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] Reaction nfO{ Act ug'{ eof] . /fi6«kltn]

/fhgLlts JofVof ug{ vf]h]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . :ki6Ls/0f dfu u/L k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{

x6fpg] / csf]{ l;lgo/ JolQmnfO{ sfod d'sfod lbg] lg0f{o olb c;+j}wflgs lyof] eg]

Test ug{ ;lsg] lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgsfNg] / /fi6«kltn] oyfjt\ /fVg] egL Ps} k6s b'O{

lgsfon] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] jf/]df JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 . sfo{sf/L

clwsf/ lju|]sf] cj:yfdf /fi6«kltn] w]/} e"ldsf v]Ng ;Snf t/ ;fdfGo cj:Yffdf of]

;+ljwfg cg's"n b]lvFb}g . /fi6«klt /fhg}lts bnaf6 clek|]l/t x'g' ePsf] eGg] @)^^.!.@)

sf] kq Joxf]/fn] jf]n]sf] 5 . o:tf] sfo{sf] jf/]df ljwflosfnfO{ hfgsf/L;Dd lbg] sfd

ul/Pg . ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{n] csf]{n] nfP l;sfPsf] sfd ug]{ xf]O{g . cfkm\gf]

ljj]s k|of]u ug'{ kYof]{, ul/Pg . External s'/fsf] cfwf/ lnPs} sf/0fn] /fi6«klt ljjfbdf

22

tflgPsf] cj:yf 5 . /fi6«kltsf] kbnfO{ ljjfbdf Nofpg] sfd :jo+ /fi6«klt /

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{n] u/]sf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o unt lyof] eg] c7f/ j6f /fhg}lts

bn ;bgdf guO{ /fi6«klt sxfF hfg' klg uNtL b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfO{

Exile u/fpg] sfd /fi6«klt, dlGqkl/ifb\ / /fhg}lts bnx?af6 ePsf] 5 . oL lgsfox?n]

cf–cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . /fi6«kltsf] x}l;ot / k/d

;]gflwkltsf] x}l;ot a]Un} xf] eGg] s'/fdf klg /fi6«klt cndlng' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't

;+ljwfgsf] JofVof x'Fbf Harmonious Theory cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ cj:Yff 5 .

clwjQmf >L /d0fs'df/ >]i7

k|:t't ljjfbdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !, ## / #^ ljz]if ?kdf x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6«kltåf/f

k|]lift @)^^.!.@) sf] kqn] l;lh{t ;d:ofn] xfnsf] dlGqd08n u7g ;d]t x'g ;s]sf]

5}g . ;xdltsf] s'/f oxL /fi6«kltsf] sbdn] k5f8L ws]nL lbPsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

;+zf]wg x'Fbf ;}lgs P]g ;+zf]wg gePsf] sf/0fn] klg s]xL ;d:of l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

/fi6«kltaf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fdf ;d]t ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ pNn]v gu/L /fhg}lts

s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ stay order h:tf] u/L oyfjt /fVg] u/L

ePsf] /fi6«kltsf] lg0f{odf ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:Yff ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . h;n] lgo'lQm

u5{ p;}n] x6fpg kfpF5 eGg] s'/f ljkIfLx?af6 p7]sf] ePklg of] ts{ lg/k]If ?kdf nfu"

x'g ;Sb}g . ;]gfsf] jf/]df cGo s]xL d'n'ssf] Joj:Yff x]bf{ klg :ki6Ls/0f lbg] Joj:yf

5}g . xfd|f] ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ df klg ;]gfsf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ x6fpg :kli6s/0f lng' kg]{

k|fjwfg lyPg . P]gdf Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq lgo'lQm ug]{n] x6fpg kfpg] cj:yf

/xG5 . sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf !^ sf] lj:t[t JofVof e} 6Lsf

kf]v/]nsf] d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 af]lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . @)^#.@.$ sf] k|ltlglw;efsf]

3f]if0ffn] /fhfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ g/xg] / ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg]

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf h:tf] /fi6« k|d'vnfO{ pGd'lQmsf] Joj:Yff

jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df ;+ljwfgsf]

;+/Ifs / kfngf ug]{ st{Jo tf]s]sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]sL c? c•fsf] clwsf/ ;d]t cfkm}+n]

k|of]u u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . /fi6«kltsf] sbdn] å}w zf;gsf] vt/f pTkGg x'g] l:ylt ePs}

23

sf/0f tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbg' ePsf] xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf]

k|fjwfg;Fu ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * aflemPsf] 5 egL ljkIfL tkm{af6 p7fPsf] ts{df

s'g} jf]wuDo cfwf/ 5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6«kltnfO{ bfloTj tf]s]sf] l:ylt

xf] . of] bfloTj k"/f eof] ePg egL cbfntn] Test ug]{ ljifo klg xf]O{g . ;+o'Qm

Ohnf;sf] cfb]zdf plNnlvt cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf] glh/df plNnlvt l;4fGt cg';f/ klg

lg0f{o sfg"g ;Ddt x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 . k|wfgdGqLnfO{ @)^^.!.@) df

/fi6«kltn] n]v]sf] kq Joxf]/faf6} /fi6«klt cfk"m /fhg}lts bnaf6 k|]l/t ePsf] eGg]

b]lvG5 . wf/f #^s sf] unt JofVof u/L kq n]vL lgb]{z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . :jtGq x}l;ot

/fVg' kg]{ /fi6«kltn] bnsf] e"ldsf lgefPsf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . @)^).!.@) sf] lg0f{o

dlGqkl/ifb\n] lkmtf{ lnPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f v/]n

k|:t't ljjfbdf Doctrine of Necessity sf] s'/f ljkIfL ljåfgx?n] elg ;s]kl5

cj /fi6«kltsf] yk clwsf/sf] JofVof x'g' k5{ eGg] egfO{ :jod\ vl08t ePsf] 5 . of]

ljjfbaf6 ;]gf e8\sfpg] sfd /fi6«kltaf6 ePsf] 5, k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf] xf]O{g . obL

tTsfnsf] k|wfgdGqLn] cfk"mn] /flhgfdf glbPsf] eP l:ylt tgfjk"0f{ x'g] lyof] . ;+ljwfg

eg]sf] sfg"gsf] efiff dfq xf]O{g . Pp6f gD;{ klg xf] . /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] d'2fdf ;+j}wflgs

Pj+ sfg"gL cfwf/ ljgf s;}n] klg sfd ug{ gkfpg] egL l;4fGt :yflkt e} ;s]sf] 5 .

Cabinet n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cNkdt / jx'dtsf] cfwf/df ePsf] eGg] cy{ ug'{ klg x'+b}g .

k|wfg ;]gfkltn] cfk"mnfO{ cGofo ePsf] s'/f t cbfntdf cfO{ eGg ;Sg' kYof]{ . Tof] gu/L

unt af6f]af6 lgsf; vf]Hg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] bfo/fsf] cfwf/df

k|:t't lgj]bg hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5 .

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ Pj+ /fi6«klt sfof{nosf tkm{af6

ljåfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf

lgj]bg dfu bfjLdf g]kfnL h+ËL c•fn] ;/sf/sf] lg0f {o dfg]g eGg' ePsf] 5 . wf/f

#^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ uxg e"ldsf lbPsf] 5 .

24

/fi6«kltsf] sfd ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«klt ;af]{Rr k/d ;]gfklt x'g] Joj:yf

u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, Joj:Yffkg / kl/rfng ;DjGwL s'/f /fi6«kltdf /fvL

lbof] . lgj]bsn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbg' ePsf] 5}g . ;kmf

xftaf6 lgj]bs cbfnt k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . dfcf]jfbL ;]gf;Fu n8]/ cfPsf] ;]gfsf]

k|d'vnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o g} b'/f;oo'Qm lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . /Iff dGqL / ;f] lg0f{o ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg ljkIfL agfO{Psf] 5}g . sfg"g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf !^

sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lgo'lQm ug]{n] jvf{:t ug{ ;Sg] Joj:Yff cg';f/ /fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfg

ldr]sf] eP lgh pk/ dxfcleof]u nufpg ;Sg] j}slNks Joj:Yff ;d]t 5 . /fi6«kltnfO{

pGd'lQmsf] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf geP klg o;nfO{ cGo b]zdf ePsf] cEof;nfO{

klg x]g'{ k5{ . cEof;af6 ljsf; x'g] s'/f xf] . pGd'lQmsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ /fi6«kltn] lgo'Qm

u/]sf /fhb"tx?n] kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 eg] /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfd ug{

pGd'lQm 5}g eGg ;lsFb}g . @)^^.!.@) sf] dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{onfO{ csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n]

@)^^.#.$ df k|f/De b]lv g} ab/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf] d'2fdf Pp6f

dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{o csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n] ab/ ug{ ;Sg] eGg] l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf]

5 . lgj]bg lgik|of]lht x'g] cj:yf ;d]t 5 . /fi6«kltsf] sbd u}/ ;+j}wflgs eP lghnfO{

k|wfgdGqLn] dxfcleof]u nufO{ ;+;bdf n}hfg ;Sg' kYof]{ . of] lgj]bg btf{ ug{ OGx'/]8

OG6/g]zgnfO{ xsb}of 5}g . l/6 hf/L x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t cfb]z lgik|of]lht x'G5 .

/fi6«kltn] n]v]sf] lr¶Ldf Apparent error 5}g . clwsf/k[R5f cGtu{t dsf{ kg]{ kIf

s'naxfb'/ v8\sf lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg' kYof]{ . k|wfgdGqLnfO{ /fi6«kltn] lbPsf] ;'emfjsf]

ljifo x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .

ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]n

/fi6«kltn] n]Vg' ePsf] kq ab/sf] dfu p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifo Gofo

lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo leq kb}{g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg cfpg' eGbf cuf8L ;}lgs P]g cfO{;s]sf]

lyof] . /fi6«kltsf] Joj:Yff rf}yf] ;+zf]wg kl5 dfq eof] . ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltnfO{ k|ToIf

clwsf/ glbP klg /fi6«kltnfO{ ;/sf/sf] tLg} cËsf sfd sf/jfxLdf hf]8]sf] l:ylt 5 .

wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!s_ n] ;]gf ;DjGwL s]xL clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . pkwf/f -@_ df

25

lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf u/L pkwf/f -#_ df ;]gfsf] kl/rfngsf] clwsf/ klg /fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf]

5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * df /fi6«kltnfO{ hf]8]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fi6«kltn] k|of]u ug]{

clwsf/ sfo{kflnsLo clwsf/ cGtu{t g} kg]{ x'gfn] /fi6«kltaf6 n]lvPsf lnlvt kqx?

o; cbfntaf6 k/LIf0f x'g] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6«kltn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ n]v]sf] kq t

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/ xf] .

/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tn] jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf] sfd

sf/jfxL Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . /fi6«klt d'n'ssf] /fi6«fWoIf xf] eGg] s'/fdf

ljjfb 5}g . lg/+s'z /fi6«kltsf] sNkgf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] xf]O{g . ef/tsf] /fi6«kltsf]

;+j}wflgs Status / xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] /fi6«kltsf] Status km/s 5 . /fi6«kltnfO{

sfo{sf/L Joj:yfksLo s'g} c+u;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5}g . tyflk ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg 7fpFdf sfd

st{Jo tf]lslbPsf] 5 . ;]gf k|d'vsf] ljifodf /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL jLr w]/} 5nkmn ePsf]

eGg] /fi6«kltsf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ;]gf k|d'vn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf 5}g .

s'n axfb'/ v8\sfsf] sfod d'sfod ab/ u/]sf] cj:yf klg xf]O{g .

of] ljjfb PIL sf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 tfklg xfn ;'g'jfO{sf] cj:yf;Dd

ljjfb 6'+uL ;s]sf] x'Fbf /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tn] Gofo lg/f]k0f

ug{' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf] ljjfbdf l/6 vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/sf

;DjGwdf s]xL af]lnPsf] 5 . pQm l/6 lgj]bg cRo"ts[i0f v/]n cfkm} lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg'

ePsf] lyof], ;f] d'2fdf p7fPsf] ljifo ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs lg0f{o xf] . clxn]sf] ljifo

sfo{sf/L lg0f{osf] s'/f xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs eg]sf] st{Jo klg xf] .

lj4fg ;x GofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL

jf:tjdf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog klg x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn]

@)^^.!.@) df lbPsf] kqnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . pQm kq jt{dfg cj:Yfdf oyfjt\

?kdf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg egL pNn]lvt Joxf]/fn] tTsfnsf]

/fhgLlts kl/l:yltnfO{ klg x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . xfdL ;+qmd0f sfndf /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . lxhf]sf]

lbgdf k/dflwklt /fhfnfO{ agfPsf] / /fhf xl6;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fi6«kltnfO{ k/dflwkltsf]

clwsf/ x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ;]gfkltn] cfk"mnfO{ k/]sf] cGofosf] ljifo k/dflwklt

26

;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sb}g eGg ldNb}g . ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf lnPsf] ;]gfkltn] sfd ug{

gkfpg] / b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf ulDe/ x'g' kg]{ cj:yfdf lbPsf] kqfb]zdf q'6L

/x]sf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . ;f] kqdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf eg]s} 5 . o;nfO{ unt lx;fjn]

JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf sfod /fVg ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfdf u/]sf]

/fi6«kltsf] k|:t't sfo{n] ljjfb l;h{gf u/]sf] / ;f] sfo{ jb\lgot k"j{s 5 eGg ;lsg]

cj:yf 5}g . oyfjt\ sfd ug'{ eGg] kqdf Malafied Intention b]lvb}g . tTsfnsf]

dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] jb/ u/L ;s]sf]

cj:yf 5 . ;+/If0f / kfngf ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf /fi6«kltn] ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t r'k

nflu a:g' ;+ljwfg cg's"nsf] sfd eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]

cj:yf clxn] 5}g eGg] s'/f @)^^.!.@) kl5sf 36gfqmdn] k'li6 ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

lgjf{lrt /fi6«klt pk/ z+sf pkz+sf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . d'n'sn] Crisis af6 d'lQm

kfcf];\ eGg] ;bf;on] /fi6«kltn] sbd rfn]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f tTsfnsf] 36gfqmdn] ;d]t

k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df b]znfO{ Crisis af6 d'Qm ug]{ kl/sNgf

;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltaf6 n]lvPsf] kq t tTsfnsf] nflu cyf{t dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

hjfkm cfpg] cj:yf;Ddsf] nflu xf] eGg] s'/f kqsf] k]6jf]nLaf6 b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf]

dfcf]jfbLsf] ;/sf/n] ;xdltsf] /fhgLlts 5f]l8 lbPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . of] ljjfb

Political Questions ePsf] x'+bf Justiciable ;d]t 5}g . /fi6«kltsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kq

Doctrine of Necessity sf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L k"0f{dfg zfSo

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L g} x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . Head of the State /

Cabinate sf] ;DjGwsf] ;]/f]km]/f] leq /x]/ of] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'g' k5{ . Head of the

State n] kfpg] Immunity sf] jf/]df klg x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) df Cabinet af6

lg0f{o x'g' cufl8 k|:t't ljifodf /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL jLr ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf] eGg]

s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . of] ljjfbnfO{ lnP/ dlGqkl/ifb\df ;lDdlnt s]xL bnx?n] ;/sf/

5f]8]g] 3f]if0ff ;d]t u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . k|wfgdGqL cNkdtdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf /flhgfdf

lbPsf] / ;f] kZrft\ dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqd08nsf] u7g eO{ cl3

27

dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ @)^^.#.$ df ab/ u/]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] /fi6«klt /a/ :6fDk

dfq klg xf]O{g, sfo{sf/L klg xf]O{g . King x'Fbfsf] cj:yf / kl5sf] cj:Yff eg]sf] j+z

k/Dk/f eGbf hgtfsf] 5f]/f r'gfjaf6 cfPsf] eGg] dfq km/s xf] . System of

Government sf] context df x]bf{ /fi6«kltsf] Role ;+j}wflgs cfwf/df x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

President nfO{ lglh{j ?kdf JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . o;n] Cabinet nfO{ klg ;r]t u/fpg

;S5 . sfo{sf/L clwsf/ dlgqkl/ifb\df dfq /xg] eGg] s'/f xf]O{g . s]xL ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yfn] dlGqkl/ifb\ jfx]s cGonfO{ klg sfo{sf/L zlQm / clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . /fi6«klt

;++ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs / kfnssf] gftfn] klg /fi6«sf] Interest nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cGo Role

Play ug{ ;S5 . /fi6«kltn] Cabinet nfO{ lbg ;Sg] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj jf ;r]t u/fpg]

jf/]df k|ToIf gn]lvP klg ;+/Ifs / kfnssf] gftfn] /fi6«kltn] ug{ kfpFb}g eGg ldNb}g .

/fi6«klt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb gePkl5 State nfO{ Political

Crisis k/]sf] j]nf Resque ug]{ clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ 5}g egL JofVof ug{ ldNb}g .

cbfntsf] clwsf/ /fi6«kltn] k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq l:ylt Separation of Power

sf] ljkl/t x'g hfg] x'G5 . t/ /fhg}lts lx;fjdf b]zdf tTsfn s]xL ug'{ k¥of] eg] Tof]

a]nf President n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ x]/L /fhg}lts sbd rfNg ;S5 . /fi6«kltn] cGo

lgsfosf] xsdf Check and Balance sf] ?kdf sfd ug{ gkfpg] egL zflJbs cy{ ug{

ldNb}g . Cabinet sf] Decision Tof] j]nf ;Dd /fi6«kltnfO{ Binding x'G5 h'gj]nf ;Dd

Tof] Decision ;+j}wflgs x'G5 . To:tf] lg0f{osf] af/]df /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/lw leq

/x]/ Cabinet nfO{ cgf}krfl/s ?kdf Warn ug{ ;S5 . k|wfg ;]tfkltnfO{ x6fpg]

ljifodf Coalition Partner n] c;xdlt hgfO{ ;s]sf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf]

lgb]{zg cg';f/ sfd ug{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] x7n] nf]stGqsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . cNkdtsf]

;/sf/n] o:tf] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f csf]{ lbg k|wfdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbPaf6} :ki6

x'G5 . cfk"m xNkdtdf gk/]sf] eP /flhgfdf lbg] l:ylt klg gcfpg] / jx'dtdf eP t

csf]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;SYof] . /fi6«kltsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] Political Accountability lng

g;s]sf] sf/0f tTsfn k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf xf] .

28

Head of the State sf] Immunity eg]sf] Personal Immunity xf], t/ p;n]

u/]sf sfd Challenge ug{ gldNg] xf]O{g . oBkL /fi6«kltsf] sfof{non] u/]sf] of] ljifodf

/fi6«kltsf] sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL gagfO{ Cabinet nfO{ ljkIfL jgfpg' kYof]{ . k|:t't

ljjfbdf Cabinet g} Responsibility xf] egL dfGg' k5{ . /fHo ;Grfngsf] k|lqmofdf

cfpg ;Sg] cK7\of/fx?nfO{ g} ljrf/ u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] kfns

/ ;+/Ifssf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] lj;{g' x'Fb}g . cbfntL Process jf

Remedy l9nf] x'g hfg] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L s]xL ;+j}wflgs ljjfb /fhgLlts cj:Yffd}

;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ?kdf ge} clwsf/k[R5fsf] l/6

lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg ;lsg] cj:yf lyof] . unt jf6f] k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntn]

pkrf/ lbg ;Sg] cj:yf xF'b}g . ljjfb g} ;dfKt e} ;s]s]f cj:yfdf cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf]

d'2fdf af]lnP h:tf] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6«kltsf] sfd Legitimate / Valid 5 .

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L o1d"lt{ a~hf8]

k|wfg ;]gfkltn] @)^^.%.@$ df cjsfz kfpg' ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{ JolQm ;f] kbdf

jxfn /xL ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;]gf ;DjGwL clwsf/ k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifbdf /x]sf] ;+zf]lwt

;+j}wflgs Joj:Yffn] /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf u/L ;]gfsf] k/d;]gfklwsf] ?kdf /fi6«kltnfO{

/fVof] . ;]gf ;DjGwL Policy dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] / ;]gf ;~rfng ;DjGwL

Joj:yfdf /fi6«kltnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf

km/s km/s ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;dodf /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ldnfpg k6s k6s ljrf/

ljdz{ ePsf] 5 . xfn ;+ljwfg g} cGtl/d ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fi6«klt /

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+j}wflgs x}l;otsf] JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 . dsf{ kg]{ s'naxfb'/ v8\sfn] lrQ

a'emfO{ j;]sf] / lg0f{o ug]{ k"j{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o jb/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{

lg?T;flxt ug]{ lsl;daf6 cbfntn] JofVof ug]{ l:ylt 5}g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f lg/fnf

tTsfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] jx'dtsf] cfwf/ u'dfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf @)^^.!.@)

df lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;f] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o kl5 u7g ePsf] csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n]

cl3Nnf] lg0f{o k|f/De b]lv g} ab/ u/L /fi6«kltsf] sbdnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f]

29

ljifodf k'gM JofVof ug{ kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf

5}g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L pk]Gb|s]z/L g]pkfg]

h'g ljjfbdf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 Tof] lg0f{o

k"jf{u|xL 5 . ;}lgs egf{ hg]{nx?sf] k'g:yfkgf nufotsf ljifodf k|wfg;]gfklt k|lt

tTsfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\ Bais ePsf] s'/fnfO{ cbfntn] JofVof ug'{ h?/L 5 . cbfntsf]

cfb]z ;]gfn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] ljifonfO{ k|d'v ljjfbsf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL

;/sf/n] cfkm\gf v]nf8Lx?nfO{ v]ns"bdf k|j]z u/]sf] ljifo klg k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] ljjfb

p7fO{Psf] 5 . oL ljjfbx?df ;/sf/df /x]sf] kf6L{ ;d]tn] ;fy glbFbf glbFb} ;xdltsf]

ljifonfO{ nTofO{ o:tf] c;+j}wflgs lg0f{o ul/Psf] cj:yf xf] . Toltj]nfsf] ;/sf/ klg

;xdltaf6 ag]sf] eGg gldNg] cj:yf Psflt/ x'Fbf x'Fb} ;/sf/df ;xefuL kf6L{ ;d]tn]

oxL ljjfbsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/af6 jflx/Psf] cj:yf 5 . @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ;]gfdf

u} ;s]kl5 ;]gfn] /fi6«kltnfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf] hjfkmdf /fi6«klt sfof{noaf6

dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/L lbPsf] ;Dd xf] . Cabinet sf] lg0f{o /fi6«kltn] dflGbg eg]sf]

eGg] sxL+ st}jf6 b]lvFb}g . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Gbe{df uPsf] kq xf]O{g . Cabinet sf] lg0f{o t

;]gfn] gdfg]sf] xf], /fi6«kltn] xf]O{g . k|:t't ljifodf /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\ aLr

clwsf/sf] JofVof ug{' h?/L 5}g . ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] k/dflwkltnfO{ ;f]w]sf] hjfkmsf]

Joxf]/fnfO{ clwsf/sf] ljifo dfgL JofVof x'g' h?/L 5}g . kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]

lg0f{odf s] s'g sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs q'6L /x]sf] lyof] ;f] jf/]df s'g} sfg"gL q'6L b]vfO{

bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . kl5Nnf] lg0f{o ha;Dd jb/ x'Fb}g cl3Nnf] @)^^.!.@) sf]

kqsf] ;DjGwdf af]Ng' lg/y{s x'G5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=

@)^%.@.!^ df /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ePkl5 sl/j gf} dlxgf kl5 cyf{t

@)^^.!.@)df /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\ jLr ljjfb cfPsf] cj:yf xf] . k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{

lgo'Qm ubf{ ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:Yff k|of]u ul/Pg . ;fdfGo l;kfxLsf] sf/jfxLsf] ljifo ge}

of] ljifo ;+qmd0fsfnsf] ;]gfsf] k|d'vsf] xf] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * ;+ljwfg;Fu

30

d]n vfg] l:yltsf] 5}g . dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fi6«kltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g .

@)^^.!.@) d} /fi6«kltn] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ n]v]sf] kqn] ;'emfj lbO{Psf] ljifonfO{ Response

ul/Pg . dfwj g]kfnsf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] ;a} ljjfbsf]

lgK6f/f ul/;s]s]f 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^#.$.@# df nfu" e} ;s]kl5 @)^%.@.!^ df

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ df /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;}lgs P]gsf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -#_ sf]

Joj:Yff wf/f !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] :jtM jb/ ePsf] cj:yf

5 . xfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltnfO{ Ceremonial dfq eg]sf] cj:yf 5}g . India sf]

;+ljwfgdf /fi6«kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ?kdf dfg]sf] 5 . ;+;bLo Joj:Yff ckgfpg] cGo

d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]tdf /fi6«kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b[i6fGtx?

5g\ . xfd|f] xfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 gn]lvPsf] cj:yf ePklg /fi6«kltsf] xsdf cGo

b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ;d]t JofVof ul/g' kb{5 .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nfdf Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ k|of]u u/]sf] / csf]{ dfggLo

GofofwLzn] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg x]g'{ kg]{

cj:yf 5 . Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn] cfkm\gf] /fodf k|:t't ljifosf] ;fGble{stf

g/x]sf] egL pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] / pQm tYodf csf{ dfggLo GofofwLzsf] dt}Sotf g/x]sf]

egL pQm km};nfaf6 ljifoj:t'sf] k|of]hg ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] s'/f @)^^.#.$ sf]

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ljifosf] cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt e}

;s]sf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] yk JofVof ljj]rgf ug'{ ;fGble{s 5}g . ;Fo'Qm Ohnf;sf

Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn] JofVof ug'{ kg]{ ljifo eg]s} cfwf/df k"0f{ Ohnf;n] yk

JofVof ug{ jfWo x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . tTsflng k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o ubf{

dlGqkl/ifb\ k"jf{u|xL ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf] HjnGt cfjZostfn] ubf{ klg

/fi6«kltn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{z ug'{ kg]{ eGg] kl/l:yltn] b]vfPsf] cj:Yff 5 . k|:t't

ljjfbdf tTsfnsf] 36gfqmdnfO{ klg x]g'{ h?/L 5 . ;xdtL / ;xsfo{ u/ egL /fi6«kltsf]

s'/fnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn] Response ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df ePsf]

31

/fi6«kltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] ;+s'lrt JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . lgj]bs ;d]tn]

/fi6«kltsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ jb\lgotk"j{s u/]sf] eGg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf]

;]gfkltnfO{ lbPsf] kq t tTsfn sfd g5f]8, /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\ jLr yk ljdz{ x'Fb}5

eGg] cy{df xf] . ljrf/ ljdz{ x'g gkfpFb} k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{

cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6«kltsf] sbdnfO{ pgsf] lgotsf] cfwf/df dfq

x]l/of];\ . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L l6sf/fd e§/fO{

lgj]bsn] Judicial Review u/fpg rfx]sf] ljifo eg]s} /fi6«kltn] ;]gfkltnfO{

k|]lift @)^^.!.@) sf] kq xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . Judicial Review ug]{ :yflkt cfwf/ eGbf

jflx/ uP/ x]g{ ldNb}g . pQm kq Judicial Review x'g] k|s[ltsf] x]fO{g . kqdf pNn]lvt

ljifoj:t'x? by product dfq x'g\ . o;sf] d"n product t cabinet sf] lg0f{o xf] . of]

kq s'g} lg0f{o xf]O{g . of] t Head of the State n] u/]sf] kqfrf/ dfq xf] . Tof] klg s]xL

;dosf] nflu lbPsf] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] xf] . of] kq Jojxf/n] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} k|fjwfg jf

sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5}g . jx'dt u'dfO{ ;s]sf] k|wfgdGqLn] u/]sf] sfd

Jojxf/nfO{ /fi6«kltn] s]xL ;dosf nflu /f]Sg' ePsf];Dd xf] . of] kqdf plNnlvt

ljifoj:t' ;j} /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf x'Fbf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof

ubf{ context df x]g'{ kb{5 . x6fO{Psf] ;]gfklt k/d;]gflwkltsf]df uPsf] cj:yfdf

k/d;]gflwkltsf] x}l;otdf b'O{j6f x}l;ot pNn]v u/L /fi6«kltn] kqfrf/ u/]sf] cj:yf

5 . /fi6«kltdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ gePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . sfo{sf/L clwsf/

dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] eP klg of] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd jfx]s

u/L absolute xf] egL k|of]u ug{ kfO{b}g . Head of the State nfO{ s'g} clwsf/ g} 5}g

eGg ldNb}g . cGt/lglxt clwsf/sf] jf/]df klg x]l/g' k5{ . Right to warn, Right to

co-ordinate and Right to protect sf s'/fx? sfo{ Jojxf/ cg';f/ k|of]u ul/g] xf] .

@)^^.!.@) sf] kqn] s;}nfO{ lgo'lQm lbPsf] xf]O{g . Head of the state / Head of the

Government sf] jLrdf ePsf ljrf/ ljdz{ s] s:tf] k|s[ltsf lyP jf ;+ljwfg cg's"n

lyP, lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] l:ylt 5}g . /fw]Zofd clwsf/sf] d'2fdf :yflkt

32

l;4fGtn] ;d]t k|:t't ljjfbdf /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL aLrsf] 5nkmnsf] ljifo k/LIf0fof]Uo

x'g ;Sb}g . kl5Nnf] dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] g} ;Dk"0f{ ljjfb 6'+uf] nufO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

lgtfGt /fhg}lts sfo{sf] ;DjGwdf cbfntn] lg0f{o lbg' klg zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt

ljk/Lt x'G5 . cGo d'n'ssf] b[i6fGt x]bf{ klg Cabinet n] u/]sf] lg0f{o Head of the

State n] OGsf/ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . Cabinet sf s}of}+ lg0f{ox? j]nfotsL dxf/fgLn] c:jLsf/

u/]sf] pbfx/0fx? ;d]t 5g\ . k|:t't lgj]bg kq–klqsfdf 5flkPsf] cfwf/df Premature

sf] cj:yfdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL

/fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL aLr ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g . u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo dfGb} ;fy{s ;DjGw gePsf] ljifodf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ePsf]

l:ylt xf] . x/]s ljifoj:t'nfO{ PIL sf] ;+1f lbO{ lgj]bg btf{ u/fO{ cbfntsf] dxTjk"0f{

;do jjf{b ug'{ x'Fb}g . Judicial Activism sf] jf/]df gofF Develop ePsf] Trend nfO{

klg cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfb @)^^.!.@) sf] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6

pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 . Cabinet n] /fi6«kltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] xf]O{g l;kmfl/; ug'{ k5{ . of]

hfgsf/L kq g} sfg"g ;Ddt / ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5}g . /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL aLr ePsf]

5nkmnsf] ljifonfO{ PIL sf] cy{ lbg ldNb}g .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L >Lx/L cof{n

;/sf/ cfkm}+n] d'n's leq czflGt l;h{gf u/]sf] cj:yfdf of] ljjfb cfPsf] xf] .

/fi6«kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) sf] kqåf/f lnPsf] sbd b]zsf] nflu cToGt ;fGble{s ePsf] s'/f

Tolta]nf 3l6t 36gfqmdn] b]vfPsf] 5 . 3/sf] cleefjsn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgn] u/]sf] lg0f{o

Ps k6s ljrf/ u/ eGg gldNg] eGg ldNb}g . /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbPsf] kqn] s'g}

;+j}wflgs ;Ldf pNn+3g ePsf] 5}g . /fi6«kltn] @)^^.!.@) df n]v]sf] kqsf] ljjfb

@)^^.#.$ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] ;dfKt ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . ljjfb g} ;dfKt e} ;s]s]f

cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] ?kdf cbfntsf] ;do jjf{b ug{ ldNb}g .

33

ljåfg clwjQmf >L ?b| zdf{

Out going Prime Minister n] u/]sf] s'/f km/s 9+un] x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+;bLo

Joj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL / /fi6«klt b'j}n] sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yff /xG5 .

executive power /xg] :yfg g} President df /xg] xf] eGg] s'/f ljleGg b]zsf]

;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . /fi6«kltn] k|of]u ubf{v]/Lsf] cj:yfdf dfq dlGqkl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/;

ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6«klt /fi6«fWoIf x'g]5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yffn] ubf{ ljjfbdf NofO{Psf]

@)^^.!.@) sf] kq /fi6«fWoIfsf] x}l;otn] n]v]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . /fi6«kltsf] d'Vo sfd eg]s}

Political Community sf] Power sf] Administration ug]{ xf] . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'

k5{ .

ljåfg clwjQmf 8f= >L ledfh'{g cfrfo{

Out going Prime Minister n] cfkm\gf] kf6L{ ;lrjfnosf] lg0f{o cg';f/

@)^^.!.@) df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . ;f] cj:yf ;+o'Qm ;/sf/df ;xefuL

bnn] cfkm\gf] c;xdtL k|s6 u/L ;/sf/af6 cnu e} ;s]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf zflGt

;'/Iff;Fu ;DjlGwt ;]gfsf] k|d'vnfO{ x6fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ /fi6«kltn] ;'emfj lbg

g;Sg] eGg ldNb}g . wf/f #& n] lbPsf] Power sf] Exercise ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs

Joj:Yff x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6«n] dfu u/]sf] sfo{ /fi6«kltn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f wf/f #^s

n] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . Prerogative theory of President sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ Without

prescription of law or prohibited by law ePs} cj:yfdf klg /fi6«kltn] b]zsf]

cfjZostfsf] nflu h'g;'s} sfd ug{ ;S5 . President sf] clkm;nfO{ Unique office

klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;}df /fi6«kltsf] pGd'lQmsf] ljifo cfpF5 . /fi6«kltn] unt u¥of] eg]

o;sf] JofVof ;+;bn] ug]{ xf], h'g xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^ª n] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . gofF

;+ljwfg aGg] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] x'gfn] /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL jLrsf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf yk

JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'/]Gb| dxtf]

;Fo'Qm Ohnf;af6 xsb}ofsf] k|Zgdf lg/f]k0f ul/Psf] 5}g . /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf]

d'2fdf plNnlvt ;fy{s ;DjGw -Meaningful Relation_ h:tf] of] ljjfbdf To:tf] ;DjGw

lgj]bsn] b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . /fi6«kltn] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqåf/f k|wfgdGqLsf]

34

hfgsf/LnfO{ OGsf/ gu/L k'glj{rf/ u/ eGg gkfpg] l:ylt 5}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf sf]xL

s;}nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs ?kdf dsf{ k/]sf] l:ylt 5}g . of] ljjfb t dGqLkl/ifb\n] g}

6'+uf] nufO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf clxn] cfP/ o; cbfntn] tYo leq k|j]z u/L yk ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{

cj:yf 5}g .

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dxfb]j ofbj

@)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6«kltsf] lgb]{zkqsf] jf/]df k|Zg p7]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g k|;+udf

ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] lyof] Tof] k|;+u g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . e}/x]sf] / tTsfnLg

dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfod d'sfod d's// u/]sf] ;]gfsf] JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd cjsfz

kfO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'gM ljjfb l;h{gf u/L k|of]hgxLg cj:yfdf s'g} JofVof x'g' h?/L

5}g . JofVofsf] kl/0ffd s] x'g] xf] eGg] ;DjGwdf cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg

agfpg] ;Gbe{df cfPsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgdf /x]sf] /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLsf]

clwsf/sf] ljifodf yk JofVof ug'{ cjfZos 5}g . /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf unique xf] . o;sf

cGt{lgxLt clwsf/x? s'g} Pp6f wf/f pkwf/fdf dfq ;Lldt /xL JofVof ubf{ ck'/f] x'g

;S5 . kfngf / ;+/If0fsf] cy{ ;Lldt ug'{ ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) sf]

lg0f{onfO{ kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] /2 ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg dfusf] cf}lrTo

5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df /fi6«kltsf] k|d'v st{Josf] af/]df ljz]if ?kdf x]g'{ kg]{

x'G5 . :jtGq ?kdf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ klg ;f]xL ?kdf dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . of]

;+ljwfgn] umpire vf]h]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltnfO{ x6fpg] Joj:Yff klg Unique /x]sf] tkm{ klg

x]g'{ k5{ . wf/f $# n] u/]sf] /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n] sfd u/]sf] 5 sL 5}g

egL x]g{] clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf] eGg] dfGg' k5{ . ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ ;f]w]sf]

:ki6Ls/0f kqdf n]lvPsf] efiff k"jf{u|xL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b'O{j6f ;]gf /xg] u/L ;]gfklt x'Fbf

x'b} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ sfod d'sfod ug]{ sfd unt 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * sf]

pkbkmf -#_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ :jtM sfod d'sfod x'g] Joj:Yff 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

ug]{ p2]Zon] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg ug{ jg]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof b]zsf]

;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:Yff cg';f/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

35

lj4fg clwjQmf >L k/z'/fd sf]O/fnf

wf/f #^s df cfPsf] /fi6«kltsf] Joj:Yff cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6«kltnfO{

ljz]if ;+j}wflgs st{Jo tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg j]:6 ldlgi6/ df]8]nsf]

?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«kltsf] kbsf] jf/]df ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ Tolt xn'sf

tj/n] x]g{ ldNb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo ePsf /fi6«kltn] s]xL ug'{ kb}{g /

s]xL ug{ kfpFb}gg\ eGg ldNb}g . /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/sf] ;DjGwdf cGo b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yf / k|of]usf] ;DjGwdf klg ljz]if Wofg lbg' k5{ . k|d'v st{Jo -Fundamental

Duties_ eg]sf] x]/]/ a:g' dfq xf]O{g . @)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6«kltåf/f n]v]sf] kq wf/f #^s

sf] pkwf/f -#_ cGtu{tsf] k|d'v st{Jo cGtu{t k5{ . k/dflwkltsf] Joj:Yff e};s]sf]

cj:yfdf To:tf /fi6«kltn] /fi6«sf] h:tf];'s} cK7]/f] cj:yfdf r'k nfu]/ a:g] eGg] xf]O{g .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L rGb|sfGt 1jfnL

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug{ lgj]bsnfO{ xsb}of 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqdf Head

of the State / Head of the Government sf] aLrdf ePsf] Action /fhg}lts ljifo

xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . of] ;+ljwfg t gofF ;+ljwfg tof/ geP;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d

;dosf] nflu ag]sf] xf] . ;xdltsf] cfwf/df agfO{ nuf" u/]sf] / lglZrt cjlwsf] nflu

egL tf]lsPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] JofVof klg ;f]xL cfwf/df ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) sf] kq

s'g} lg0f{o ge} Stay Order type sf] Jojxf/ xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . kq Jojxf/ /

Toltj]nfsf] kl/l:ylt x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] clwsf/ eGbf aflx/ uO{ dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] sfo{

/fi6«kltn] x]/]/ j:g] xf]O{g, ;Rofpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . klxn]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o kl5sf]

dlGqkl/ifb\n] /2 ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g .

Mistake of Fact, Mistake of Law sf] cj:yf gx'g'sf ;fy} ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL

u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] cj:yf klg gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .

hgtf;+u ;DjlGwt s'/f /fhg}lts lg0f{on] dfq lgsf;f lbg ;S5 . PIL sf] ljifodfq

eg]/ x'Fb}g, To:tf] ljifo Judicial Manageable klg x'g' k5{ eGg] s'/f ljleGg k|ltkflbt

l;4fGtn] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

36

ljåfg clwjQmf >L dfwjs'df/ a:g]t

wf/f #& df sfo{sf/L clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf /xg] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df /fi6«kltsf]

sfd sf/jfxL cyf{t @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/sf] dfu u/]sf] cj:yf ePklg wf/f #&

cfkm}+df kof{Kt wf/f xf]O{g . ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/ dfq x]/]/ JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] sfo{sf/L clwsf/

klg dlGqkl/ifb\n] Psnf}6L k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g . zflJbs JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] oL b'j} c+un]

;xh?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'QmLdf krf;

k|ltzt ;b:ox? lghfdlt tkm{ sfd u/]sf JolQmnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug'{ kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf]

sf/0f /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ ;Rofpg k7fPsf] pbfx/0f xfd|f] cufl8

5 . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / Jojxfl/s k|of]usf] cfwf/df /fi6«kltnfO{ s]jn cfn+sfl/s eGg

ldNg] cj:Yff 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] Preserve / Protect ug]{ lhDdf /fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf] 5,

c? s'g} c+unfO{ lbPsf] 5}g . Preserve / Protect sf] cy{ s]xL xf]O{g egL dgf]ut

cg'dfg ug{ ldNb}g . /fi6«kltn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] ;ky g} ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / ;+/If0f ug]{

eGg]df /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] cf]xf]bf cg';f/ u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf pGd'lQm gkfpg]

eGg ldNb}g . lsgeg] @)^^.!.@) sf] kq lgb]{z /fi6«kltsf] JolQmut sfd sf/jfxL xf]O{g .

;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]s]/ clkml;on lx;fjn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf :jtM pGd'lQm

kfpg] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] pGd'lQmsf] Joj:yf cGo d'n'sx?sf] Practice n] b]vfpg]

ljleGg b[i6fGtx?n] k'li6 u5{ . /fi6«kltsf] sfdsf] k|s[ltn] klg pGd'lQm gkfpg] eGg

ldNb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%! df ePsf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL, d'NtjL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:Yff /x]sf]

cj:yfdf klg /fi6«kltn] pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'af6}

vf/]h x'g] cj:yf 5 .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{

klxnf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f * df h'g dfu u/]sf] 5, csf]{ l/6 lgj]bgsf]

ljifoj:t'n] g} o;nfO{ lgik|of]lht agfO{;s]sf] 5 . bf];|f] l/6df t lgj]bsn] g} tf/]v 5f8]/

uPsf] cj:yf 5 . cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] st{Jo k"/f u/]sf] cj:Yff

5}g . @)^^.!.@@ sf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z klg jx't} ljrf/0fLo 5 . dxfdlxd /fi6«kltnfO{

Direct ljkIfL agfPsf] cj:yf pxfFnfO{ Show cause gu/L ;lrjfnonfO{ Show cause

37

ul/Psf] x'Fbf /fi6«kltsf] ljifodf s'g} cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . ;lrjfnosf]

bfloTj k|zf;lgs sfo{ afx]s c? gx'g] x'Fbf k|:t't ljifodf p7fPsf] ljifo;Fu ;lrjfnosf]

s'g} bfloTj /xFb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] zflAbs cy{ ug]{ ge} To;;Fu

;DjlGwt ljleGg s'/fx?nfO{ x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]zdf pGd'lQm

x'Fb}g eGg] tYonfO{ s'g} sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] ;dy{g ub}{g . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] g} Head of the

State k|yd JolQm dfg]sf] cj:yfdf Official sfo{df pGd'lQm kfpFb}g eGg ldNb}g .

/fhgLlts ;DjGwsf] ljifo cbfntn] x]g'{ x'Fb}g, x]g{ vf]Hof] eg] Tof] ljifo Judicial

manageable klg x'Fb}g . o; jf/]df /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf w]/} s'/fx? af]lnPsf]

5 . o; sf/0f o;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'Fb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf t h;nfO{ dsf{

k/]sf] 5 ;f]xL JolQm dfq l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg' kg]{ xf] . Third Party sf] ljjfb xf]O{g .

olb k|wfg;]gfkltn] cfk"mn] ;]jf 5f]8]/ uPsf] l:ylt eP of] lgj]bg s;/L PIL eP/

cbfntdf cfpg ;SYof] .

;/sf/ / Pp6f cËsf] sd{rf/L aLr ePsf] ljjfbnfO{ t];|f] JolQm h;nfO{ Tof]

ljjfbn] c;/ kg{ ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g, To;nfO{ of] ljjfb Nofpg] xsb}of sxfFaf6 cfpg] xf]

Tof] ljifo cg'Ql/t 5 . To:t} k|:t't ljjfbsf] Legally / Factually k|Zg afFsL /x]sf] klg

5}g . /fi6«klt eg]sf] Sitting Prime Minister sf] dfq xf]O{g, ;j} kf6L{ tyf hgtfsf]

k|ltlglw xf] . of] kb s'g} kf6L{ut kb klg xf]O{g . Nature / Dignity sf] cfwf/df

/fi6«fWoIfsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;+s'lrt cy{df lng' x'Fb}g . k|wfgdGqLn] /flhgfdf lbP klg csf]{

Joj:Yff geP;Dd sfd rnfpg lgb]{z ug]{ s'/f s'g} ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf gePklg To; pk/

k|Zg ug{ kfO{b}g . /fi6«kltn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ k'g{ljrf/ ug{ k7fPsf] cj:yf k|wfg

;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt sfd u/ eGg' s'g rfFxL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] pNn3+g x'g uof] jf Tof]

sfd Malafied Intention b]lvof] eGg] s'/f sxL+ st}af6 k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf

cRo"ts[i0f v/]n / k|e'gf/fo0f rf}w/Lsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt ;fGble{s ge} /fw]Zofd

clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 . Head of the State n] cfk"mn]

lnPsf] zkysf] cfwf/df ;d]t sfd ug{ gkfpg] eGg ldNb}g .

38

k|ToyL{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnsf tkm{af6

ljåfg clwjQmf >L jfns[i0f Gof}kfg]

/fi6«kltsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{o jb/ ug]{ l:ylt eP To;sf] kmfO{bf s'n axfb'/

v8\sfn] kfpg] l:ylt /xg] xf] . /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfn] lrQ a'emfP/ a:g' ePsf] cj:Yf

x'Fbf of] ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] cf}lrTo / k|of]hg 5}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} Joj:yf

/fVg] g/fVg] eGg] /fhg}lts bnnfO{ nfu]df ;lhn} ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] x'Fbf To;

jf/]df cbfntn] yk JofVof ug{ cfjZos 5}g . ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] jf/]df dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

@)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] 6'+uf] nufO{ ;s]sf] cj:Yff 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o cfkm}+

ab/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yff x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo / k|of]hg ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] 5 .

ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'lzn kGt

;}lgs P]g, @)^# cfO{ ;s]kl5 dfq ;+ljwfgdf /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f

#^s / wf/f #*,$# nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/rgf g} ;xdtLsf

cfwf/df hfg] eg]sf] l:ylt xf] . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / ;+/If0f

ug]{ clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ x}l;ot

ePsf] /fi6«kltn] jf]wfy{sf] hfgsf/L;Dd a'em]/ a:g] xf] eGg] lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g

Joj;foLx?sf] egfO{ ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5}g . k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnn] ;]gfsf]

Chain of command sf] x}l;otn] cfkm\gf] k/dflwkltsf] lgb]{z dfGg' ;+ljwfg ;Ddt 5 .

jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] calw klg lglZrt ul/Psf] x'Fbf k|:t't ;+ljwfgnfO{ 6]s]/ yk

JofVof ug'{sf] cf}lrTo ;d]t 5}g . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k5{ .

7x/ v08

cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bg Joxf]/f, lnlvt

hjfkm, kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?af6 k|:t't ePsf] jx;

lhsL/ / lnlvt jx;gf]6sf ;fy} ;Da4 sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut

u/L x]bf{ d'Vo ?kdf b]xfosf k|Zgx?df s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M

!= k|:t't d'2fdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb / lgj]bssf] xsb}of, ;DdfggLo

/fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGw, /fi6«fWoIfn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pk/

39

Goflos pGd'lQm nufotsf ljifox?df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 JoQm ul/Psf] /fo

dgfl;j 5 jf 5}g <

@= ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 km/s km/s sfg"gL Joj:yf p4[t u/L k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k|]lift

ul/Psf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf]

pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jf v08 -3_ dWo] s'g cfwf/df lg?k0f ug'{ kg]{ xf] <

#= k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ egL dfggLo GofofwLz >L

bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 JoQm /fo / lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] dfggLo GofofwLz

>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fodWo] s'g /fo dgfl;j 5 <

$= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]O{g <

dfly lgwf{l/t k|Zgx?df k|j]z ug'{ cl3 k|:t't d'2fdf lglxt /x]sf] tYout

cj:yfnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]vg ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvg cfpF5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ ;f]

kbaf6 cjsfz lbOPsf], ;f]xL ldltdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod

d'sfod k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf], tL b'a} lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo

/fi6«kltnfO{ u/fpg] eGg] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ldlt @)^^.!.@) df g} ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{

;f]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf], ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L g]kfn

;/sf/åf/f ldlt @)^^.!.@) df ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;RRofpg kq k|]lift ul/Psf] / ?SdfËb

s6'jfnnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL ldlt @)^^.!.@) df g} lgb]{zg

hf/L ul/Psf], ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lgb]{zkqsf

cfwf/df ?SdfËb s6'jfn g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf oyfjt\ jxfn /xL lgoldt

sfd sf/afxL ul//x]sf] s'/f l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvt hjfkm tyf ;f] ;+nUg sfuhftx?af6

b]lvg cfpF5 .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbdf axfn /x]sf ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg]

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltn] cGoyf ug{ ldNb}g .

;+ljwfg tyf ;Da4 sfg"gn] ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{ To:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltsf] ;f] sbdn] zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ uDeL/ ?kn]

k|efljt ub{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/ b]vfO{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 ePsf]

40

;f] lgb]{zg nufotsf] sfo{nfO{ ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpmF egL lgj]bs cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf]

kfOG5 .

pko'{Qm tYout :ki6tf kl5 ca dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx?dWo] klxnf] k|Zgdf

k|j]z ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 d"ntM ;fj{hlgs

;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb Pj+ xsb}ofsf] ;Gbe{, ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGw

Pj+ ;Djfbsf] ljifo, /fi6«fWoIfn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pk/ Goflos pGd'lQm / ;+j}wflgs

Pj+ sfg"gL JofVofsf] ;fGble{stf ;d]tsf ljifox?df ljj]rgf ul/Psf] b]lvof] . o;

Ohnf; ;dIf ePsf] ;'g'jfOsf qmddf ;d]t l/6 lgj]bs tyf ljkIfL b'a} tkm{sf sfg"g

Joj;foLx?af6 plNnlvt k|Zgx?sf] kIf ljkIfdf jx; k|:t't eO{ ljjfb p7fOPsf] x'Fbf tL

ljifox?df Pp6f lglZrt lgisif{df k'Ug' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .

k|ydtM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ / xsb}of ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf g]kfn

;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf]

sfof{Gjog x'g' cufl8 ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{

sfo{/t /xL /xg' egL hf/L ul/Psf] lgb]{zkq ;DaGwL lqmof ljjflbt ag]sf] b]lvG5 .

;/;/tL x]bf{ To:tf] ljifo ;+j}wflgs /fi6« k|d'vsf ?kdf /xg] ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt /

;/sf/ k|d'vsf ?kdf /xg] k|wfgdGqL aLrsf] ;Djfb / ;DaGwsf] cfGtl/s ljifo h:tf]

b]lvg] x'Fbf To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo agfpg gldNg] xf] ls eGg] klg b]lvG5 .

ljkIfL tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] cfkm\gf] jx; lhsL/df k|:t't ljjfb /fi6«klt /

k|wfgdGqL aLrsf] ;Djfb / k/fdz{sf] ljifo ePsfn] o:tf] ljifo Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]

kl/lweGbf aflx/ /xg] eGg] ts{ ;d]t k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] lg0f{oaf6 k|ToIf ?kdf

k|efljt x'g] JolQmsf tkm{af6 ge} dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfsf tkm{af6

lgj]bg k/]sf] x'Fbf o:tf] ljifodf lgj]bssf] xsb}of g} g/xg] eGg] klg ljkIfLtkm{sf] k|d'v

ts{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] ;fj{hlgs xs jf

;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf nflu

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] u/L pkrf/sf] dfu{ v'nf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . To;

cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGgfn] s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx?sf]

JolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/ dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ljjfb geP/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g}

hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt ePsf] ljjfb xf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . s'g} ljjfb

41

;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof] ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f

hgtfsf] jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; JolQm

jf JolQmx?sf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu dfq} ;DalGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df x]/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bsx?n] cfkm\gf] lghL xs lxtsf] ljifonfO{ p7fPsf] cj:yf

5}g . ljjflbt ljifo;Fu zflGt / ;+ljwfgsf] ;fy{s ;DaGw /x]sf] / ljjfbsf] ljifodf

;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL JofVofåf/f lglZrttf / :ki6tf sfod ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] eGg]

lgj]bs tkm{sf] lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifonfO{ jt{dfg

;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf / To;;Fu hf]l8Psf ljleGg k|s[ltsf hl6ntfx?sf] /f]xdf x]bf{

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|d'vsf ?kdf /xg] ;]gfkltsf] kb, To:tf] kbdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ cjsfz

lbg] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o, jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfleq

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltsf] :yfg, e"ldsf / clwsf/ Pj+ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lglxt /x]sf] g]kfn

;/sf/sf] clwsf/ If]q ;d]tsf ljifox?df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /xg'nfO{

c:jfefljs dfGg ldNb}g .

To:tf] ljifodf lgj]bsx?n] b]vfPsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/nfO{ pgLx?sf] lghL xs /

:jfy{;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] cj:yf klg 5}g . t;y{ k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}sf]

rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /xg] k|s[ltsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf ?kdf lng ldNg] g} b]lvof] .

To:tf] ljifodf Goflos lg?k0f x'g' kg]{ egL dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf lqmofzLn sfg"g

Joj;foLsf] ?kdf /x]sf lgj]bsx?nfO{ lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of /x] ePs} x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs

;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]Og / xsb}ofsf] cefj 5 eGg] ts{;Fu of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;Sg]

cj:yf ePg .

ca, ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGw Pj+ ;Djfb ;DaGwL

ljifonfO{ x]bf{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt /

dlGqkl/ifb\aLrsf] ;DaGw bzf{pg] s] s:tf cfwf/x? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf

ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;tkm{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s df /fi6«klt ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L

P]=pkwf/f -@_ n] /fi6«klt d'n'ssf] /fi6«fWoIf x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt

sfg"g jdf]lhd lghn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L P]=pkwf/f -#_

df ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ /fi6«kltsf] st{Jo x'g]5 egL /fi6«kltsf] ;+j}wflgs

st{Jo ;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g

g} /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / ;+/If0f

42

ug]{ yk st{Jo klg /fi6«kltnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . To;}u/L dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5

eg] wf/f #* df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f #& sf] pkwf/f -!_

df g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g jdf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g],

P]= pkwf/f -@_ df ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf]

;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\ pk/ x'g] / P]=pkwf/f -#_

df g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfpFbf g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/

dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g, t/ To:tf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t klg ;+ljwfg

/ sfg"g g} xf] eGg] s'/f klg plQs} zf:jt 5 . lsgeg], ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]eGbf

afx]s cGo clwsf/sf] k|of]u dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug{ ;Sb}g . lnlvt ;+ljwfgåf/f ;~rflnt x/]s

nf]stflGqs /fi6«n] ;+ljwfgjfb / ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDjg ub{5 . g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;d]t sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt

k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs /fHosf ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .

To;}n] /fHo zf;g ;~rfngsf ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/x? tyf /fHosf k|d'v c+ux?sf] :yfg, sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d]t ;+ljwfg / sfg"gåf/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ . oL c+ux?sf] sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf cGtu{t To:tf lgsfox?aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf] ljifo klg

:jtM cGt/lglxt eP/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

o;/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf]

ljifonfO{ oL b'a} lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfaf6} o; cbfntn]

lgSof}{n ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . dfly plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x]bf{ /fi6«kltnfO{ cfkm\gf]

:jljj]sdf s'g} sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 7fpF ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] b]lvFb}g .

To;}u/L ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof / k4lteGbf aflx/ uP/ cfkm\gf] sfo{sf/L

clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ 7fpF dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}n] /fHo ;~rfngsf

qmddf s'g} lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxL ubf{ oL b'a} lgsfon] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] lglZrt

ul/lbPsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ cltqmd0f ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] ;du|

cWoog ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %!, %@, ^!s, *&, **, !)#, !!(, !@@, !@%, !@*, !#!,

!$#, !$$, !%), !%!, !%@ / !%* df /fi6«kltn] ljleGg sfo{x? ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h; cg';f/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] clwj]zgsf] cfXjfg / cGt

43

ug]{, ;f] clwj]zgdf ;Daf]wg ug]{, Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm ug]{,

ljw]os k|df0fLs/0f ug]{, cWofb]z hf/L ug]{, k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ug]{, ljleGg

;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'v Pj+ ;b:ox?sf] lgo'lQm ug]{, ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff ug]{,

To:tf] cj:yfsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug]{ / To:tf] 3f]if0ff lkmtf{ lng],

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/dflwkltTj u|x0f ug]{, k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm ug]{, g]kfnL ;]gfsf]

lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{, g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug]{, dfkmL

lbg], pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0f k|bfg ug]{ / afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg cfb]z hf/L ug]{ ;d]tsf]

clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ;a} clwsf/x?sf] k|of]u ug]{ k|lqmof klg ;+ljwfgsf

tt\tt\ wf/fdf g} :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;a} Joj:yfx?af6 /fi6«kltsf]

clwsf/, To:tf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/ / ljlw, /fHosf ljleGg ;+oGq / /fi6«kltsf

aLrsf] ;DaGw / To:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ k|lqmof ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] tt\tt\

Joj:yfdf g} cGt/lglxt /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

k|:t't ljjfbs} ;Gbe{df klg ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k|d'vsf ?kdf

/xg] k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf k6s k6s e]63f6, 5nkmn / ;Djfb ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .

;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdf ePsf] ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL Pj+ /fhg}lts

cGt/lqmof Pj+ cGt;{DaGwsf ljifox? ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs cf}krfl/stfdf dfq

;Lldt /xg] ljifo geO{ To;df /fhg}lts kIf ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g] x'Fbf To:tf] ljifodf

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] egL /fi6«klt sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ul/Psf]

kfOG5 . To:tf] e]63f6, 5nkmn / ;Djfb ePsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgj]bs kIfn] klg cGoyf

eGg g;s]sf] x'Fbf b'O{ lgsfoaLrdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;Djfb x'g] u/]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df

;DaGw :yflkt x'Fb} cfPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

/fi6«fWoIfsf] x}l;otdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxL / To;df

Goflos pGd'lQmsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ of] ljifo cfkm}+df cToGt ;+j]bgzLn ljifo dflgG5 .

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf plNnlvt clwsf/x? /fi6«k|d'vsf ?kdf

/fi6«sf tkm{af6 JoQm ul/Psf] ;Ddfg / dof{bfsf] cleJolQm klg xf] . /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf

/fi6«kltnfO{ /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ l;+uf] ;+:yf dflgG5 . To;}n] ;f] ;+:yfsf] k|lti7fdf

slxFst}af6 cfFr cfpg glbg /fHosf cGo lgsfo, kbflwsf/L / ;j{;fwf/0f ;d]t ;hu

x'g' plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] g} /fi6«kltnfO{ /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf k|ltli7t u/]sf]

x'gfn] ;fdfGotof /fi6«fWoIfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfd sf/afxL Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf ljifo

44

aGb}gg\ . /fi6« k|d'vnfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf ljjfbdf Nofpg gx'g], p;sf sfd sf/afxLsf

;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gx'g] eGg] ;fdfGo dfGotf xf] . t/ of] ;bf lg/k]If

dfGotf xf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug eg] ;lsFb}g . /fi6«k|d'vnfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gåf/f pGd'lQm

k|bfg ul/Psf] ljifo / cj:yfdf dfq of] dfGotf lqmofzLn x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df

/fi6«kltaf6 cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ qmddf eP u/]sf lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxLsf

;DaGwdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g' c:jfefljs xf]Og .

To;df klg sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt /fi6«fWoIf ePsf] cj:yfdf of] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsfg{

ldNb}g . lsgeg] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/Ln] ug]{ sfd sf/afxLnfO{ Goflos

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/faf6 aflx/ /fVg] xf] eg] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ If]q lg/y{s

x'g k'U5 . To;}n] b]zsf] d"n sfg"gsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] g} /fi6«fWoIfnfO{ s] s:tf]

pGd'lQm k|bfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f lglZrt u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . ;+ljwfgn] pGd'lQm k|bfg gu/]sf]

cj:yfdf o; ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o d"No dfGotfnfO{ klg cfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5, t/ To:tf]

cfwf/ cfkm}+df aGwgsf/L jf lglj{sNk eg] x'g ;Sb}g . lsgeg] ;+ljwfgn] pGd'lQm k|bfg

gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L cbftn :jo+n] afx]s

ubf{ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ;Lldt sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf cfFr cfpg'sf] ;fy}

Goflos :jtGqtf / ;Ifdtfdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . cbfntn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]

JofVof ubf{ sfg"gdf pNn]vg gePsf] ljifonfO{ Goflos JofVofsf] dfWodaf6 :yflkt jf

lj:yflkt ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] ljz]ifflwsf/ jf pGd'lQm k|bfg

gu/]sf] cj:yfdf /fi6«fWoIfsf] x}l;otdf /fi6«kltåf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] h'g;'s} sfo{sf

;DaGwdf k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] / To:tf] k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f cbfntaf6 ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 .

xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ /fi6«kltnfO{ /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf /flvPsf] ePklg

lghnfO{ sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ?kdf ge} ;+j}wflgs /fi6«kltsf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|bfg

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«kltdf lglxt /x]sf clwsf/x?sf ;DaGwdf dfly ul/Psf]

ljZn]if0faf6 klg tL clwsf/x?sf] k|of]u ubf{ /fi6«kltn] ;DalGwt lgsfo -dlGqkl/ifb\,

;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ cflb_ jf kbflwsf/L -k|wfgdGqL, ;efd'v cflb_ sf] l;kmfl/;df ug]{ u/L

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To; cfwf/df x]bf{ /fi6«kltaf6 k|of]u x'g] clwsf/

lg/k]If -absolute_ ge} cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df To;sf]

clGtd pb\3f]if0f ug]{;Dddf ;Lldt /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;/L /fi6«kltsf] kbnfO{

lg0f{ostf{sf] ?kdf g/fvL cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ clGtd :j?k

45

k|bfg ug]{ cyf{t\ pb\3f]lift ug]{ ;Dddf ;Lldt t'NofOPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] lqmofsf] j}wtf

k/LIf0f ubf{ To;nfO{ /fi6«kltaf6 eP u/]sf] sfo{sf ?kdf geO{ /fi6«kltnfO{ To:tf] sfo{

;Dkfbg ug]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] cyf{t\ l;kmfl/; ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] lg0f{osf

?kdf u|x0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] /fi6«kltaf6 ;DkGg ePsf] To:tf] sfo{sf] hjfkmb]lxtf

b]lv lnP/ To;af6 kg]{ k|efj jf c;/ / To;sf] j}wflgs cfwf/ ;d]tsf af/]df ;DalGwt

lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ePkl5 o;

cbfntdf ePsf] k|f/lDes ;'g'jfOaf6 ljkIfLx?sf gfddf hf/L ePsf] sf/0f b]vfp

cfb]zdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{ afx]s ul/Psf] cj:yf 5, To;n] klg /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf

/fi6«kltnfO{ s'g} d'2fsf] kIf agfP/ l;w} hjfkm lbg' kg]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg gx'g] eGg]

dfGotf / cfzo k|s6 x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg cGtu{t /fi6«kltaf6 eP u/]sf sfo{sf

;DaGwdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ To;sf] hjfkm lbg] lhDd]jf/L klg ;DalGwt lgsfo jf

kbflwsf/Ldf g} lglxt /xg] eGg] cfwf/df To:tf lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6 dfq} lnlvt

hjfkm dfu ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL jdf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]

k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf /x]sf /fi6«kltaf6

;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof cGtu{t cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/;df ug]{ lg0f{o jf

sfd sf/afxLsf ljifodf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg' :jfefljs g} dfGg' kb{5 .

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] Gofokflnsfsf] cGt/lglxt clwsf/ xf] .

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ lagf ;+ljwfgjfb, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;Lldt ;/sf/,

zlQmk[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f Pj+ ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx? hLjGt aGg ;Sb}gg\ .

To;}n] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/nfO{ lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf Gofokflnsfsf]

;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/sf ?kdf lnOG5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/

Gofokflnsfsf] cGt/lglxt clwsf/ ePtfklg b]zsf] d"n sfg"gsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn]

g} To;sf lglZrt ;Ldfx? klg sf]l/lbPsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df jt{dfg

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k"j{jtL{ ;+ljwfg -g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&_ df em}+ /fi6«fWoIfsf

;DaGwdf pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfgdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

aGb]h nufOPsf k|fawfgx? -h:t}M /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?,

Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/, ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/, ;+ljwfg;ef ;DaGwL

cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifo cflb_ cGtu{t /fi6«kltåf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{nfO{

46

;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . To; cfwf/df klg /fi6«kltaf6 eP u/]sf lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxLsf

;DaGwdf o; cbfntn] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 .

ljkIfL dWo] /fi6«kltsf] sfof{noaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm / ljkIfL tkm{sf

sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] jx; lhsL/df cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt -Doctrine of Necessity_ sf

cfwf/df ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltåf/f eP u/]sf] ljjflbt sfo{sf] cf}lrTo k'i6L ug{ vf]lhPsf]

kfOG5 . cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt eg]sf] c;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfslif{t x'g] sfg"g ;/xsf]

Joj:yf xf] . t/ o; cGtu{t lnOg] lg0f{o jf ul/g] sfo{ klg ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/

hfg ;Sb}g . cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t ul/g] k|To]s lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxLsf] klg

:ki6tM ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL cfwf/ / cf}lrTo :yflkt x'g ;Sg' kb{5 . cGoyf ;+ljwfg /

sfg"gsf :ki6 kl/lw / cfwf/x?nfO{ kG5fO{ jf pNn+3g u/L lg0f{o jf sfd sf/afxL ug]{

k|j[lQ b]vf kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 / cGttM To:tf] sfo{ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ;+ljwfgjfbsf]

k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . To;}n] cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf lg0f{o jf sfd

sf/afxLx?sf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL cfwf/ vf]Hg gkg]{ jf To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfo{sf] Goflos

k/LIf0f x'g gkg]{ eGg] cfefif lbg] u/L ul/Psf] ts{nfO{ hfoh dfGg ;lsFb}g . lsgeg]

;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL l/Qmtf sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] l/Qmtf k"lt{ ug]{ 9+un]

cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;lsg] x'G5 . o; cGtu{t j[xQ/ /fli6«o :jfy{

k"lt{sf] p2]Zo /flvPsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] ljifodf /fHosf ;a} lgsfon]

;+ljwfg cg'?k g} Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . of] g} ;+ljwfgjfb / sfg"gL zfzgsf] cfwf/e"t

dfGotf xf] . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . s'g} klg dfGo

l;4fGtnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg eGbf dflyNnf] :yfg lbP/ To;sf] cf}lrTo

:yflkt ug{ ;lsg] x'Fb}g .

;fy}, cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt h'g;'s} cj:yf / l:yltdf lqmofzLn x'g] klg xf]Og .

hl6n, c;xh Pj+ c;fwf/0f cj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] ;fdfGo Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'g g;s]sf]

cj:yfdf dfq cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t sbd rfNg ;lsg] x'G5 . To;/L sbd

rflnPsf] cj:yfdf klg cbfntn] To;sf] j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ub{5, To:tf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /flvFb}g . æ;+ljwfgsf] :ki6 k|fawfgsf] pNn+3g ePsf]

cj:yfdf afx]s ;+ljwfgåf/f cjnlDjt cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / d'ne"t cjwf/0ff k|lts"n

gx'g] u/L === /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf -Inevitable

necessity_ sf] cfwf/df ;DkGg ul/Psf] dfGg' Goflos pko'Qmtf -Judicial propriety_

47

sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t dgfl;j x'G5Æ egL -clwjQmf ljgf]b sfsL{ ;d]t lj?4 cy{dGqL

e/tdf]xg clwsf/L ;d]t, g]=sf=k=@)^@, c+s @, k[i7 !$)_ o; cbfntåf/f k|ltkflbt

l;4fGtn] klg cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cg'?k rflng] sbdx? s'g} klg xfntdf ;+ljwfg

k|lts"n x'g gx'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg]

lg0f{osf] ljifodf /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrdf ;Djfbsf] k|lqmof hf/L /x]sf] eGg] ljkIfL

tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] syg /x]sf] 5 . ;f] k|lqmofn] k"0f{tf k|fKt ul/g;s]sf] jf To;n]

lg0ff{os x}l;ot u|x0f ul/g;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljifonfO{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt

-Doctrine of Necessity_ ;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] klg x'Fb}g . To;}n] ljkIfLtkm{sf ljåfg

sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;f] ts{;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

k|:t't ljjfbdf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL JofVofsf] ;fGble{stf 5 5}g eGg] klg plQs}

dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t efu @) df /x]sf]

;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwkltsf ?kdf /fi6«klt /xg]

Joj:yfsf ;fy} k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm Pj+ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng /

Joj:yfkg ;d]tdf /fi6«kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwkltsf]

?kdf /xg] /fi6«kltnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm / ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f,

kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if e"ldsf k|bfg ul/Psf] cj:yf ge} tL b'a} e"ldsf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df dfq} lgjf{x x'g] s'/f klg ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v 5 .

To;}n] dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) df tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{

cjsfz lbg] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltnfO{ ;f]xL ldltdf u/fOP kZrft\

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 klg ;f]xL ldltdf g} ;f] lg0f{o ;RRofpg k|wfgdGqLnfO{ kqfrf/

u/L lgh ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ ;fljs kbdf oyfjt\ lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]{zkq hf/L

ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;/L k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng /

Joj:yfkgdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lglxt /x]sf

/fi6«kltn] k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ ;fljs kbdf oyfjt\ lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{

sfo{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g k|lts"n /x]sf] egL Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg

bfo/ x'g cfPsf] cj:yf 5 .

k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQmdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] dfq} k"0f{tf kfpg] ge} /fi6«klt

dfkm{t\ To;n] k"0f{tf kfpg], dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/; lagf /fi6«klt PSn}n] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]

lgo'lQm nufot ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg] / g]kfnL

48

;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg"g jdf]lhd x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgn] g} :ki6

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul//x]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg]

lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf cjnDjg ul/Psf] k|lqmofsf ;fy} /fi6«kltaf6 ;fljs kbdf oyfjt\

lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL hf/L ePsf] lgb]{zgsf] ljifo :jfefljs ?kdf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]

JofVofaf6 dfq lgSof}{n x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;df lgj]bs / ljkIfL b'a} tkm{af6 k]z

ul/Psf lhsL/x?n] klg of] ljifo zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf To:tf]

ljifosf] JofVof ubf{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^#, ;f] P]g d"n ?kdf hf/L x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf sfod

/x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, u0ftGq sfof{Gjog kl5 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df

ePsf] ;+zf]wg / ;f] ;+zf]wg kl5 sfod x'g k'u]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ Plss[t

?kdf cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L JofVof x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

k|:t't d'2f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn]

o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] cj:yf ePklg ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzaLr

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb Pj+ xsb}ofsf] ;Gbe{, ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf

aLrsf] ;DaGw Pj+ ;Djfbsf] ljifo, /fi6«fWoIfn] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pk/ Goflos pGd'lQm

/ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL JofVofsf] ;fGble{stf ;d]tsf ljifox?df eg] Pp6} /fo sfod

ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt ljifox?df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;d]t lj:t[t ?kdf ljj]rgf ePsf]

/ ljleGg ;}4flGts, Jojxfl/s Pj+ o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df

lgisif{df k'u]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzaLr dt}So /x]sf tL

ljifox?df o; Ohnf;af6 km/s wf/0ff agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ ;f]

xb;Dd ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] /fo dgfl;j g} b]lvof] .

ca bf];|f] k|Zg cyf{t\ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 km/s km/s sfg"gL Joj:yf p4[t u/L k"0f{

Ohnf; ;dIf k|]lift ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]

lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jf v08 -3_ dWo] s'g cfwf/df lg?k0f ug'{ kg]{

xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df dfggLo GofofwLz aLr dt}So x'g

g;s]sf ljifox? s] s] /x]5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g cfpF5 .

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ jdf]lhd / csf{ dfggLo

GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb+|k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jdf]lhd k"0f{

Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ egL /fo JoQm ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,

49

@)$( sf] lgod # n] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] clwsf/ If]qnfO{ O{+lut u/]sf] 5 . To;dWo] pklgod

-!_ sf] v08 -s_ df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] /fo gldn]sf] d'2f egL

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] v08 -3_ df hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] d'2f egL pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . tL b'a} cj:yfdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 Gofo lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ egL

/fo JoQm ePkl5 To:tf] d'2fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] nut s6[f e} k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nutdf

btf{ x'g] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf eg] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 tL b'a} cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf

b]vfOPsf] 5 . t/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ df

æs'g} d'2fdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg0f{o k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'g' pko'Qm

5 eGg] s'/f ;f] d'2f x]g]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;nfO{ nfuL ;f] Ohnf;n] ;f] sfg"gL k|Zg / k"0f{

Ohnf;af6 To;sf] lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ sf/0f pNn]v u/L k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug{ cfb]z lbPsf]

d'2fÆ egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ cGtu{t ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6

Psdt ?kdf To:tf] d'2fdf /fo JoQm u/L k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+o'Qm

Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz dWo] s'g} Ps GofofwLzsf] /fosf cfwf/df lgod # sf]

pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ cfslif{t x'g] ge} b'a} GofofwLzsf] dt}So ePkl5 dfq ;f]

k|fawfg lqmofzLn x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzdWo]

Pshgf GofofwLzaf6 dfq hl6n sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{ p7fP/ k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 Gofo

lg?k0f x'g' kg]{ egL /fo JoQm ePsf] / csf{ dfggLo GofofwLzaf6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] /fo

JoQm ePsf] b]lvPaf6 k|:t't d'2f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz aLr dt}So x'g

g;s]sf] sf/0fn] g} o; Ohnf;sf] nutdf btf{ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf

dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{n] k|:t't d'2fdf hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;lGglxt /x]sf]

s'/f cf}+Nofpg' ePsf] 5 eg] csf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bg

vf/]h x'g' kg]{ /fo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf To;/L lgj]bgdf yk JofVof / ljj]rgf x'g'

kg]{ eGg] Pp6f /fo / lgj]bg g} vf/]h x'g] eGg] csf]{ /fo sfod x'g uO{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf

dfggLo GofofwLz aLr /fo gldn]sf] eGg] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fnfO{

;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ cGtu{tsf] dfGg' kg]{

b]lvg cfof] .

ca, k|:t't d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ egL dfggLo GofofwLz >L

bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 JoQm /fo / lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L

50

/fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fodWo] s'g /fo dgfl;j 5 < eGg] t];|f] k|Zgdf k|j]z u/L

ljj]rgf ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!

sf] pkbkmf -#_ tyf bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd dxf/yL ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{

k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] / /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf

sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog x'g' cufj} /fi6«kltn] jt{dfg

cj:yfdf ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ oyfjt\ ?kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g

egL hf/L ul/Psf] lgb]{zkq ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"g k|lts"n ePsfn] ;f] lgb]{zkq ab/ u/L

kfpmF eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] x'Fbf tTsfnLg ;+j}wflgs Pj+ ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf]

sfg"gL Joj:yf / pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ePsf] ;+zf]wg, tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb

s6'jfnnfO{ ;]jfaf6 casfz lbO{ /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ u/L

ePsf] tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o k|f/Deb]lv g} /2 ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6

ldlt @)^^.#.$ df ePsf] lg0f{o, tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfn / /yL

s'naxfb'/ v8\sf b'a} hgf xfn ;]jf lgj[Q e} k||wfg ;]gfklt kbdf csf{ JolQm lgo'Qm

e};s]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg ljrf/ ul/g' jf~5gLo Pj+ ljj]s;Ddt b]lvg cfpF5 .

g]kfndf ePsf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs,

ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fHosf ?kdf :yflkt

ug]{ qmddf ljleGg sfg"gL Joj:yfx? ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}qmddf zfxL ;]gfsf ?kdf /x]sf]

tTsfnLg ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ j}wflgs cfwf/ v8f ug{sf nflu

ldlt @)^#.^.!@ df ;fljssf] ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^#

hf/L ul/Psf] kfOG5 . of] tYo ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf]

pknlAwnfO{ ;Djf]wg ub}{ g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] eGg] s'/f

pNn]v ePaf6 klg k'i6L x'g cfpF5 . k|:t't ljjfb k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjsfz;Fu ;DalGwt

x'Fbf ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] tT;DaGwL k|fawfg a9L ;fGble{s b]lvg cfpF5 . ;}lgs P]gsf] bkmf

!! df pd]/sf] xb tyf kbfalw ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] cGtu{t pkbkmf -!_ df

k|wfg ;]gfklt kbdf axfn /xg] pd]/sf] xb, P]= pkbkmf -@_ df k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbfalw

/ P]= pkbkmf -#_ df æpkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n]

cfjZos ;Dem]df ;f] calw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5Æ eGg]

Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt pkbkmf -#_ sf] k|fawfgn] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf jxfn

51

/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;Dem]df h'g;'s} ;dodf klg cjsfz lbg ;Sg]

u/L :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] a'em\g ;lsG5 . t/ ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] pQm

k|fawfgnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf eGbf k[ys ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ;lsg] eg] x'Fb}g, lsgeg]

;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg"g dflgPsf] cj:yfdf cGo sfg"gx? :jtM ;+ljwfgsf] cwLg

x'G5g\ . of] ;+ljwfgjfbsf] Pp6f d'ne"t kIf g} xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! df

;+ljwfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g egL cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ df

ul/Psf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf cGtu{t /fi6«klt g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr

k/dflwkltsf ?kdf /xg] / k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn]

ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To; cltl/Qm g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg

sfg"g jdf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t pQm wf/fdf /x]sf]

5 .

o; cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf /fi6«klt ;d]t

;xefuL x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt, k|wfg

;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf /fi6«kltsf]

e"ldsfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg kl5 dfq ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] . ;+ljwfgdf

rf}yf] ;+zf]wg x'g' cl3;Dd /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf /fi6«klt /xg] Joj:yf e}g;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$$ df km/s vfnsf] Joj:yf sfod /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . h;df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyPg eg]

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg

;d]t dlGqkl/ifb\n] dfq} ug]{ :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf /fi6«kltsf]

Joj:yf g} g/x]sf] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf k|fawfgx? Ps

cfk;df la/f]wfefifL jf c;fd~h:ok"0f{ x'g] l:ylt klg ePg . t/ ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] rf}yf]

;+zf]wgaf6 /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf yk e} ;f] jdf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf cGo k|fawfgnfO{ klg ;f]xL

jdf]lhd ;dfof]hg ug]{ qmddf ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf klg /fi6«kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] u/L

Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwkltsf] ?kdf /fi6«klt

/xg], k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgdf

/fi6«kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Pklg tbg'?k ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf ;DalGwt

k|fawfgx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] /fi6«kltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]{ tkm{ Wofg cfs[i6 ePsf] kfOPg . To;}sf]

52

kl/0ff:j?k ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yfaLr tfbfTDotf sfod x'g ;s]g . ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltsf] e"ldsf /xg] u/L u/]sf]

Joj:yfnfO{ tbg's"n P]gdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{df ;}lgs P]gn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg/k]If

clwsf/sf] ljifoj:t' agfPsf] cj:yf oyfjt\ sfod /Xof] . ToxL cGof}nk"0f{ /

c;fd~h:ok"0f{ sfg"gL k|fawfgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|:t't ljjfb v8f ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

To;}n] k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6

d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs /fi6«fWoIfsf ?kdf /fi6«klt /xg] u/L ePsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf Pj+

tbg's"n dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 ;DkGg x'g] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf]

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf tyf ljjflbt ljifosf] kl5Nnf] cj:yf / l:yltaf6 k[ys /fv]/ ljZn]if0f

ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g .

u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog kl5 ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ckl/xfo{

/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;+ljwfg / ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t ;Djf]wg

ug]{ p2]Zon] u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^^

hf/L ePsf] / ;f] P]gn] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! df ;d]t ;+zf]wg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf

b]lvG5 . h; cg';f/ pkbkmf -#_ df o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

æpkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;Dem]df

;f] calw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] cjsfz

lbg ;Sg]5 .Æ

u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^^ sf]

k|:tfjgf x]bf{ To;n] æk|rlnt sfg"gdf /x]sf] /fhtGqsf] ;Gbe{ cGTo u/L u0ftflGqs

Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{ sfod ug{ / cGo s]xL ljifox?df ;d]t ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ s]xL g]kfn

sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]Æ tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df

@)^^.!).& df ePsf] pQm ;+zf]wg kl5 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df /fi6«kltn]

k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 . ;+zf]wg kl5sf] of]

Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ ;Fu ;fd~h:ok"0f{ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f

u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^^ df ;f] P]g

@)^% ;fn h]7 !% ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;f] P]g cGtu{t ;+zf]wg

Pj+ ;'wf/df k/]sf P]gx?sf] ;+zf]lwt jf kl/dflh{t k|fawfgx? :jtM @)^%.@.!% b]lv nfu"

x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# klg ;f]xL cfwf/df ;+zf]wg ePsf] x'Fbf ;}lgs P]gsf

53

;+zf]lwt k|fawfgx? klg @)^%.@.!% b]lv g} nfu" ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] ;+zf]wg /

;+zf]lwt Joj:yf nfu" x'g] ldltsf ;DaGwdf slxF st}af6 k|Zg gp7]sf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ j}w

sfg"g -valid law_ sf ?kdf dfGotf lbg' kg]{ s'/fdf b'Odt x'g ;Sb}g .

o;/L ;}lgs P]gdf @)^^.!).& df ePsf] ;+zf]wg kl5 ;fljssf] Joj:yfdf h:tf]

c:ki6tf / cGof}nsf] cj:yf ca ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm /

cjsfzsf] ljifo ca dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«klt dfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog x'g] ;+j}wflgs

Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf ljBdfg 5 . o;af6 g]kfnL ;]gf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf /fi6«klt /

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/If]q lglZrt / ;'iki6 x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

k|:t't ljjfbsf] cGt/j:t' eg]sf] ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 tTsfnLg k|wfg

;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt\ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] x}lotdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL ldlt @)^^.!.@) df

hf/L ul/Psf] lgb]{zkq g} xf] . ;f] lgb]{zkqsf] x}l;otsf ;DaGwsf ljrf/ ubf{ ;f]kqsf]

efiff Pj+ To;sf] cGt/j:t' klg x]l/g' k|f;f+lus x'G5 . ;f] lgb]{zkqdf k|o'Qm efiffnfO{ x]bf{

k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf æ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg's"n lgsf;

vf]Hg ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLnfO{ n]vL uPsf] x'Fbf jt{dfg cj:yfdf oyfjt\ ?kdf k|wfg

;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'gÆ elgPsf] kfOG5 . To;af6 klg ;f] lgb]{zkq hf/L

ug'{ cl3 ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL aLr ;Djfb sfod ePsf], ;f] ;Djfbsf

cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfnsf nflu cGtl/d

Joj:yfkgsf ?kdf To:tf] lgb]{zkq hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf] cGtl/d k|s[ltsf]

lgb]{zgnfO{ lg0ff{os x}l;otsf] lg0f{o jf lqmofsf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] b]lvFb}g .

To;}u/L tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg] / /yL

s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ tTsfnLg g]kfn

;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{o oyfjt\ sfod /x]sf] cj:yf xfn;Dd ljBdfg /x]sf]

klg 5}g . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] /flhgfdf kl5 lj36g x'g k'u]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :yfg

lng k'u]sf] kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf æljlw tyf

sfg"g;Ddt gePsf] / sfof{Gjogdf k|lqmofut q'6L /x]sf]n] pQm lg0f{o k|f/Deb]lv g} /2

ug]{Æ eGg] Joxf]/fsf ;fy ldlt @)^^.#.$ df lg0f{o u/]sf] eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.&.@) sf] kq;fy ;+nUg kqaf6 b]lvG5 . g]kfn

;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] kl5Nnf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] kl/0ffdtM dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt

54

@)^^.!.@) sf] k"j{ lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx? z"Godf kl/0ft x'g

k'u] kZrft\ ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltn] ldlt @)^^.!.@) df hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zkqsf] cl:tTj klg

:jtM ;dfKt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . of] tYon] klg lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] cj:yf xfn ljBdfg

g/x]sf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpF5 . csf]{tkm{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{oaf6

cjsfz lbOPsf tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfn ldlt @)^^.%.@# df ;]jf lgj[Q

e};s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k|wfg ;]gfklt kbdf sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf tTsfnLg /yL

s'naxfb'/ v8\sf klg ;]jf lgj[Q e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L b'a} ;}lgs kbflwsf/Lx? ;]jf

lgj[Q e};s]sf / xfn k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbdf cs}{ JolQm jxfn /x]sf] tYo ;d]t

ljjfb/lxt ?kdf :yflkt x'g cfPsf] 5 .

o;/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ;+zf]wg e};s]sf], tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;]jfaf6

cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf g]kfnL ;]gfsf tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfklt ?SdfËb s6'jfn /

;]gfklt kbdf sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sf b'a} ;]jf lgj[Q

e};s]sf, To;/L k|wfg ;]gfklt kbaf6 cjsfz lbg] / sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\s} ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{oaf6 /2 e};s]sf], k|wfg

;]gfklt kbdf csf{ JolQm lgo'Qm e} sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ x'Fbfsf]

kl/l:ylt eGbf leGg kl/l:yltnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf

;f/e"t kl/jt{g e};s]sf] eGg] tYo lglj{jfb ?kdf :yflkt x'g cfPsf] clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df

ca k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;fGble{stf 5 jf 5}g < eGg] k|Zg p7\g' klg plQs} :jfefljs

b]lvG5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lglxt /x]sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf]

nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePklg ;f] pkrf/

ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs

jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf]

nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'+uf]

nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs

;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf ?kdf o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/fOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] d'Vo

p2]Zo eg]sf] lglZrt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0f u/L ljjfb 6'+uf] nufpg] g} xf] .

lgj]bsn] s'g} JolQm ljz]if jf ;d'bfosf] xs k|rngsf nflu k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]

55

cj:yf gx'Fbf o; lgj]bgaf6 s;}sf] xs k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .

o:tf ljjfbdf Ps kIfsf] ljho / csf]{ kIfsf] k/fhosf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] eGg] klg

x'Fb}g . o;af6 ;du|df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g] / To:tf k|Zgsf]

lg/f]k0f u/L ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] nufOG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo slxNo} klg sfNklgs x'Fb}g, of] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

eljiodf cfpg] s'g} cd's k|ZgnfO{ o;n] ;Djf]wg ug]{ eGg] klg x'Fb}g . o:tf] ljifosf]

cl:tTj jt{dfgdf b]lvg' kb{5 . sfNklgs ljifodf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'Fb}g, of] l/6sf]

cfwf/e"t rl/q g} xf] . o; cbfntaf6 klg oyfy{tf / jf:tljs tYoafx]s sfNklgs

;d:ofsf] lg?k0f l/6 If]qaf6 x'g ;Sb}g egL -clwjQmf k'/]Gb| cof{n;d]t lj?4 lgjf{rg

cfof]u;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%), k[= %(_ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf

lgj]bsn] h'g kl/l:yltdf lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] xf], ;f] kl/l:yltdf kl/jt{g e};s]sf]

b]lvG5 . To;/L kl/l:yltdf ;f/e"t kl/jt{g e} l/6 hf/L ug'{sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf]

cj:yfdf klg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ?kdf p7fOPsf k|Zgx?sf] lg/f]k0f ul/g' kg]{ egL

sltko cj:yfdf o; cbfntaf6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf s}og\ b[i6fGtx? 5g\ . lgj]bg

bfjLsf] k|of]hg ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg] ljjfb p7]sf] lgj]bs cRo'ts[i0f v/]n lj?4

tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f ;d]tsf] d'2f -

g]=sf=k=@)%%, lg=g+= ^^@$, k[i7 ^@#_ / ;fj{hlgs dxTj, rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf

p7]sf k|Zgx?nfO{ l/6 lgj]bg hf/L ug{ gkg]{ u/L cj:yf kl/jt{g e} ;s]sf] eGg] k|Zg

p7]sf] lgj]bs k|e'gf/fo0f rf}w/L lj?4 k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f ;d]tsf]

d'2f -g]=sf=k=@)%!, lg=g+= $()%, k[i7 #!$_ df o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx?n]

;f/e"t kl/jt{gsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t cbfnt Gofo lg?k0f ug{af6 kl5 x6\g gldNg] eGg]

s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . t/ cj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g s'g lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g xf], To;n]

s] s:tf] k|efj u|x0f u/]sf] 5, tT;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] h:tf

k|Zgx?nfO{ cg'Ql/t /fv]/ Gofo lg?k0f ul/Fb}g . dfly p4[t ul/Psf b'a} d'2fdf sfg"gL

Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] lyPg, h;sf sf/0f lgj]bg bfo/ x'Fbf sfod /x]sf] sfg"gL

Joj:yf oyfjt\ /xFbf;Dd ;f] sfg"gsf] k|of]udf k'gM ;d:of pTkGg x'Fb}g eGg] ;Defjgfsf]

cGTo ePsf] lyPg . k|:t't ljjfbdf ;fljssf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6 ;d:of pTkGg

ePsf]df ;f] sfg"gdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg e} :ki6, jf]wuDo / låljwf/xLt sfg"gL Joj:yf

ul/Psf] x'Fbf tL l;4fGtx? k'gM cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g .

56

eljiodf /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf aLrdf o; lsl;dsf] låljwfsf] cj:yf cfpg

glbgsf nflu klg l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ eGg] lgj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] jx; lhsL/

/x]sf] 5 . t/ l/6 If]qaf6 eljiosf] cfFsng u/L cfb]z hf/L ul/Fb}g . eljiodf o:tf] xf]nf

egL cg'dfg u/L ;Defljt ljjfbsf] k"jf{g'dfgsf cfwf/df lgisif{df k'Ug cbfntnfO{

clek|]l/t ug'{ cfkm}+df l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] l;4fGt k|lts"n x'G5 . o:tf] ug{ :yflkt Goflos

d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtx?n] cg'dlt lbFb}gg\ . eljiodf cfpg] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL

k|Zgsf] lg?k0f Tolta]n} ul/G5 . ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ubf{ sNkgfzLntfaf6 xf]Og, tTsfn

ljBdfg /x]sf] sfg"g, tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt, dfu ul/Psf] pkrf/sf] k|s[lt / :jefjnfO{

ljrf/ u/]/ lgisif{df k'lug] x'G5 . kl/jt{gzLn cj:yfdf cfhsf] kl/l:ylt / ef]lnsf]

kl/l:yltsf] ;fGble{stf ;dfg gx'g klg ;S5, sfg"gdf Jofks kl/jt{g jf ;+zf]wg cfpg

;S5, /fHosf] ;+/rgf, zf;sLo :j?k nufotsf s'/fx? ;d]t ablng ;S5g\ . To;}n]

;dofg's"n x'g ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf] ;fk]Iftfdf ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] nufpg' kg]{ ljifonfO{ klxn] g}

cg'dfgsf] e/df 6'+uf] nufpg ;lsg] x'Fb}g .

l/6 eg]sf] ljjfbsf] 6'+uf] nufpg hf/L ul/g] cfb]z xf] . To;}n] l/6 pkrf/ k|fKt

ug{ ljjfbsf] cl:tTj ljBdfg 5 eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb ?kdf :yflkt x'g' kb{5 . cfb]z hf/L

x'Fbf ljjfb aNemg] cfz+sfsf] l:yltdf o:tf] cfb]z hf/L ul/Fb}g . To;}u/L sfof{Gjog x'g

g;Sg] cj:yfdf klg l/6 hf/L ul/Fb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf sfg"gåf/f /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

clwsf/ If]q ;'lglZrt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf To;n] ljjfbsf]

cGTo ug'{sf] ;6[f yk cGof}n / clglZrttfnfO{ lgDTofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . sfg"gn]

;+af]wg ul/;s]sf] ljifodf cbfntaf6 k'gM ;+af]wg ug{'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo ;d]t b]lvFb}g .

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] dfu u/] h:t} eljiodf ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf

aLrdf clwsf/ If]qfTds b[li6n] klg ljjfb pTkGg gx'g] u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ;+zf]wg

e};s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$$ / tbg'?k x'g] u/L u0ftGq

;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]gåf/f ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ul/Psf]

;+zf]wg kl5 lgj]bsn] JoQm u/]sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf sfg"gL c:ki6tf jf låljwfsf] cGTo

e};s]sf] 5 .

lgj]bsn] ab/ 3f]lift ug{ dfu u/]sf] lgb]{zkq cfkm}+df cGtl/d k|s[ltsf] /xL To;n]

lg0ff{os x}l;ot u|x0f g} gu/]sf] cj:yf klg oxfF ljrf/0fLo 5 . ;f] lgb]{zkq ca

cl:tTjdf klg 5}g . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] h'g lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ x'g

cfPsf] xf], ;f] lg0f{o / ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx? dlGqkl/ifb\af6} ldlt @)^^.#.$ df /2

e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't lgj]bgsf] cfwf/ g} ;dfKt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L /fHosf]

sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lglxt /x]sf] lgsfoaf6 ljlwjt\ ?kdf ;dfwfg ul/Psf] ljifodf Goflos

57

lgsfoaf6 x:tIf]k ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . t;y{, ;}lgs P]gdf ;+zf]wg e} lgj]bsn] ck]Iff

u/]sf] h:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf e};s]sf], dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{o

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{on] /2 ePsf], k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz

lbOPsf / ;f] avt sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf b'a} kbflwsf/L xfn ;]jflgj[Q e} ;f]

kbdf csf{ JolQm lgo'Qm e};s]sf] h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ca k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]

;fGble{stf / cf}lrTo gb]lvO{ lgj]bg g} k|of]hgxLg e};s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

hxfF;Dd k|:t't ljjfbsf] lg?k0f k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'g' kg]{ eGg] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf

dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fosf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] /fodf klg æ;DdfggLo

/fi6«kltaf6 ;fljs kbdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]{zkq lbOPsf tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltn]

g} cjsfz k|fKt ul/;s]sf] nufotsf s]xL ljifox?sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;fGble{stf /x]sf]

gb]lvPsf]Æ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . To; afx]ssf cGo ljifox? s] slt

sf/0faf6 s] s'g cfwf/df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg?k0f ul/g' kg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;f] /fodf

cfwf/o'Qm 9+un] pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . ;fy} ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz dWo]

s'g} Ps GofofwLzsf] /fosf cfwf/df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf] pklgod

-!_ sf] v08 -3_ cfslif{t x'g] ge} b'a} GofofwLzsf] dt}So ePkl5 dfq ;f] k|fawfg

lqmofzLn x'g] b]lvFbf ;f] /fosf] sfg"gL cfwf/ ;d]t b]lvFb}g .

ca, lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] clGtd k|Zgdf

ljrf/ ubf{ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;fGble{stf ;dfKt e};s]sf]

lgisif{df of] Ohnf; k'u]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf

b]lvPg . t;y{ lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L

/fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fo dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut

s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .

GofofwLz

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

GofofwLz GofofwLz

Olt;Djt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ =========================================== .

Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf, k'gf/fd vgfn