I

Dear Rays: Augus ~ 13 ,1967.

·I enclose "m.y chapter" ! hs1re finished yesterday -t'ight:l.ng h&rd against time .r am not satisfied with ;ey work,far fr~m that..,.. but' I~ to i'inish it,otherwisa it.would grow in

·~ hantl.s and I am afraid it could becOme more extended but not better in ideas.The second part is patchy indeed,but! don't

· thiruc. you wish· to repea·t what othe:t•s have already said so often. Also, I am sorry I could .not ·use some more ;up-to-date statistics

>C ·bu.t what I took was the best I· had at hand.

You wili be kind enough to let me !cnow as usually that this · lotte~ has reached you safely.

:· (_. ',.-- ._ , •• ;J, ·- • -

· t have told you I suppose that I had Ol'derad a copy of your · s;,;;,:,c,".""c~ .• 'tlo•ok..:.;eor- -the-J..i~of~.m.\t-ill~SUt..tm.l~NJlYLLJ~:.,~~~C:..~~~~~~-..... "~ ,

.list oi mm pll.b?c:C-1ationa and it is going tc have its "'""'a" '. ' ' . ' \· '

. readers .r shall report: .l.:':'_·.there is any discussion later on • . . ·' . ·-

I ha.ve read carefUlly Perspectives /draft thesis/,My comments ,;;ill reach you with nexl; letter that will most probably include

· a short information on the writers' congrass with some salient passages from the most interesting speeches.

Yours, c:: ...J,

13971

_,- 4 ;, I· '

Contributedby en E<:.st European fl•iencl

A.. STt..'.TJ': Pl.o\llliiNG

. . lly ml>.kins "it p~ssible to avoid ms.jpr oconondc crioos, •tate pl•.nning h!!s essentially oontribu.ted both to econo"'ic growth and t~ cor.taining labor lllOVEI'C.ent £rotTI ~hieving o.!i:f ~lecisiv& political 01~ ocouo:nic victory.

The roconst.rtCc!;ion :Collctdng \~orld ~·br II 1n TI.'w-op& was un.thinaiil.e .. lfitb<>ut government 1nt6l'1'erenc~ in any economic sector - th<•ugh in a dit'farent

degree. In" Western h'uropo, there was· tJo real propceiti.>n of plaruoing ac a , co~~~prllhensive •.Y•tEIII o! stat" intarvention with a def'in~te set of' goals. In __ Eap,.,ara _Em.•ope. whel'"a even the non-Coru.mu...,int. left and il1 so:ne cases / O:s in Czechoulovakia o~. Kungary/ also other political parties fell under the epell of' "sociali""'" most <>f tho political. parties i'eprosented 1n pa.r1.ia1J1.ents voted for the introductiuiJ ot.'.state planning systOIJls. Hera, no real altF!l'native to the .soviet t,vpe of planr.ing could ba ofi'er•ad - and, indeed, no other syst001 could .b&•:o been acceptOO under thtl p~evailing circumstance::..

In. the Wast, the. word 'vlnMingi itsall' :;eem.od soOn to be i.."\1nned . &!l the tent was beeCI4illg acsociated lo."ith fetterine; contl"ols. nevertheler.s; atato 1r.terventions continued becom:!..~g mre of'ton and fll'owing in scope. . ···- ' .

. -··~-- This'·Was, houavar, .hu.t the ·Surfs.c9. of: th~gs. The underlylng cau.6es . :_w~e· -t~~ develoi,.nent_ of. production -f'oz•ces - though tlu'ol-;n back._b,y the war -··e,nd•cthe technological revolution ·:presenting itself' undet' the guise· oi' a .. mi1.:!.tarily successful atomic research. .:;

:- :.. Atotdc r_esearch Wa.s part of u.s. W2l" prcdut:tion probl"am ancl \JaG

tak&n over 1'01'. non-mUi:tsry pl1rpOSeS by /private/ civilian companies. step b,y . ··step only. Tho militar~tion of economics grew, however, during pos.ce tlme

and some of the new inventious ueN either ol'igineJ.J,y discovared by mllit.o"!' \\B& by men El!lployed in military institutions or .used and developed ·first by mllitaey agellcies. · ·

.Resel\rch on the scale first seen after 1'/orld lf ar II could not have been carried out without either state help or - in extreme casos - without ·tho State "guiding" or planning it. This was both· because of' the iolll1ense and s't.ill groWing research costs a.r:.d becau.c;;e the development or scienco rea.chec! a stage on which reeaarch had to be concantrated should it bo succl!ssful. Thus science development and the nedds of rosea1•ch lnoluding teohnological revolution that announced its col'ling by !'leans of atmic research and the develC'IplitO."lt st.az:ge rit the production forces o£ a.to1nic rese3.l"ch. and the de­velopment sta!!e cf the production forces as well ~o~tbined to foroo the State to take the role of the loador and planner. This was snhanoed 1n \lettern Eurr.-po by tl:.e rs,va.ged econoi1J" \V'hich needed a concerted concentration of mesns tor quick rEconstruction.

The U • .5.A. presemted a different picture j.nsofar as s:over-nment intervention was nelthe!" as l.lpqn as that of' t.ho Eu-ropean governments nor did it take the £oi"!fl or OVGI"a.ll phl.n."l!.n:;. '!'h-s AMer:i..can va.riant appoal~OO f'or a great part as militar;,- expPnditure stimulating economic gro>lth without specific goals.

The tables la, lb present a picture of the governruenta.l share in gross do~estic product of some indUDtrializ~~ 5tates as seen in government expenditure and revenue.

13972

... ,._

Fr4n.oe-·

~ Sweo:ie!'l

Table lS: . ' Governmen~- c~~tn1!: !:tpondlt~fJ on Goods and SfJ~ioes· ·as a Proportion of' G.N.P. at Curror.~.t. ?rices

19'i0 -· 1).0 12.9 2J.1 l.lf,4

. 16.) ll.l

United li:ingQom Canada

10.4 1).9 lJ • .5 15.6 10.9 10.6

~

lJ.J 1).5 14.,5 17.7 J6.6 14.4 1?.2 u.s. 10.1 10.6

/So!J:r'ce: A. NDddison, Econ0111ic Ql•owth in F!llld, New York 1~64, P• lOJ/

the West, Twentieth Contury

-:_'-._ .. _.·.

Table lb ri:a.tegtiries of Gc-.ver.r.me.nt Revenue eo a Proportion

of G•N.P, in 19.57

~-""&nee Germar,y rt&J..y sweden .

)2.7 )6.9 29.J JJ .• 7

.. Jl.O 27.1 27.7

A,!ls.ddison, op.· cit;, p. 114/

Uriited li:infldom Csnsda ti~S.

· ·. ·'· . · It <was the sta tats dominatin!! posiUon in the ecoi•om.r that enabled . it to Bti:!llll.a.te tiie econom,r, keep .its pace of growth and prSV'lllt. IIIIJjor .

. ecol!O!!Jio or.~es', 1/ The hte or_ gro1-rt.h of. totsl- ou1;1>ut of ""'jor West Europ'!l'n : .oauntries sad tho U,::>,A, and Cnll!lda. 1s shown below.{ Note the d!i'ference .

betwAen. the first pel'iod on the on" hand and th$ s·econd and thil'd on the other/

Annual r.atv of Grouth of Total 1913-50 l?50-6o

France O.'i' 4.4 Germany 1.2 7.6 ItaJ.y l.J .5.9 Sweden 2.2 J.J United K:iilgdom 1.7 2.6 IIUnada 2.8 J.9 u.s.A. 2.9 ~·2 Average 1.9 .2 /Solirce: A.Haddison, op. cit., p. 28/

/Note 1 on .folloW...ng pag6/

l'able 2 Output

1956-61

4.2 5.9 6.7 4.0 ?..1 1.8 2.J J.9

It is not only the siza of the rate tha.t 1s remarkable: still more remarkable 1s its steadiness and the le.ngth of the period it takes. Economists aro right in speaking no n:oro of 11crisearr but of "receasionsll for it i& more tha.n a change of a technical term tha.t is involved as tlte dogmat1ets would like

13973

'A

/i

-3-

to make' us bel:J.avo, 11: rather ::dr:-ors t.ho actual change in ec:onomic ,Phenomena.

, The D'..:>re dOgrrmtic adhat"'ents of SCvlet-type communisM pru::mi~ the Sov:l.ot systsn as an oovno.ruic ordor that does r.ot 1-.lloll any sort of' crisis and n<Wer did, l'hey woulcl be rlght only if ono "'1.\Uils a cr:lais t<J tho riepress1on of' the thirties witl.ch is iln untenable presumption. Sinca what the;: are Used to call Harxism they have le=nt in. the Stalin school they are unable to recognize the ma~y or1se• Soviet economy / and society/ hova gone through since 1928, ·

.That roeith"" pllUltling nor a 11so~ialist" - ownoc! and managed eco~um;y cazi preve:rali "'U.e Occurrence or even. a. major recesaion is proved by ths cas(i:of' Czeohosl.ovakia. Without. going into.d&tails we present. the following ·ill.UIII1Mt1ng table on Czechoslovak nationlll. income during the past few.years,

··,.

·1959 lJO.O

llational Income of Czechoslovakia . /l9S5 - 100/

l96o 140.5

ill 1961

· l.OO.l 1962 152.2

Tasble J

1964 149.8

l96S lS.5.J

·/Source• Statistical Y<>arbook /in Czech/ 1966, p, 127/

If it ...._s plannl.ng that h~lpecl in a decisive manner to stave orr eCO!'omic crises, so it was technology, too. Both of these causes, however, have aggravo.tcd internal crises ·othar tr.a.o oou!loonic: the unrest of' labor -

.. wtrth living standards increasing yet exploitation gro>:ing the more • became p8:......,ent, -

Both planning ar.d technology seam to have helped in generatl.ng economic gromh, steadying it and preventing it fl•om aseiJJlling disastrous clio­propOrtions. They could not, hotYever, help 1.'1 avoiding cl"ises to occur.. at all: the form chL~ge<l from th<> economic to a rath'3l' social D..od political one. ------.... --·~ /!lote ·J. from tha preceding page/ 1/. "Government has ason!4ecl so ln!portant a rc.le in the eoonoey that its

own operations largely determine the general economic ruomentU!ll, and what appenrs as the business cycle is .~owadays mainly a reflection of phases

in gcvernment policy" sc.ys A,Haddison whom we have quoted all•eady ami >rho has besides obeerved th .. functioning or these policies as a m~bcr of th~ OaEoO.D. ~tnff ln raria.

13974

-4-

J.s··z:1uch as .the "~vlrci.ro !jta:te11 caros £or eradicP.ting·misc•ry it. t>till_ lOa:v.as· Ve'l'!"'.f, much pcvorty in ·exlsten~e.. Any "war :on· povmotyu t.•rogram no.twitnst.p.ndi.'lg fhe stG.ta cannot. ms~tm• it: the least that c.1 .. "l ho sa:id is

· til!lt· th'51"e are. "pockets or poV&l·ty!1 and milllcns of U.'lski.llod lll!tor2tes. (l)Tb;l,s is duo. to a g>•eat part to tho ••aph!l,y changing t~r-hnoloGY. 31nno no sta.te ~oally considere developm.S:1t of human ··,.ral.ues, de;relopm.nnt. cf man its

· actual a:tm;- men 4!"o h..:td to be funnticns of prccluoticn / "production factor•/ t.t.d, ~h...,..arOl-e, aleo - or pr1m&:-11,y- l'uactic"" ol' i:E»hno!ogy. Acy program of adlicat;,a, o:r ·~~pgrad!n:; 1.3 '>0ing connected with some def!ciencie• of a'

· prefeas:!.on ·or· .l..!!duat17 as un~von du•alopmont of teohn<>lcg;y makes . thio industry ' Sir;"t;ing 'up• tod .. y ar.d another tomort·ow, It is fm· this reason that no alucat:!.on

--~FOc,~ai-1 C;..n_ be c'omp:rah~Jnsiva enough and the sama basic £allure .keeps 'tA) be '· · ··' "'!>Pea ted ag,.:!:t and aga;.n,· ·· -.. · ":·--.' .. ·._· . .. ' .

Added to these internal c1•isos are t.'le internatio~.al tensions.

- Follo>rlng World l·Tar n a new (;I'Oilp of sta·tJ>s Olllot't;ad tis ~olonies , . a.cq11ired the status of indep3ndent count.:ries /India, Pakistan; Burma, Indonesia/

or wholly new states have boen constituted I l'sra...:t, African Stateo/. This process catne tc a certain halt in tha early sixties >Jhen most of the Afr1 can tJolorlies were .'.'granted" ir.adep~danco and thus chane:ed the face oi' a. whole continent almoSt over night.

. '<

(1) The. J.OAd.lne power of tho Qepitailist world has had J4,l l'lillion persons defined as poor i:;, l9f\.l!.. "The total nwnbe:r of poor, unrelated L~dividuals o•tar 65 years of age iiJcreased by JOO,OOO during the 1959 .. 64 period ••• Tho nu:Tiber n:f large .famjl!os with 5 or 1110re children liv1ne in povorty also showocl no decline •• , 11

Tho Annual RHport of the Council of Econontic Advisors, 11eshington 1966, p. 113.; HowDVor, a.fto.~ ZO years of "socic.lism~ some south­we~torn r9gicns of Pol.a.nd or east.orn-most- Czecho::lcvakia vt·.,uont p1·obloma- vo't"y similar to tha .tUnsrican.

13975

•

'"•1"

-5-. This group of very loosa"!y connacted cou,tries was later to bo call-.~ the, •t~" \JOrld.beoa:use of the5.1' 1111on-"H.~nmer.t"• They are indeed di!ltinct

· fro:a tria other t;.'O ca..ps of 1jhe state capit<Ll.ist world,_ i.e. tile capitalist as lllll.J. O.S the soq:l.aliet one. · ,1) Nevertheless, th~y rooiain •dthin the l.Jrperi..u­ist orbit· not. onl,v owlng ~ their ol'i.~ins 'that connect them directly with the ce.2it.Ui.s,l; wrld, l<ut. acco1:diog to the:ll•' later O<fielo1llllent as well. 'llhatever 'actiOIIC thq DWJ. hav(, carriGd o\t~ in the Ui! Ol" wlultev'Br· Sll•,OaSS to.oJS part­iCular m""bers t!llj' have won in ~yingto bring the other tWo worlds together th.a~ cOMmon gi'0'Und llB.U alw.ys e..n ·uneasy and narrow on·11. ·

. ThiS io ur.dcrst.;.nda.b1e since the Thh•d \·k>rld :!tsslf can be. , .. divilietl rougbl,y. into three groups in accordance with thah· gee> graphic positiom it is the group· o! Latin American, Asian ana . ..\tr!.c:1n atatos, >'cspectivel,y.

. . It is the ,.\trican nations that ..al<e tho group of the poo~est memJ:.er.> of _t;,'lis oCIIIIIIIUIIity. "lihat •!lkes theM really poo-r :!.ndedd, however, is

• not •. their poverty, but the low staga of devslopMnt / inaust:L'i.a.lization/ and • the spo8cling Up of the developitont or the lndustriAlized/countrios that haves

. , ·than ""en acre behind an:! mor,. baol.:ward.

-The <'.i!f'ereuc,e 1!i roughl,y yet cleal·l,y to. be oeon lrrom table 4, ., . '. . , . , ·ru:ble4 Dynamics • of .. Gross !iatlcuo.l Product Accoro:U>g to · ·-~ Gl·oups· C.r' the r;ap:!.t;I.Ust 1-Torld, 1950-1957

· · arid 1965/estiMtod/ ·:< :.

Advanced Indu.str:l.alized .Year ·CoWltrie!K

. GNP . GliP .per h~ad GNP :oru../1957 . 1957 in blll./1957

GHP ,.

19.50 ·5?9.1 1.113·5 89/1 .. 19.51 6.1.9~~ 1.173·8 92.8 '1952 639·3 1.199-9 96.8

par head 107.0 J.Q9.3 ll1.9 u6.; 120,0 121.7 123.8 124.6 11~.2

1953 671;1 ] .. 243.0 102,5 1954 672.9 1.2)0.8 10?.3 11.55 72:' .. 8 1.306.0 '• 110.8 1956 751~.7 1.;346.9 114.6 19.57 ?63.6 1.345.4 117.4 1965 l.06o.O l. 713.6 165.5

/Sowoe Ul! Econo,.ic and Scci.a.l Council General !(evie>r of. tho Development 81.ld Com-di.n4t.ion of the .&!anomie, Social and i!un'An R'l.ghts P,.o,.,-MS and :l.ctiv:\.ties of the United Nations anc. the Specialized Agencies as a 'tlhole, 5 Ha)r 1960, P• 20/

13976

i

' I l I i

1 ' 1

i

J

I 1

j j I

,. . ).1 - ,,

I .

··,\

..6-

The S'"Owth ot th9 developi.'lg countries durin.: the two post-war . dqcadt:tS vas net._ only unevEJn, ~~t very slow i.nrlaed.

"Per · CG}Jit.a. Gro_ss fk,r.te!!tic Produr.:ts by Hajor lleginns, 1.950, 19.S5 and l96o

Tablo 5

Av:t:tra.ga a.nnua.l componrxl rat3 of {7-ol;th

l950-6o 1950-55 19.55-6o

Devalop&l lll&rket econcmies 2.7 :;.4 2.0 . North Amerioa 1 • .5 2 • .5 O.!J Weut~r.~ ~ope :;.? 4.2 J.J Jnp'lll 8.0 11.6 s.s

DevOloping,~ket economies 2.2 2 • .5 1.8

Iatin Am<~rina 1.8 1.9 1.6 .\!.'rica . 1.~ 2.2 1;6 · 'rar :East 2.1 2.4 l.S

· W..st A.:lia 2.7 3.0 2,4 '). jsi:us;o'e, 1/o!;'ld F.con'm~c s~~ey, UN, _Now Yo"k 1965, P• 21/

c;i 11:', . _ • _ .. _ Naturally, the dittor!!/'ices "''" gro1<t not only batwoen tha. g'!Y.>­

-- ,_·_·-_·~aphid ~S"ups_{b.ut· Moog _pnrticula.r mmbers of the!le groUps as well. So~e ·.,. 'Iatin.Ameri~an,.oountl'ies. see.'1i to have arrive:! on the tlll'oshold of su8~.ai.~od

··.''groWtli fcarazU,".•ugerJtin&/; a tel< Asia.n nations liko India ,...,. soon ·arrivn :--..a.t:~th.iB it&Onie.Rt, tno. Ye·t;'-:Ll the most :favorAble catSes tbif:l proc~ss takefl vm-y

: lonf! and its goal is by no Jeeans cel'tain.

The ditf~entiation wUl probably p•·~ceed, \lith ·~ccaeionallapnes into· previous development. stages. ~t. without an l..~twnatio!lJll.l,y concerted'

· .a~tion dUl'ir•g a.1•m•cnabl,v long period tho ond c£ this millennium l<ould bo '9!4ry far i'<'OII! <eeing the underdevelopm1mt overcoMe, With the onrushing d<111ograpliin "''!'losion tho problem of C:oveloping cou.,trieo wUl rather tako alarming dil!:er,sione. -

C. REIATIDi-:ll!IP OF Ii'IDlBTnL\LIZED :10RLD 'l'O IJlmERDEV"cUlPED

I'h~ relationship of the industrializod ~<orld to tho underdeveloped mAy be briefl.7 Sllll:l>'.ai'iZetl !n the folloliing tablo;

13977 ' J • 1 ;

···i"

Terms o1• t.J.•ade 19~0-100

-7-!a ble 6

1961 99 96 9S

19•32 196J 1964-ut~ America Ai'l:'ic4 West. ,\eu., Southsrn and •outh-

.... stern Asia 96 De\"aloping countri~• 98 · /s'i,ur.ce~ W"o1•::.c Seonordc Survey • DN,

97 101 92 94-98 9u··

94 93 96 93 :>ew Yo::-k 1965,

106 96 :•7

92 99

l'• 222/

WhA-tever Ifi.BY havu be&l the development of the 11und~.:J.evtil.opod" countrias, their position compored with that of the industrioliz«< r.ations

_ r.,.,.;i:w. "a thor tho' so:no. tJl! stutisticiM~ put it thls ...-~y in 1961: "The . considoirable gaps in level of activity and extent of ir.dastrlaliMtion b~tlJee;t 'ithiO itid,ustr~ialized and developing count'l'ies,, each r.onsi.dm~ed .is u: whole,

(4-)

(5) (6)

(7)

. ': remained essentiall;,r ~f the same dimenoionS in 1961 as in l9J8; II (1)

•. . :. . .. . EvE!L•,y aspect o the relationship betuaen the at!.-anced and the dav.;loping countries com:irms the basic facta that ·change a.~d i..vo1ve in time·

>-•but>le..ve ·the'•'esS'entilil r<>1ation \1ntouchod.. the "prim:u•y producing countries" · •sup);i!.y the "advan~f.d•.:1dth ra" inaterials t~e prices o: which tenc: t.o fall. ··,'1\);_q~te~.again tll<> Ull·statisticialis co:nme.rits: "And against this probabl,y

s1r;w growth of fllt!lort aU'nings, the need for a rapid increase in imports, especiaJ:cy: of oO:pital equipment, to sustain an adequata re.t .. of economic

·d.,.elipmant, stands in Ll4rked contrast." (2) ·

In 19~-• !'or ins+A.n.o::e. this Mor!ents v.ere as foJ~ows: T&ble 7

Trade of DevelopingUarket EConomies uith 'Developed Har!cet Economies

Unit VL1ue of axporto 11nit value of .Imports T~n•ms ~r trade

/1950 :. 100/

-Unit vnlue of exports, exol. fuels T;;rl'lS of trade, excl. exports of fuels

/Source: ~·.brld Economic Survoy, U1~ 1

IndE!lC, 98

113 86 95 8J

;.;., York 1963, P• 7/

(1) The Gl•owth of lk>rld Industry, 19)8-1961, International ;\nal,yses r.nd z:Tab1es, Uil, Ne>r York 1965, p. 234

(2) World Economic Survoy, Uil, Ne• Yo>•k 1965, p. 14-5 (J) Commitments by the "socialist econom1cs 11to the developing countries

went from. *316 10lllion in 1962 to )4-1 million in 1963, to :)].,296 l'lillion in 1961;; to 685 million >Jitl:. " furtoer falling tenoency (International Flow, 1.c. p. 22)

As the em•vice pa,yr.1ents ha.ve Rl<nost invarlabl,y to be made in convertible cu:.:-renc'les, the relative btn·den is probably somfnihat groat.er than this arlth>letic weld sugeest. "International Flow ••• P• 45 Internatiunal Flow ••• p. J.5 J • IQ.eer, .\n Anal.y'ais of the Social-EconcrJic Struc 1:.1.U'as of U~a Third l{o,ld / J.,, Polish/, l'iiE, 'tli>.rsaw 1965, P• 5 J.W. Burton /oo./, Nonalignment, Deutsch, london 1966, p. 131-1J2

.. -···' ;.)'

., '

13978

'I ' i. !'

To ci'fset t!lis Wl!'a~·.,rcblil sit1.12<t.ion as t-rell as to ovorco.ne th6 di.."fioult~es tico>nnul.P.tinc on the road to tho seJ.f-anstainin~ grot<th th~ devolop­ir..g CtH.~o"l't.'t'"1e:! ~u•t•e t~ !\flk f')r ai.O. o£ thet induatriaJ.i.z(#cl nlltions. The forrus of thi:r. aid vary yet the ma.in is rop1·esonted by long-te1·m capit.e.l/ .<>tilars inclw~ technical' ·assiota<lco, oificiaJ, donations, o'v.> ./. Its flvw dllring tho last !'ow ye ars 1s shown in. table 8. D) ·

T:lblo 8 Net International Flow of lon'e-Term Capital

/million~ of ~olliU's/

Net receipts 1961 of. 119 co!llltrios ?-,849

!M· roported outf'low a/ . 4,666

1962 z.'•J.S 4,285.

1963 J,JOlf. ,,,7,1 5,264

and th~ internatio~l agencies a./ OUtf:loWII tram th& d...-eloped nuit'k9t · to" a'JJ. develo'>inC co1mtr1es

oconom.ies

pj prel:btinary • . · .·. . ·ysol:.r;cei · !nterMtionnl Flow of lonB-tem Capital and Official D<>nat!.ons, ·1961-1965 UN, New Yo;k 1966, P• lfl/ ,

... . : . . ,,. Howuver, not or.:l;r did the .,.;t&rnal indebtedness rise as a ~on-,. se;.uence'and put a hea\'Y. burde11 on the developing eooromies, ao seen frOm table ~ •. . .• . .. · .·. '· :£abliii·J9) . . .

· •· ' out&tan<iit'l!. iublic and Publ1o],y Guaranteed Debt of D<Jveloping Colli'Ltriee<s l!hd of :1:955, 19'6o Md 196?. · · ·

, /Billions of dollars/ . ·. : Rog1on i955 196o .tr.tin AJnarica/18 oountrioo/ 4.0 6.6 . .Asia /9 coiJtltri~s/ · l,J 4,0 ·'Atric& /?countrieo/ 0.7 1.2

Total, above 6,0 11;8 ToW./6o da7eloping countries/ 7,1

1962 8.9 5.9 J...4

16.J 19.8

iSoiJl•ce: Intern&tional Fl.ou ... l,c., P• 45/ Relatively· to t.ho tot.al outpllt of the iudustrlali•ed countries, the

outflow of :('unds to the developing ocono~<~ies declinea otr.a.:!il,:r since 1961: it fell from 0,84 of :p'QSS domestic product in 1961 to 0, 72 1!1 1962, 0,66 in 196J and 0,65 1n 1964. ,51

Tl'nts the developing cow1trics have been s~ sucked. into tho vorte:t o! the ndvanced industrializcc'. rJCMomieo that they are sttrcnating or evM retro­gre•sing. "In the ':hird i'for1d countt'ies thm•a is no clear oetenninant today / econmnic, social or political/ that >:ould rloterminu the direction of further soalo=economic evolution of these cou.t'ltl"ies 11 , a. l'oliah spscialiot o1i do-relOping countries states, (6) Auci Conor Crlliso O'Brien m•ites: 11 lnstAad of thinking of a ncn-..J.ignoo Third Vbrld, it Hould bo more realistic to think 1n terms of a . wot•ld-wide capitalist ocoM'I)" of t<hich tho sur.posedly non-aligned cou.~trit~s form an integral p:.1!"t, ... -if this proc:lss continuos ---the independence ot tho non .. alit:nEXI countries is liko1,y to rosO!llhle incroasingly that of tho Lat.in ;.,..,.iaan co1miric

Ther'.:f is indeed a vors real dang'er of these coWlt-ries becoe.ing llclient. statesll 1!' social revolution does not conte up against thiG process or strangling the :1Jldopendenca and economic development.

-3J-

~·:_<_·.·.' . , ••.••

l.While the sh&re pf the pPptilation Pf the. developing countries in the world ·population total. rpse more and more rapidly, the share o:t ita gt"Oaa ·domsstic product in the world total rather stagnated /i'sb.lli.Alao, the growth rate c>f the domestic product psr capita . ·in thee a counti'ies not only aloweu dc.wn ,.. lt J:'ell :f'am 1J. U .G.dol­l.are between 1953-58 to 6 dollars between 1958-61 - but the product itaeH' that has made :nora .than 10 per cent oi' the per capita product o:f· the indnstrisl:lzed countries in 1938 fell to about 8 per cent 1.n 1961 /Tab.3/•

2 •Tile ~ndustrialization,coneidered by m:>.~t economis·ta sa the. only way out of b!ickwardn&ss,prac·ucally did not. •>-~•--.:e the relation betweon

· the devej.oping and the industrialized <'ountries in the period from 1938 to l961 • .1.1't!'ir a slackening period from immediately after tho wa~ down to the miadle fifties. the developing countries recovered their. positicm from bef'ore the war and arrived ~t_the-aame.-shllr.e. o:t 9 ·3 pel.' c!lnt of' .worlC:: manufactLtring ii:l 1961(. "In view of the lar;;· .. gar ·increase ,in population in the deve~.oping countries than the \

I indt1Stri11lized coautrios,the percentage ratio between them in menu- ! i'ect'PZ'ing value edded per capita wee somewhat 1itse in 1961 than in / 1938 - 4•3 PEir cent compared to 5·0 per cent." ....--/

~-.. ,...-perspective the cont~ast between those two groups

if,aa Simon il.uznets puts it," ••• sntry into mo-

f-~1~:;E~!!~~~~r~r~;;·r1·;J~1Bllst:a;.ned industrialization,affecta only a .11-initially underdeveloped group of countries •••• •if we coilsider Japa.n end the U.s.s.R.

shifted over that period /the last hftlf a . . . to the developed group ..... ~.the

·~~~~:~!j~ ... ~:~ a,cuo·un1~e shift is only o .3 bil,~on out of " ---,- • ..,,0 ~-e to 2 the underdeveloped p~a o:t: the

, w'?rlc1, of Latin America and ·Easter.n Europe)." - . · 4&Tiiase macroeconolt1c differences may beat be summed UD by and at"e mo~t·obviouely mirrot"ed in the level of living· index"ae construed J/ :tor .20 countries by the. UN R.esdsreh lmtitute for Social .Development .• We ·reproduce their :~:able 4 arranging the cour.tries concerned accor­ding to level of living indices,per capita consumption and grosa national prcduct .:rhe differences spe9k for themselves.. .

1/ The Growth of World Industry! 1938 - 1961, International Analyses end Tables, UN, New :tork:, 19b5

2/ S .Y..u:Znets, Postwar Economic urowtth, Harvard University Press, ··;~ Cam~idge,Masa.l964, P•24

31 J .Drewnowski - ,y .Scott,The Level of Livl.ng lndex, UN Research Institute for Soeial Development,Report ~o 4,Ueneva 1966,p.70

'·

···- .,., .. -· ...

DlSTRJBU'.fiO!I OF VA.WE ADDED I."l 1958 U.s ,DOLLARS ,ACGORDDIG "•'A•ri lrCbm·~oi1' nDliSTRIAL AClTIVIU ;"· V{OR!J) UC!.tJDU.U u.s .s oR .Aim EI!S~SRN

' . . . · . " .IDROPE " . . ) . . ..

. ~;~,l~J.~n ~~ ----60·--------------------... -----... -----------··-.. ·---··-------------Area 1111d period

Specif'ie.i> activities as a pare~nt o~ · mining,manu!acturing,dlectricity and

g~~

Maw4·~~tur1ng I.Uning 8leatr1city and gas

·-·------~-----··---------------------------- .... --------------------- '

19]8 l2o6 84.4 ].0 1948 10.5 a5 .a 3.7 J.gl) 9·5 86.4 ·~".1 1961. . o.g 85o7 5-4

1938 12.0 84o9 ].1 9o6 86.6 3.8 8oJ 87.6 4ol G.s 87.6 5.6

18.1 7.9.6 2.3 . :rg.o '/8.1 2.9 "• 22 ·4 74.0 ].6 2:3.0 70.7 4o]

" :,., ......... " ta~les are adjuoted tables taken from:

.THE GROWTH .9F VIORLD Imnial'let ,1938 - 1961, International Ano.lyaf!& •• - ·, •: : • ' I

and Tables, m;, New Yprlc,l96.5 "·>· "The number .o~ those tables on which our individual tables are bas"ed

is given at ·tho right top corner •·Tha oi'dlll' I wouid like to have" the table a BL'L'anged in is m~k~>d RED

13981 .i

'

-1 -Beat 0~ m ~ota.l the ww:t,d world;_~

PGpul&tion WU1on 1,0·4-7 559 1,455 3t:1 Fecer.t 34·2 16.3 47·5 1 .0 -""'C.!JilUOil&l· B.llliolt J ns !182 141 ·14J P'~t~ l'fi'aen:t. /4/ 141 /4/ /4/ J:lleiogy coDBnapuon5 lllU.lion utr1c1 391 2,624 547 4,562 . to111 /l!CE/ •

P~nt 30,5 .57,5 12.0 100.0 !bports !Ullion J' 1&.1 8t.4 J6,l 13J,o8

l'erceut 12 .. 0 60.!1 27•1 100.0 ' Ii;p'lrts B!llian :r 16.] B1J.9 42.7 139.9

Pucant 11.7 57.8 30.5 100.0 ·~.ction:

c !l~1o ponr B:tll1tm kilg- 5.12 1,5'14 349 2,435 ftt tloli.OIU!S

.·~.,i~ -.. l'iiftent 21.0 64.6 l4o4 J.oo.o IUllion .mtr1c t'OIIS /HC2/ lolll, 874 233 2~20 Pei.'lleilt · 50~1 l9·4 10.5 1 .o

:-.·.

'lltsal lfD.lion utric ~ ..... t'• uo 201 42 355 .~-.. ' . .. P•csnt. · lloO. 57,;2 u.s 100.0

. • · ·· . i:ada plttrolea :lttii~nmotric . ' .. . t~Ji(S ,. 185 401 534 1~20 , ...

~llt 16.5 35.8 4.7.7 1 ._o. ~ allllli- 'rl\.c)ueand ~~~et- · - · · ··•·:de·tone 1,o:;;5 3,252 25a 4~75

!'~eilt 23 •l 71.1 5o6 1 .o · P&.llllllllgC care 'rhausands ·291 10~511 519 ll~l

Perc.ent 2~6 2.8 4.6 1 .o . Coiuallrc!al 'rboueands 494 2~401 'l40 l~35

-· . whtc:lee PerCent llo6 . 6.0 20.4 1 .o

1. tT .S·.S oR~ 1Baa.'t 0~-. , ,.t'Polal1d1 0Jiechoslovakia 1Hungary ,BnmanJ a ,Bul«eia, .tlbaniC~,c'B!IDniet :Ohiila,Nortn Korea,Horth Vut-ll&lll,and outor llongolia

2. Ul41tf4· statea,l:ailada,and lfeatern Europe 3. ao.nnrt~ a'_' purehaa~Dg power equive.lents o4;. Not ·avai1abol.a · 5. Yor 191i0.11ilii'd coaJ.,lignite,coke,peat,petroleum,natur&l gas and hydro-t.o:-r 1n terl'48 of ha::'d coal. equivalents · 6. d coal and lignite 1n tel'IDII of hard ooal "'uivelents

·..\r.=: !!.RS..Il!!AM.T!l:. Po!.:!.tieel Goel.!! of Sov!st Foreign A!d,:!.n: Dimell!!!O!!!! ot Soviet Jrconolllic :POwer,Hearings ot the Joint Economic C:ommitt.ea.Col!l:­reea o~ the tr.s.,tr.s.aovar~ment -Printing O:f':fico,Washington ~,S.tudles, po4£5 ·~

13982

''

:), --- .. - ~-.

l ' ' ·~·~ ~2-·r<. ·.· ')· \1 . r . ~ 011 SOCW.IS~ CO'Uli'J:lUES IN 'mE WOBLD DmtiST.RIAL !IIODU.<:r ION

.1 i91T • • • • • • • • • • • • • lea a than J, percent. r . ,.1937 • • • .. • • • • • · • •- • • • laaa than lO p8Nent •

19S_·o • • c. • • • , • • • • • • •••• 2Q percent. 1 ! 19!'5 •• _ -~ • • • • • • • • ... • e.rouM 27 percen~ • . , ! 1965 • .A:U acoial.ist. .ccmnt.rilos • a·or.ut .lS porcant.

\ 1. !iCl.t1.S . .S..R. wh. ich 1D itseli' ropr<aaents\· al.Jaost. oa.-t'ifil:!. oi: ths vovld induatrlal.

- ~

. !' I .. · ,. l

\ proaur.ion .

~oduoe ohouJaJstvo SSSR v 1965 g.,stat!et.i&skiJ O~~aluue etatieticeakoe upravl~nie,Ro&kva l966,

·,iiY-'t­e!!.egodnik, .. P• 82

,·, . -aotlriP.WTIVB GlllQW'm !lATBS OF UHP

/P~RCentsgea/

.

tr.s.s.R. 1965 tr.S .A. i~~~ m:.gland J!lioance 1964 rt.al;v 1965

4:.5 5.0

3·5 7·1 5_.8. 4!.1 .1~2 'lo6 5.9 .fa( '{o3 Sol 6·.o 4o8 5.5 6.6 1;o 3.6, J'ol· .2 3o5. 2 • .s. 3.0 -.1 lS.J 15.8 6.9 s.J . 6'.1 12.5

.""'1.2 6-7 :J..9 6.1 3.4 2.9 4.1

IN. THE u.s.s.a.AND FORb:IGN OOUNrRIES

lflttppft1 iDcpme-par-head Absolute volume a'l.COl'aing to ~~~etbo- aocordillg to of total JUltional dol~· . accepted in methodology .income accord!Dgto

1 1 -·_... t metflodolOQ SCC<t,P-e.BP. at c....,... .. - accap ed· in ·ted in the U.S.;Soll.. ll'ies.:l:.e.:tnaJ..re- the; tr.S.Soll.. ,statistics /:ln bll-peated. inclusion. i.e.Without

· o:t incomes obtained repeated in- J.ioua a.t dollars/· ·in the noz...produc- clua ion of in- at official at re­tive uphe~e /in dol- coaea obtained rate of e:- lative lal'B at of'.t'icial in the non-pro- change ;pr1cee

-rate/' ductiva a hare

• • • 2 850 1 447 1 170

887

in dol- in dol­lara at lara at officialrelative rate lpricee

928 1 076 2 060 2 060 1 028 1 164 1 000 1 104

656 761

214 248 401 401 56,1 6J,,5 48,4 63,1 33,7 19,0

13983.

'

' ' L·. r~·

•. ,,,-. _:_;-'·; . - l-

J .. " ..e.Oe oi .the pnoetU.118 t11b!e·:/ ! ,, ~o• chOaJaJaho ssstt v 1965 g., p. 87 j .

12,1 - "il J ••

11,2 2,5 5oli - 0,4

e.~ 2,0 ~.:c - o,~

9,7! 20.o7 t·" ,o :t.f;,O

4o7 fioO

l.~ - 002 ~.l

2,9

. - 1,25

:• ',lll&r.~•.&lt~e 4:hoaja,1stT~, p.93:

27;;: 54,0 lltlliODa k;rh

lJ 17 taill.oiiSt.r-ie t i ,9 16,7 .. - 2,1 .. .. 1,8

- o,s 4?.6 • '!11.>"''· ·.

25 .s • 58,1 '.'. 4 1 .. l 8

199 •- Jtil.l.o 1112 - 12 '7 18,9 IIID.l..paua · 1·~~

427 ••• £~ 106,;

46 , 9 thQuellllda - a ,1 metric toilS

JmLA:J!!Oli BSNEJm. BAS!C ECOMOIIIC DBV&LOPLIEN'.r lNDICM'OBS <I' THE U .S.S oR. AND U.s .A. .

Gleou sooial product in!JO;;\ JfQtioual iDcClale 18. 19E5 \~ !aduntiial nroduct!on:

!Ill• 7113 the territory of the

13~~ IIIIPire/

1965 PrOducttion ot agriculture:

a-verage o:l.' 1956 - 1960 &YGrage of 1961 - 1965

VOlume o:l.' capital investment: 1950 1965

former Russian

u.s.s~. 1n par~ cent of U.S •. b

62 62

12 5 lass than lO •

47 65

more than 70 abo11t 75

more than lO about 90

Labour productivity in industry: 19l.J /in the trritory of the former Russian

empire/ about 11 =t 1965

Labaur productivity in agricUlture - average for 19!59 - 1965

40-'"-5Q... 1n the u .s~.about) ,,1

four times low~ -i" "'-------13984

I.

1

ill the u.s.s.a.abOQt t:ice 1aaa. than in the u.s.A •

. Sotr:"Ce~ Jl~vdlloo cb.ca:JaJ&tvo,p.85

OiiOSS BAfiOBAL_ · BlODUC'r 8~. ~C'l!OE OJi' OR:LGDI FQ;l JIAJOR i:COHOIW'.S /pe-ta~ o~ toUJ_ et ~nt i'ae.t.or c ost,F" . · · ,- '• . .

Aqicul.ture !Ddustr,y IUld COD• structi:on

Tr8!ll8 port trade

aerYic6a

in til.\ Soviet Sov!et Economic

6.& 20.7 2.1 1·9 . 28.0 2.6 . ••• 25.2 1.8 7.1 18.1 2.7 ••• 35.4 5.5 10.2 11.4 1.1 10.1 17.9 .9

Ill. UknOwll. s:ou=e: Stanley H.C.ohn, ibid.p.72

lol 100 1.2. 100

·' !OO·· -1.2 100

.6· 100 Ill 100

.g 100

1:3.985

. ' ' !

..

-s-

R~a cro~sr1son luollar Uoapariscn

Ge~t.:dc A-l."age of t~ubls

f . and Du1-la.."!' Ct;:;;­

\ parclsona . . ~·--·------~----

tT.S.S.Ri . . - TJ.S.S.R UD:I.t;sd ~ Per I TJDited aB Ear

U.S.S.R. aa ?e Cent ~f

ttw:s~1cm 840.3 :J:llireetaent 263·5 DlEtwA4t 1«.6 ~taci-

. ~~1:10B. ~-9 ·-;-- ·'

States Calt o:!l· u.s.soR. S~!!t~cs Ceilt of /S11 ~ .i;m UJiited /l3ill1:au /lUll. Uidhd

l!llh1es/ States D:lll!U'IIF Dol~./ Ste.tes

4o0•~5 •5 20·8 105ol 269.7 ...1!WL 540·4 48.8 52·7 77.2. ~ 192.0 75·3 36.2 38.4 3

24.2 152·5 l8.~ 12.1 152.1

53·4

U.S.S.R. 1958 1960 1965

· Electric powe:o!'

United Statoa

28.5 57.'1 84.1

152.l

37.8

· /gr08s output · ~ D_bl' 1 138 1 364 2 198 6270 1 572 2 165 2 971 1 608 1 940

. ~de pdroleua -J:ilogr&m l!oel: - in

547 690 1 053 1 978

ter~N~ of liard G»a1 - ~ 2 055 2 074 2 190 2 444 3 499 l 083 2 914 17 508 Staal - 266 305 395 626 503 401 648 245 42]. Iron ore. - kg 430 494 665 468 276 1 229 191 27 25 snlphm:oic acid

36,9 115,7 61,2 59,6 66,1 57,7 57,7 /moDOh;ydric ·• 23,2 25,2

~m:tca1 fibres 0!8 1,0 1,8 7,7. 7,0 4,4 'l,G 5,7 s,a c:.uaent - kg 16 212 314' 334 311 462 60C 394- 334 aotton fa!xric

19,4~ - 112 /rev/ 22,5 24,3 25,9 46,4 17,3 21.6 14,4 Jo.s Sboes,1eather 1 1 2,0 2,1 3,2 1,4 3,4 2,9 2,0( ••• -pair • s~s.w ~ea~ec~ <-li.,.,

Sf,'} .23,6 "'!i,f "3,1 u,o ,1,0 ~.o .~ .... sf.;, rllol .. .Jot.- ~s. ~ :V+,E. ~J) .,.j,~ f.l;~ (inc.l. r••tiocol.'olt .. f f"l>',fc. 3,1 ihO S,1 :;,2. o,~ 9,f- B,gi 1, ') 0,21 ......... i<, ·"•>

J!Oij- ,.,~ ~SJ, (,J~ Mt. lltut C-t ;t.j..,a-fs 1'f 't4 11-3 ••• -~,, 13986

·! i

_,_,...,- ''···~-' .... ·- .•. ! . -· .

, ..•. ··-~.'- ... -;) --~ --- --

---2S 35 23 27 4.L 39 1.f: 11 12

,27 34 24 19 39 30 ---i'f 50 .39

. 35

v.s.s·.a. . /UDUe4' Stst!!e, 1.956; .m.s.s.R.,

7357/

--28,2 . 42.4 ----42•.;1 37.1 5l~O 69~5 3C 7 . •• 'll.tl 39--' .)8w5 4],.5 42'..:1 . 44o0 7.8.9 l.9 .;s ]5·.6 '" '46•2-· 32.,9 22~0.

- - ~;ao i

. '· 46 .• ·5 53.1 27•5 1'!.1 60o8 -·--n.a 55.3 . '

1<1-).5 4().6

! !·

'

1398'1

,.

(:r_'; •-; ...

" ' t ~ . i·' '. ' i '

. . .&VBF.!GE WAGEs OF 1JOBKRRS .AND Elo!PLOXUS DIOL.BATES AND ADVAliTAGES moll

.· . /' . , .• .·· 'SOOIAL :rtJlDJ6 IJ£.1965 . . ·

<rrniza1 llOllt~ average · avliraga "

·--------------~----------~~----~-- -------&11 ,;iOt•k•r• · and. a~;~ploy~ea !n the MUonal. ecOIIO"if

AV8~4~ 'li'llg411l of iiGrk8l'8 IWd BIIIPlO-. :r:e• 11!1Cl.rates · aud· ac!'nllnt.ogoll ob- 1 !i43 ~iz:o a· t'l•oa • ocilll f.IUI4e '

. A;nr~a 1101187 .ft&~ ot workal'B IUid ellplo:u11 1 1.47

of 'Oi:!!:tch ·· l6ave> ,ralllmOratioo 73 B!:tea ·u.,. lld7an~&adlbtai::Jad b;z workGH and tliPlo;ro• from 1110c1al f!'w~~Sa /GDl:.1cava rll-r.:.~tioll/ -

· .. sftHOe paZ!' ~~ 396

. Jf~dnoe chosJaJstvo ,p o566

1 215 84

... .. ~ .

129

96 6

33

138

10J. 7

' l7

· c .i:1ElllGE .. IIi:>JmiL! lJ.\Gl!S OF WO~ AND BKPLOYEES IN THE NAUONAL lilCONC:UZ · ,, .. ~' ,; mOL.R.iATES AIID ADVA!ITAGES OBTAINED FllOl! SOCIAL !'UJI:OO

/in rubloa/ ·

Y~H~r A.verage zo.lltbl¥ A.wrage Average Avermgo · 110ney wage l!IOntbl.y Year IIICDeY IICIDthli

wage iilc1o wage wage 1ool. :rates and ratee. and. adYantases advytages

1940 33,0 40,& 1960 f!(),l 107,7 1946· 47.5 62,4 1961 83,4 111,7 1950 63o9 82,4 1962 86,2 115,7. 1955 '!'1,5 91,8 1963 87,6 ua,o 195.8 71.8 104,4 1964 90,1 120,8 1959 79,0 106,7 1965 95,6 129 .

s:attrc.e: Barodnoe chozjajstvo,p.~67

13.988

,.

- ,-,- -.-- -- .. ~-.. --li-1959 ' < ~t~~~ crt# avl!r&Se wafell oi top 10 fe.t' cant

,, ';·C!~';>workel.~ ~ aal:e~~ p~:uonn~1 ·~ b!lt-. ~. -~•-!·10. pu··~nt • • ·• • • • • • • • • • • o • 5. .a : 1

·.' Ba'fU_O :of' IIW;~, .1Jtc01111111 Of' top 10 p$1' CIPilt o:t Zll!IU:iea to botU. 10 p~ cent /1nl:l •

. '.!!ioD!i7 a.lld nom ·ac"iilt lnco~~~as/ ••••••••• 4.75 : 1 at.d.._ wage:. /!it r-.zbles par aon'C!I/ • • • • .27 - 35

1965

l 1 50- 60

k.w~ w11gea o~ workers and saluted per--. uomal /ic rui:\l.ea par J&Onth/. • • • • " • • • 79 99

SoUrce: :!loY&DCJYitch,~ soviet Im.ome ll.avolution,Siavtc Re.view,Vol.xxn, · lJOo4 /Dec.,l.96.J/ ,repr!r:rtecS in fi!.e·soviet Econoii11}',A Boal: of' ll.ea- · ·· u'-'.. 6ibe~J, P·237- .. ·

·Unit of Mae:urellli!nt.

A.v:t:t'ege Jil~·ainge oJ: lbpl:l7ee& 1n P81" C;t.iit of' 4vera~ BerDinge

IJ/: Wo.~kare

150 126 109

··. 93. sa

not avoUable

u.s .;s .a. 1952 .1960

Untied Staha, . 1959

Square mater 26.0 70~0 do do do do

Pieces Pairs - do

rr.o 1.3 .• 7 1,2 llfi J.l

1.8

Slurce: R.:at.Goldlln,KIIcent 'l:t'Snds in Soviet Pereonal Income and Consump­t1on,in:D1.lllene1oilS of' soviet E.conolllic POWe:-,stud1es,p.J63 .

CO.tJSUi.IPliON OF BASIC FOOD PRODUCTS /per head of population;kilogram/ 19510 1958 1960 1964 1965

Heat and fats /incl.poultry and subpro-ducts ia natura/ . 26 .3P 40 38 41

!.!ilk and milk products in terms of Bilk 172 2].8 240 23.8 252 ~ - pbces 60 108 118 113 124 Fish and fiahproducts 7,0 9,8 9,9 12,2 12,.6 SUg&r 11,6 24,2 28,0 32,2 34,2 Vegetable butter 2,7. 457 5,3 6,6 7,1 Potatoes 241 1 0 14.1 140 141 Vegetab~es and field-produce 51 71 70 74 73 Flour products /bread in terms of flour, flour.grito,beans,mecaroni/ 172 172 164 159 156

5ouree: ~arodnoe cbozjajstvo,p.597

139&9'

,;.c

'"-'~"~'·"'-""C' o';"'~~;~ Ho~()~ ooons ;-Pa~ he:ii4 of' ".P ... ciP. ui&t.. 1~~ &Dll!;&l]1/ - q

·' ., .. · ' · .. , . . . '•· I

16,5 23 •r. 26.1 25,4 2iS,1

13,9 17,4 19,2 19,0 19,4 1,1 l.,9 . 2.2 1,9 ~l 0,6 1,2 ].,4 . 3,4 3:,3 O,'l 1,2 1,3 1,1 1,1 0,3 0,5 . 0,6 0,7 o,a o,s 2,0 2,1- 2.9 3,3 2,6 4.3 4,9 5,4 6,2 1,1 1,7 1,9 2,2 .. 2,4

s'ourco: ~~e ohDzjajetvo, po59'l

TDuJlS P&R. !GRE OF W..JOll. CROPS

Yilar: Unit per acre u.s. Sgviet u.s.s.R.r.a Uld.on sarcent ~f

nited Sta,t.ee

Eal!!h~ 61.8 29.0 47 do 23 .• 9 12~3 51 do 11~7. 14 .• 6 92 do 42pl 22 ... 1- 52 do lll·:.l 11:!·.1 60 .lio 4J•B /2/ . --- ..

PoUnd 1.376 1,837 54 .:.; ·::do .438 597 13.6

Bllehel. " 25'.1 r..l -- - I

ao 2fl ego :rr .I

PO!Jlld . 2/ 1.9 --;--BWihe:l 8.7 7~14 45 . I ~on 16.5 939 :43 ,. !

E!'OWld 1,723 1~260 54 ~ /2/ 4.7 -·--

Eiwidredweight195 .5 43

Yeer '

qo.fn. tor' sci1A 1961

kinde

1961 Jl96l 1.951 1961 l9o:t

.l9El. 1961 '1~60 1959 l96l.

/2/ Not available

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/2/

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133

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155 2,200

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636 -- --92

60

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---78

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