olive orchards - naandan · pdf fileolive oil, produced from 12 million tons of olives. total...
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OliveOrchards
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BACKGROUND
• Thehistoryofolivecultivationdatesbackto3000BC.Forthousandsofyears,oliveshaveplayedanimportantroleinourdiet,incosmeticsandareusedtoproduceburningoilforlamps.
•Olivegrowingisdividedintotwomaincategories:oliveoilproductionandtableolives.
• Thegrowingdemandforoliveoilpromotesthedevelopmentofthemodernirrigatedoliveorchardsandhigherdensityplantations.
• TheolivefeaturesinMediterraneancultures,suchasSpain,Greece,Italy,FranceandMorocco.IntheUnitedStates,Californiahasthelargestareaofcultivatedorchards.Argentinaistheleadingproducerinthesouthernhemisphere.
• Todayannualworldwideoliveproductionisestimatedat1.7milliontonsoftableolivesand3milliontonsofoliveoil,producedfrom12milliontonsofolives.Totalolive-growingareaisestimatedat7.5millionhectares.Becauseofthegrowingdemandforhigh-qualitycommercialyields,theneedforcultivatedareasisalsoincreasing.
Olive production (hectares) in the world
Olivetreescanyieldfruitforaverylongtime:• Initialproductioninmodernplantationscommencesinthe3rdto4thyear.• Fullproductioncommencesafter6to7years.•Olivetreescancontinueproducingfruitforoverahundredyears.
Morocco7%
Turkey8%
G reece10%
Italy15%
S pain35%
R es t of world25%
Italy15%
Spain35%
Restofworld25%
Greece10%
Turkey8%
Marocco7%
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GROWING CONDITIONS
AreaswithoptimalclimateforolivegrowingAlthoughtheselatitudesareidealforolivecultivation,olivescanbegrowninanyareameetsthenecessaryclimaticconditions.
CLIMATE AND GROWING CYCLEOlivetreesthriveinhotsummers(upto45˚C)andcoolwinterswith200-300hoursoftemperaturesbelow12˚C.Highhumiditymaycausediseases.Frostconditionsbelow-5˚Cmaydamageyoungshoots.Springrainsorhot,dryconditionsduringblossomingcancauseflowerandbudabscission,resultingindecreasedyields.Inspringthetemperaturerises,promptingawaveofacceleratedgrowth,whichcontinuesaslongastemperaturesremainmoderate.Duringthehotsummer,growthdeceleratesandtheolivetreechannelsitsresourcestodevelopingthefruitandcreatingoil.Inthefall,theintensityofthesecondwaveofgrowthdependsonthetemperature(notlowerthan18˚C)andsoilmoisture.Thenewbranches,whichsproutinthespringandthefall,arethebasisforthefollowingyear’syield.
SOILTheolivetreecanadapttomostsoiltypes,althoughwell-drainedsoilispreferable.Plantingisnotrecommendedinsoilwithaclaycontentofover60%.TheidealpHisslightlyalkaline,butshouldnotbeabove8.5.Theolivetreeisnotsensitivetolimeandisrelativelyresistanttosalinity.
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PLANTINGTwofactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountwithtreespacing:convenientaccessforharvestandoptimalexposuretolight;akeyrequirementforfloweringandgrowth.Inthepast,non-irrigatedgroveswereplantedatawidespacingof10mx10m(100treesperhectare).Today,theemphasisisoncommercialorchards,whichbenefitfromallthemoderntechnologicaladvancesinagricultureandirrigation.Theseinclude:multiplyingthenumberoftreesperhectare,developingnewvarieties,applyingadvancedirrigationandfertigationsystems,andmechanicalharvesting.Typicaltreespacing:
Traditional(non-irrigated):10mx10m
Intensive:7mx4m
Super-intensive:4mx2m
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IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION
IRRIGATION EFFECT ON YIELD AND QUALITYThehardyolivetreehassurvivedforcenturies,bearingfruitwithoutadditionalwaterornutrients.However,itsgrowthisslowandyieldsarelowandirregular.Studiesshowthatcorrectapplicationofwaterandfertilizers,whichareadaptedtothetree’sneeds,resultingreaterleafsurfacearea,facilitatingphotosynthesisandtranspirationthroughouttheentiregrowingperiod.Thisleadstoincreasedtotalproductionpertree,substantiallyincreasingfruitweight,volumeandpulp-pitratio.Althoughoilpercentageinthefruitmaybenegativelyaffectedbyincreasedwaterquantities,productionpertreeisincreased.
Olive fruit oil conte nt (%) a s a ffe cte d by diffe re nt irriga tion qua ntitie s
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Young orchards at 2nd harvest
olive fruit y ield as affec ted by irr igation quantities
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Olive oil yie ld a s a ffe cte d by irriga tion qua ntitie s
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Oil qualityHigh-qualityextravirginoilcanbeproducedunderdifferentirrigationregimes.Irrigationquantitiesclearlyaffectthesensorialparametersoftheoilproduced.Waterdeficitsaredetrimentaltotheproductionofphenoliccompoundsinthefruit,whichaffectflavor.Withefficientirrigationmanagement,growerscanachievehighyieldswiththeexpectedsensorialparametersandminimumuseofwaterandfertilizers.
%oil
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REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (RDI)
Thisirrigationtechniqueisbasedoncreatingwaterstressduringthosephonologicalstagesinwhichtheyieldquantitywillbeleastaffected.TheobjectivesofRDIaretoincreasethequalityparametersandreducewaterandenergyconsumption.Witholivesgrownforoilproduction,creatingwaterstressleadstohigherpolyphenolcontentintheoilproduced.Theseimportantingredientsnotonlycontributetothesensorialparameters,butalsotooilstabilityandresistancetooxidation.Therecommendedperiodforcreatingsuchdeficitisduringpithardening,sinceinthattimethereisminimalshootandfruitgrowth.Inolivesgrownforoilproduction,irrigationshouldbestoppedtwoweeksbeforeharvest.Thisisinordertoreducethewatercontentofthefruit.
WATER REQUIREMENTS
AnnualwaterrequirementsinMediterraneanconditionsareapproximately800-1000mmfortableoliveplantationsand400-600mmforoilproductionplantations.Thisistrueonlyformatureorchards,providingtheyreceivewinterrainsofminimum500mmthatlastuntilthebeginningofspring.Irrigationshouldstartthreeweeksafterthelasteffectiverain.Avoidingwaterstressduringfloweringiscrucialforachievingmaximumyields.Thepumpflowrateandsystemdesigncapacityaregenerallybasedonpeakwaterrequirements.ThemaximumexpectedETcanbeassessedbyreferringtothedatafromthepeakperiodofanormalyear.
NovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprRequiredwaterquantities
Croptype
0.40.550.550.550.50.50.40.4FullirrigationTableolives
0.20.450.550.50.30.30.350.35Supplementary
0.20.30.30.30.20.20.30.2FullirrigationOlivesforoilproduction 0.150.150.20.10.10.270.18Supplementary
*BasedonMediterraneandataDailywaterrequirementscanbecalculatedbymultiplyingdailyevaporationbycropcoefficient:
CROP COEFICIENTS FOR MATURE OLIVE PLANTATIONS
Dailyevaporation(mm)XCropcoefficient=Dailywaterrequirements(mm)
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IRRIGATION OF YOUNG ORCHARDS
Duringthefirstthreeyears,irrigateevery3-7days.Increasewaterquantitiesandirrigationfrequencyastemperaturesriseandtranspirationisaccelerated.Decreaseagaintowardsthebeginningofwinter.
Firstyear:5-10liters/tree/daySecondyear:7-20liters/tree/dayThirdyear:15-40liters/tree/day
PLANT NUTRITION
Youngorchardsconsumemainlynitrogen,butinfruit-bearingorchardspotassiumplaysanimportantroleinyieldformation.Phosphorusismoderatelyconsumedandshouldbeappliedonlywhenneeded,especiallybeforetheplantingofnewtrees.Sinceolivetreesusuallygrowinalkalinesoils,microelementdeficienciescanbeeffectivelycorrectedviafoliarspraying.Foliaranalysisisthebestwaytomonitordeficienciesanddetermineanadequatefertigationprogram.However,standardrecommendations,soilanalysis,localknowledgeandexperiencecanalsosuffice.
CRITICAL GROWING STAGES FOR IRRIGATION
Inhot,drydaysduringblooming,irrigateforafewhoursinthemiddleoftheday,evenifanirrigationdosewasgivenbefore.Thisisinordertoraisehumidity,thuspreventingflowerdrop.Highsoilmoisturemustbemaintainedduringthreecriticalgrowingstages:
1.Spring–thebloomingstage
2.Floweringandfruitset
3.Fruitripening–shorterirrigationintervalstofillthefruitsbeforeharvest
MarchlAprilMaylJunelJulylAugustlSeptemberlOctoberlNovemberlDecemberlJanuarylFebruary
CriticalstagesforirrigationunderMediterraneanconditions
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FERTILIZATION GUIDELINES
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MATURE ORCHARDSNitrogen:Fertilizationwith200-300kgpureNperhectare,combinedwithirrigation.Apply25%ofthequantityinthespring.Applytheremaindercontinuouslythroughoutthesummertoencouragenewgrowth.
Phosphorus:Fertilizationwith30-80kg/haP2O5,especiallyinlightsoilsorwhenfoliaranalysisindicatesadeficiency.Usephosphoricacid,whichalsohelpscleantheirrigationsystem.Potassium:Fertilizationwith200-300kg/haofK2O,combinedwithirrigation.Inlightandmediumsoil,spreadthefertilizerportionsoutovertheentireseason.Inclaysoil,fewerportionscanbeapplied.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR YOUNG ORCHARDS
Apply40–50m3/haoforganicmanureduringsoilpreparation.Onlyapplyphosphorusandpotassiumifsoilanalysisindicatesadeficit.Applythemasabasedressingorviafertigationduringthefirsttwomonthsafterplanting.Duringthefirstthreeyearsusemainlynitrogen.Apply150kg-200kgofnitrogen/ha/year,spreadoutovertheseason.
FERTIGATION
Fertilizerapplicationviatheirrigationsystemisconsideredthemosteffectivemethodoffertilization.Agoodirrigationsystemfacilitatesaccuratefertilizerapplication,precisetimingandquantities,withoutadditionalmanuallaborcosts.Constantandbalancednutritionresultsinoptimalplantgrowthandyieldandpreventsnutrientlossduetoleaching.Inthisway,growersbenefiteconomicallyandpreventthepollutionofundergroundwater,whichisharmfultotheenvironment.
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NAANDANJAIN IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS
Becausegrowersfacevaryingconditionsandchallenges,NaanDanJainoffersawiderangeofirrigationandfertigationsolutions.Ourexperiencedteamwillhelpyoufindtheultimatesolutiontofitallyourneeds.
Whenchoosinganirrigationmethodforoliveorchards,bearthesefactsinmind:
• Theeffectiverootzoneisatadepthof0-40cmandiswidelyspreadaroundthetree.•Olivetreesarehighlysensitivetolackofoxygen,soavoidlongperiodsofsaturation.•Olivetreescanbeirrigatedwithrelativelysaltywater,butitisimportanttoleachaccumulatingsalt.•Accuratelocationofwaterandfertilizerswillenhancetheirefficiencyandpreventweeddevelopment.
DRIPLINE SYSTEMS
Advantages• Efficient,uniformfertigation,withwaterandnutrientsdelivereddirectlytotherootzone• Lateralslieflatonthesurfaceanddonotinterferewiththeharvestingprocess•Drypathsbetweentreerows•Relativelylowcostsinpurchasing,installation,operation,andwearandtear.
Guidelines• Fortraditionalandintensiveorchards:Usetwolaterals• Forsuper-intensiveorchards:Useonelateral•Adaptdripperspacingtosoiltype:• lightsoil:50-75cm• heavysoil:75-100cm•Recommendeddripperflowrate:1.6-3.8l/h• Forneworchards:Designdripperspacinginconjunctionwithtreespacingtoensurethatthedrippersarenexttotheyoungtrees.•Afteroneyear:Movethelateralto50cm-75cmfromthetrunk.Bearthisinmindwhenplanningsubsurfacedripsystems.• Inexistingorchardswithirregularspacing,useabuttondripperoraringofdrippers
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SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI)
Advantages• Freecultivationandmachinerymovementinalldirections• Protectionfromdamagebymachinery,animals,harvestingandcultivation•Waterandfertilizersavingduetooptimumnutrientabsorption•Drysoilsurfacepreventsweedgrowth• Forvariabletopographyorlonglaterals,useAmnonDripPCAS• Forplotdesignthatdoesn’trequirePCdrippers,usenonPCdripper
AmnonDrip PC & PC AS• Pressure-compensatingdriplineforlonglateralsandvariabletopography• Self-cleaningcascadelabyrinth•Anti-siphon(preventionofdirtsuction)forSDI
Naan PC•Heavy-duty,pressure-compensatingdripline• Variabledischargesfordifferentsoiltypesandplotplanning
TifDrip•NonPCcost-effectivedripline•Highlyclog-resistant• Variabledischargesfordifferentsoiltypesandplotplanning
16mm
2.0l/h 4.0l/h
16,20mm
2.2l/h1.6l/h 3.5/3.8l/h
16,17,20mm
1.6,2.2,3.8l/h
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MICRO-SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
Advantages • Simpleunitoperationandinspectionduringirrigation•Moderationofextremeclimaticconditions(frostorheatwave)•Creationoflargermoisturestorageinsupplementaryirrigationconditions• Preventionofsoilerosion• Improvedmanureabsorptioninorganicorchardcultivation•Highlyresistanttoclogging• Effectiveforsaltleaching•Wettedareaiswidelyspreadincorrelationtotheoliverootzone
2002 AquaSmart• Flow-regulatedmicro-sprinkler•Uniformirrigationandfertigationinalltopographicalconditions•Olivemodelwith28-95l/hfor3-7.5mcoverage• Insect-proofnozzle• Sturdyandsolidstructure•Two-stagewetteddiametercontroltosuittreedevelopment
Dan-Jet PC• Pressure-compensatingmicro-jet•Uniformirrigationinalltopographicalconditions•Olivemodelfordensespacingwith19-76l/h•Differentdistributionpatternfor3-5mcoverage•Highlycost-effective•Nomovingparts–verylowmaintenance
NaanDanJain is committed to finding the idealsolution for your olive orchard, tailored to yourlocalclimaticconditions,soilandwaterproperties,andbudget.Contactourofficeoryourlocaldealerforfurtherinformation.
©2014NaanDanJainLtd.Allrightsreserved.Allspecificationsaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice.
Allinformationshouldbeusedonlyasaguideline.Forspecificrecommendationscontactyourlocalagronomist.
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NaanDanJain Irrigation Ltd.PostNaan7682900,Israel.T:+972-8-9442180,F:+972-8-9442190E:[email protected]