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OPEN PLATFORM FARM TO MARKET ECOSYSTEM

Final Report – November 30, 2009 of 22

OPEN PLATFORM BROADBAND FARM TO MARKET ECOSYSTEM

FINAL REPORT by the ATP J2 Philippine Agriculture SHARE Project Team Visit website: www.shareapt.org

Philippines: Telecommunications Office-Commission on Information and

Communications Technology/Department of Transportation and Communications, Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), COMSTE, JRC, Manila Observatory

Japan: Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), Nippon Telephone and

Telegraph (NTT), Tokyo University and National Agricultural Office (NARO)

Thailand: NECTEC, Kasetsaart University (KU) and ALRO (Agricultural Land Reform Office)



TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Objectives …………………………………………………………… 2 of 22

B. Milestones ………………………………………………………....... 2 of 22 to 8 of 22

B.1 Detailed system planning and conceptualization ……… 2 of 22 B.2 Set up a remotely hosted web-enables collaborative

project site……………………………………………………….. 3 of 22

B. 3 Set up a base infrastructure for a preliminary proof of concept test in Ateneo Campus ………………………… 4 of 22

B.4 Visits to partner institutions, visits to candidate deployment sites and field measurement campaigns .. 6 of 22

B.5 Identification of pilot deployment site(s) ........................ 7 of 22 B.6 Dissemination of results in conference(s) and

final report……………………………………………………… 7 of 22

C. Progress and Expected Output(s) from Phase I …………… 9 of 22

D. Appendices ….…………………………………………………… 10 of 22 to 22 of 22

Appendix A : Project Team Members ……………………………… 10 of 22 Appendix B : Proposed System Design…………………………… 11 of 22 Appendix C : Network Design Scenarios ………………………… 15 of 22 Appendix D: Water Quality Measurements in Lake Palakpakin ……………………………………….……………. 19 of 22



A. Objectives

The goal of the Proposed Project is to explore the technologies and protocols needed, with a view to designing the implementation (on a pilot scale), of an open access broadband farm to market ecosystem. We will undertake the design of a proof of concept system and will target a subsequent deployment (in a follow-on Phase II) in at least one pilot agricultural site, with a focus on fish farms and aquaculture. The Project Performance Period is from January 2009 to October 2009.

The Project Team held a kick-off meeting in Manila last Nov 2008. Partners who

participated in the meeting included TTC, NTT West, NECTEC, Ateneo de Manila University and DOTC, with guest researchers from Kyoto University. In this meeting, each of the partners gave a presentation on their enabling technologies and

capabilities and a schedule for project implementation was agreed upon. The primary objective of the project, the design of an open access broadband farm to

market ecosystem, was completed. With a wireless network as the underlying layer the system will be deployed in the San Pablo, Laguna Seven Lakes area of the Philippine

island of Luzon, to benefit an organized community of tilapia fish farmers. A summary of project accomplishments include the following:

- Completion of design of network system and platform concept - Several deployment sites were visited and a site for Phase II deployment was

finalized - Consultation meetings and conferences with government institutions and

experts were conducted

- Research and development of new sensors for aquaculture industry monitoring systems were initiated

- Initial measurements of the deployment site were consolidated and started

B. Milestones

B.1. Detailed system planning and conceptualization

The system will include but will not be limited to, the following capabilities: a. Web-enabled interface for the users b. Wireless network platform based on field servers for realtime updating of

information via wirelessly enabled sensors c. Proof of concept of new sensors for aquafarm applications d. Technology inclusion strategy that is compatible with long term national targets or

competitiveness



Figure 1 below shows a schematic of our concept for the wireless platform, which

includes sensors in rice paddies and fishponds, and off-grid power supplied by solar panels. Part of the system plan includes remotely enabled (via the web) battery management and actuation of devices such as irrigation valves for rice paddies, flow

valves for community rain catchment systems and UV lamp switches for water

treatment and purification.

The layered system architecture is depicted in Fig. 2. This system design encompasses

sensors to user applications at the top of the stack.

More details on the system plan and system design can be

found in the Appendices as well as in the Project Website, www.shareapt.org.

B.2. Set up a remotely hosted web-enabled collaborative project site (wiki-based)

• A FOSWIKI web site has been set up for Ateneo, DOTC, TTC, NTT, NECTEC and KU

partners, with Project Team members receiving an account name and a password for access to the

secure SHARE project site ohm.ecce.admu.edu.ph/wiki/bin/view/Internal/ShareProject • The collaborative web site has the following features: upload of files for reports,

Fig. 1. Conceptual view of the on-site wireless sensor platform for aquaculture and

rice paddy decision support systems.



minutes of meetings, presentations and meeting agenda, easy editing of site using collaborative wiki platform.

• Presentations and updates are posted on the wiki site regularly.

Fig. 3. Publicly accessible website to track progress on the APT Share Project between Thai,

Japanese and Filipino team members working on technologies for aquaculture and agriculture.

Information on the project was recently made available on a publicly hosted website at the URL http://www.shareapt.org/ (Fig.3 above). The website

domain name is registered with the Team Project members and the page itself is hosted via the Google Site service.

B.3. Set up a base infrastructure for a preliminary proof of concept test site on Ateneo campus that demonstrates the capabilities of the system.

The following capabilities have been proofed and demonstrated at research labs in the

Ateneo de Manila University campus. These results were demonstrated by project researchers during the performance period of this project.

a. Battery Monitoring System. A battery State of Charge and State of Health test and monitoring protocol and system was developed. The two-pulse discharge protocol was used for state of charge measurements and was confirmed to work

well with the deep cycle and solar lead acid batteries used in our tests (Figure 2a). Details of the software application and computer interface will be discussed

in the Final Report. b. Fishpond Turbidity Sensor. A turbidity sensor to determine the algal population

and feedstock state of a fishpond was developed and tested (Figure 2b). The



sensor is based on low-cost webcam technologies. A simple calibration procedure was found sufficient for the range of turbidities found in most

fishpond applications. This was followed up with the design and prototyping of an optical scattering sensor using a software lock-in-amplifier based approach

in conjunction with a USB-based data acquisition device. The system is deployable using sensors connected to low cost netbook computers. This technique is also useful for doing rough estimates on the field, without the use

of expensive microscopes and cytometers, on the density of algal populations in solution that are also typically used to supplement expensive fish stock feeds.

c. Web Based Wireless Sensor and Actuator System. A wireless sensor and

actuation system was proofed and demonstrated. The system is completely web-enabled: configuration, sensing-monitoring and actuation can all be performed

remotely via an internet connection. d. Water level sensor. Water level sensors were designed and constructed. Such

sensors are necessary to monitor lake water levels pre and post rain events. The

sensors were of two types: ultrasonic reflective sensors (at 40 kHz and with a range of three meters) and capacitive sensors (immersible in water). The

capacitive sensors can also work as soil moisture sensors. e. Acoustic rain sensors. Dissolved oxygen levels in the San Pablo Lakes are

indirectly affected by rain events. The Project Team developed two novel

approaches to rain sensing, one of which is the use of acoustic rain sensors to monitor rain intensity at particular locations (point sensors) by measuring the

acoustic power (via microphones) of raindrops as they fall on a sensing surface. The group has developed devices ranging from low cost MP3 recorders to custom low cost impedance matched microphones with wireless telemetry at the ISM

430-439 MHz band. f. Wireless rain sensors. Under development for some years now, this rain sensing

approach utilizes wireless signal attenuation in km-long 26 GHz, 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz links to directly provide a measure of rain intensity integrated over the volume of the line of sight link, with enough coarse resolution to provide inputs

to decision support systems (such as for flood forecasting). Therefore the wireless network that will be deployed through this project will not only transport data from lake sensors and content traffic but will itself (through the

logging of wireless signal levels and attenuation) function as a rain sensor. g. Fish fry counting. The fish farming industry is in need of accurate protocols for

counting fish fry. Bottles of fry containing up to several thousand fry per bottle typically require manual counting which is time consuming and error prone. Because of this, multiple bottle purchases are not counted but only estimated

by the complete count of only one or several bottles, yet the cost of the purchase is on a per fry basis. We have developed a proposed approach that will use

standard image processing techniques and diffused LED lighting that semi-automates this important procedure to address this critical need of the fish farming industry.

h. NPK sensors and other sensors. Discrete as well as combined NPK sensors are currently in development in NECTEC, Thailand. Such sensors are critical for

maintaining the water quality of fish farming environments that are exposed to



agricultural runoff such as from fertilizers in adjoining farms. i. Interoperable ontologies and agriculture information systems. Research on the

semantics and grammar related to the communication of agricultural and aquacultural terminology and information is ongoing at a partner site in the

Tokyo University, Kashiwa campus. Agricultural information systems via the Cyberbrain network has been in continuous development in NECTEC Thailand during the performance period of this project. The results of these works will

eventually be integrated in the infrastructure to be deployed in the Proposed J3 Phase of this Project.

j. Wireless field servers. Wireless field servers are in continuous development and

deployment in partner sites in NARO, Tsukuba Japan and NECTEC Thailand. These will be used as reference designs for deployment in the Proposed J3 Phase

of the Project. These technology components will manage information streamed from sensors

monitoring the state of charge of batteries, fishpond turbidity sensors and even actuate irrigation valves or trigger fish feeding alarm signals (Figure 3). An agriculture

and aquaculture decision support system will be based on these technology components.

B.4. Visits to partner institutions, visits to candidate deployment sites and field measurement campaigns

Visits to partner institutions in Thailand, Japan and the

Philippines were made during the current Performance Period. Visits were also made by the Project

Team to candidate deployment sites. Organizational meetings,

project updates and project planning activities were also engaged in by the Project Team. In

addition measurement campaigns were also initiated in the chosen

deployment site. These meetings and visits are summarized in Table I below.

Deployment sites that were visited included Saranggani Bay in Davao

and Macahalar Bay in Cagayan de Oro (event 12, 13 and 18 in Table I below). Researchers involved with the Seven Lakes Community in San Pablo Laguna in Luzon

island also committed to assisting the Project Team for a site visit (event 10 in Table I). An agriculture situationer (Event 11 in Table I) and strategic vision report by the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines for Science, Technology and



Education under the Congressional Committee on Science, Technology and Engineering (COMSTE) was also given to the Project Team by invitation of the

COMSTE Director, Prof. Gregory Tangonan.

Problems Encountered. One problem that was encountered involved scheduling conflicts for an anticipated end of March meeting in the Philippines, this was eventually resolved and the meeting pushed through at a later date. Another problem

that arose was a typhoon in the Philippines that brought unprecedented flooding and suffering to Metro Manila and directly

affected staff, researchers and personnel of the J2 Project Team. As a result this

Project Final Report is submitted this end of November rather than the initial targeted date of end of October.

Smooth Cooperation. In general however,

relations between project team members were transparent and smooth, with a general agreement to continue

collaborating on common research areas and concerns.

B.5. Identification of pilot deployment site(s)

Based on the site visits and meetings detailed in Section B.4 above, a decision was made upon consideration of the Project Team’s data and experiences with potential

areas during the site visits. The pilot deployment site chosen is the Seven Lakes San Pablo Laguna area. Detailed information about the area can be found in the Appendices.

B.6. Dissemination of results in conference(s) and Final Report

This task is accomplished with the submission of this Final Report. Additional results and progress will be reported on the website www.shareapt.org as well as disseminated in future conferences.

http://www.shareapt.org/



C. Progress on Expected Output(s) from Phase I

At the end of the first phase we would have: (1) Produced a scalable design for an open access broadband farm to market ecosystem-

platform.

A first cut network design has been completed. The sensor suite to be included has been identified. The Cyberbrain architecture is the chosen paradigm for eventual

deployment in the Proposed J3 Phase of this Project.

(2) First cut sub-system prototypes, the purpose of which would be to clarify design and implementation issues needed to successfully deploy such a system for the J3 Project Phase.

Project Partner Teams have demonstrated sensors, software and sub-systems deployable in the J3 Project Phase of the program as elucidated in Section B above

and in the detailed appendices. (3) Identified a pilot deployment site (or sites) in partnership with a local government unit

A final decision has been made, based on site visits to candidate sites, on the pilot deployment location. The site will be two lakes in the San Pablo Laguna area, in

the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The deployment site is characterized by tilapia farming activity by an organized group of fish farmers that are assisted by the Ateneo de Manila University in various endeavours.

(4) Interim Report by Quarter 1, 2009

This Report signifies accomplishment of this Expected Output.

(5) Summarized the research results in a Final Report

This Final Report signifies accomplishment of this Expected Output.



APPENDIX A: PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION, PHILIPPINES

Ricardo Diaz (Director III)

Norberto Conti (Engineer II, Project Manager)

Jose Tangueco (Supervising and Communications Devlpt. Officer)

ATENEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY, PHILIPPINES

Nathaniel Libatique, Ph.D. (Chair and Assoc. Professor, ECCE Dept)

Prof. Gregory Tangonan, Ph.D. (Director, Ateneo Innovation Center)

Engr. Ma. Leonora Guico, M.S. (ECCE Dept)

Engr. Cesar Pineda (ECCE Dept)

Teresita Perez, Ph.D. (Environmental Science Dept)

Rene Claveria, Ph.D. (Environmental Science Dept)

H. Caasi, J. de la Torre and other ES researchers

E. M. Trono, W. Infante and other ECCE researchers COMSTE (CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION0, PHILIPPINES

Prof. Gregory Tangonan, Ph.D. (Executive Director) TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE, JAPAN

Hideyuki Iwata (Director) NTT-WEST, JAPAN

Toru Tanimura

Kaoru Kitada KASETSAART UNIVERSITY & NECTEC

Assanee Kawtrakul, Ph.D. (Associate Professor, Kasetsaart University)

Amporn Poyai, Ph.D. (Thai Microelectronics Center-NECTEC)

Plus other Researchers and Staff from KU and NECTEC TOKYO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN

Masahiko Nagai, Ph.D. (Assistant Professor)

NARO (NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH OFFICE), JAPAN

Seishi Ninomiya, Ph.D. (Research Manager)

Researchers and Staff of NARO

ALRO (AGRICULTURE LAND REFORM OFFICE), THAILAND

Annan Pusitigul, Ph.D. (Secretary General)



APPENDIX B: PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN It was determined that the system should enable the following:

- Measure water quality of the inland lakes (dissolved oxygen, pH)

- Provide guidance on optimal harvesting time and prevent fish kills due to seasonal

thermal inversions of the lake or other water quality issues

- Enable the fisher folk organization to network more effectively with social

development experts and researchers

- Enable fisher folk organization to network more effectively with themselves to

schedule common activities such as: organization meetings, lake cleanup of water

hyacinths, strategies for expanded livelihood and value added activities

- Provide internet access to fisher folk youth for their education

- Provide science based activities for local high schools that have societal impact

- Provide ground truth data and images (such as from unmanned drones) for remote

sensing satellites or as pre-disaster (e.g. flash flood) baselines

- Enable access to information on alternative fish feeding technologies

- Enable dissemination of fisher folk “technology” and content to like-minded

communities such as alternative recipes for fish feed based on commonly available

materials

- Provision of new value-added technologies such as: (a) fish fry counting (b) algae

characterization (c) turbidity sensing (d) clean water (e) on-site processing-cooking

and/or packaging.

To meet these purposes, the Proposed System, then, will be composed of a network of

sensors, field servers, ICT telecenters and knowledge management systems to enable a

fully functioning research, social, economic and education ecosystem centered around the

tilapia raising industry of a well-organized community of fisherfolk in the Seven Lakes

area of San Pablo Laguna, Philippines.

The Cyberbrain platform from the APT SHARE project in Thailand will be used as a

template/model for this Philippine Pilot Deployment.

Water quality sensors and sensor systems will be deployed in the area and through

wireless telemetry, critical data on fishpond nutrient conditions will be stored for resource

management in a decision support system, or transmitted asap for timely harvesting to

avoid an impending fish kill or to enable the activation of piped-in bubblers or water

agitators to increase dissolved oxygen levels.



Fig. B1. Network Schematic

Sensors such as dissolved oxygen, fish activity (cameras and/or acoustic sensors), pH and

temperature, as well as airborne drones equipped with stable vision systems will be

interfaced to wireless field servers. Sensors will measure at least two points of a given

lake: the inlet and the outlet. Wireless telemetry will stream data to a point to multi-point

node connected to a deployment server. Broadband access (either fixed line DSL or wireless

broadband) is then provisioned for the deployment server (see Figure B1).

A map of the deployment sites, Palakpakin and Sampaloc Lakes (1 km and 1.2 km in

diameter respectively) is shown in Figure B2 below. Field researchers and fish farmers



Fig. B2. Map of Seven Lakes area in San Pablo Laguna Philippines. The deployment sites,

Lakes Sampaloc and Palakpakin, are both accessible by small paved roads.

on-site can also access the network and upload data via low-cost netbooks. Related

smartphone applications will also be tested that run on simple GSM or 3G platforms, in

anticipation of reduced costs and eventual mainstreaming of smartphone devices in Filipino

society in the near future (even now, GSM handset penetration is very high). Field

measurement capability will be supported from fisher folk youth, local schools and Ateneo

researchers and social development Ksupported by CICT-Telecommunications Office and

private industry affiliated partners (SMART Schools). The application server and

knowledge management system will be hosted in the Ateneo. In addition, a mirror in a

virtual hosting-cloud computing site will be considered.

The Table below shows a summary of the seven lakes in the San Pablo Laguna area, the

industrial activities in each of the lakes, their estimated areas and depths.



Name of

Lake

Location Tourist

Attraction

Characteristics

Maximum

Depth

(Meters)

Surface Area

(Hectares)

Sampaloc City Proper, San Pablo

Doña Leonila Park, Promenade Staircase, Dagatan Boulevard, Floating Restaurant, and Fishing

27.6 105.0

Bunot Brgy.

Concepcion

Fishing and

Swimming

23.0 29.6

Calibato Brgy. Sto.

Angel

Deepest Lake,

Fishing, and

Swimming

156.0 43.0

Mohicap Brgy. Sta.

Catalina

Fishing and

Swimming

30.4 14.0

Palakpakin Brgy. San Buenaventura

Fishing and Swimming

7.7 43.5

Pandin Brgy. San

Lorenzo

Twin Lake,

Fishing and

Swimming

61.75 24.0

Yambo Brgy. San

Lorenzo

Twin Lake,

Fishing and

Swimming

38.0 30.5

The system proposed for deployment will include wireless field servers and sensor networks in the

two lakes in bold font in the table above, lakes Palakpakin and lake Sampaloc. Lake Palakpakin is

chosen for its shallow depth and resistance to fish kill events due to its relative insensitivity to

temperature inversion, hence there is a significant number of fish farming activity in this lake as a

result. Lake Sampaloc is also chosen because of its relatively larger area and hence greater relative

importance.



APPENDIX C: NETWORK DESIGN SCENARIOS

The Open Access Broadband Farm to Market Ecosystem is a project decision

support system intended to assist the agricultural sector particularly the rural

based farmers or business farmers. The system shall be used in collecting and

disseminating both raw data and processed information which can be used by the

stakeholders in coming up with better alternatives and operational plans in the

pursuance of their agricultural activities.

The concept of the community- e-center or telecenter shall be adapted in this

project, wherein the CECs are the focal place of collection and dissemination of

information. Collection of information will be by sensors which will be installed in

strategic locations within the pilot aqua culture and rice farm sites and connected

with field servers or remote access servers located at the CeCs. In addition, farmers

and other stakeholders in the community may input additional data which shall

then be referenced and evaluated by the experts with results being placed on the

system for dissemination.

The CeCs may be configured using the settings described in the five typical

diagrams presented hereunder:

Figure C1-WiMax Technology



Figure C2- WiMax with Internet as Backhaul

Figure C2-WiFi (802.11) as Mediun and Dedicated Line for Backhaul



Figure C3-WIPAS as Medium to RAS and DSL Backhaul

All currently available wireless technologies may be utilized to collect data from the

sensors to the Remote Access Servers or Field Servers to be sent directly to the

database using the backhaul system provided by the private telcos such as DSL,

WiMax and etc.. Considering this pilot project a combination of WiFi, 3G WIPAS

and WIMAX can be applied in subject to the limitation of fund and the size of

coverage. As much as possible, the system shall be based on the NGN architecture

with the services being provided by the Telcos shall be used as the access and core

layer and the Pilot system shall be one application.

The proposal should include at least CeCs, two for Aqua Farms and two for rice

farms and a complete set of information management system wherein the data from

the field and the already available processed information can be evaluated and

reprocessed to get the information usable to farmers and other stakeholders.



Figure C4-WiFi (802.11) with DSL as Backhaul

Figure C5-3G Direct to the System



APPENDIX D: WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS in

LAKE PALAKPAKIN

Lake Palacpakin is the shallowest and the second largest lake among the Seven Lakes of San

Pablo City, with a surface area of 43 hectares and a maximum depth of 7.5 meters. The lake is

threatened by sedimentation and water quality deterioration caused by anthropogenic

activities. The macroinvertebrate community composition of the lake was investigated. The

extent of pollution in the lake was evaluated using the Belgian Biotic Index (BBI) and the

Family-Level Biotic Index (FBI). In-situ water quality parameters were measured. Substrate

varied from organic litter to gravel and fine sediments. DO concentrations and turbidity were

generally lower in November while pH level, temperature and conductivity were lower in

December, following a series of heavy rainfall.

Lake Palacpakin, located 14°06’771’’N and 121°

20’194’E in the city of San Pablo, Laguna is the

second largest lake among the Seven Crater

Lakes. It has a total surface area of 43 hectares

and a maximum depth of 7.5 meters (MSC

Technologies Inc., 1998b). It is bordered by the

three barangays of San Buenaventura, San

Lorenzo and Dolores. The inlet of the lake brings

water in from Lake Calibato through the Prinsa

River (Figure D1). Aside from rainfall, this river

system is the only source of water for the lake.

Water from the lake goes out into a connecting

river, and eventually drains into the Laguna

Lake.

A series of samples were taken of the lake water

by Ateneo de Manila researchers prior to the

start of this J2 Projectand the analysis, done

during the J2 Project Performance Period, is

summarized in this Appendix.

Four sites were sampled; Site 1 is at the inlet where water comes into the Palacpaquen from

Lake Calibato; Site 2 is at the pool beside the inlet, where there is relatively calm water; Site 3

is on the periphery of the lake in between the inlet and outlet, and Site 4 is at the lake outlet

under the bridge.

Water Quality. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, salinity and

temperature were determined in situ using the Horiba U-10 Water Quality Checker. Dissolved

oxygen (DO) concentrations were obtained separately using the YSI 55 DO Meter. Average

water depth was measured using the echo sounder or a calibrated plumb bob for depths less

than 1 meter. The summary of water quality measurements are shown in Figs. D3 – D7. In all

sites, except the in center, samples and water quality data were obtained at depths not more

than 1 meter (Fig. D2).



Figure D2. Mean depths of sampling sites in Lake Palacpaquen

Figure D3. Mean temperature readings (ºC) in the sampling sites in Lake Palacpaquen

Temperature was lowest in the inlet, with an average reading of 25.53 ºC for November, 25.40ºC

in December and 25.77ºC in January (Fig. D3). Within sites, the lowest readings were recorded

in December when weather in San Pablo was characterized by continuous rains. December was

also the season for duong or overturn in all the other lakes except Palacpaquen. Palacpaquen

meets the water quality standards set for Class C freshwater systems, which allows a maximum

temperature rise of 3ºC (DAO No. 34, 1990).

Lake Palacpaquen is characterized by neutral to slightly basic water. The lowest pH of

the water was recorded at the outlet in January, with an average of 6.74 (SD = 0.43). The

lowest pH readings were recorded in December (Fig. D4). Lake pH levels are within the

standard for Class C waters, which is 6.5-8.5 (DAO No. 34, 1990). Dissolved oxygen in

the lake varied at the sampling sites. Among the sites where invertebrate samples were

obtained, DO was highest at the inlet, ranging from an average of 6.81 mg/L in

December to 7.39 mg/L in November (Fig. D5). The inlet brings water into the lake from

Lake Calibato via the Prinsa River. Another river also merges with Prinsa from Lake

Pandin, and eventually drains into Palacpaquen through the inlet. DO readings were

lowest at the periphery, from a mean concentration of 2.22 mg/L in November, to 4.69

mg/L in December. The periphery is characterized by minimal water movement due to

fish cages enclosing the perimeter. Water in the pool and periphery of the lake falls

below minimum DO concentration for Class C water, 5.0 mg/L (DAO No. 34, 1990).

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

900.00

INLET POOL PERIPHERY CENTER OUTLET

Site

Dep

th (

cm)

Nov

Dec

Jan

24.00

24.50

25.00

25.50

26.00

26.50

27.00

27.50

28.00

INLET POOL PERIPHERY CENTER OUTLET

Sites

tem

pe

ratu

re (

ºC)

Nov

Dec

Jan



Lakes or any freshwater body under Class C may only be used for fishery, recreation

class II (without primary contact i.e. boating) and industrial water supply class I

(manufacturing processes after treatment).

Salinity was 0.1 mg/L in all sites and in all sampling dates. Although the origin of the

lake is believed to be volcanic, salinity levels are beyond the detection limit of the

instrument. Turbidity is the muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having

foreign particles suspended in the water. Turbidity levels were constantly highest in

January for all sites, with a maximum mean reading of 17 NTU at the inlet (Fig. D6).

Lowest turbidity readings were at the periphery. Conductivity was also lowest in

December and highest in January across all sites (Fig. D7).

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