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Am J Cancer Res 2016;6(2):425-439www.ajcr.us /ISSN:2156-6976/ajcr0022099

Original ArticlePTTG promotes invasion in human breast cancer cell line by upregulating EMMPRIN via FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling

Hui Gao1*, Feng Zhong1*, Jing Xie1, Jianjun Peng2, Zhiwu Han1,3

1Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; 2College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; 3Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China. *Equal contributors.

Received December 16, 2015; Accepted December 28, 2015; Epub January 15, 2016; Published February 1, 2016

Abstract: Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) is a novel oncogene that is expressed at higher level in most of the tumors. PTTG overexpression correlates with lymph node infiltration and a higher degree of tumor recurrence in breast cancer. However, the cellular functions and precise signals elicited by PTTG in breast cancer are not fully understood. Here, we established a breast cancer cell line which stably overexpressed PTTG. In vitro experiments showed that overexpression of PTTG in MCF-7 cells was associated with enhanced cell migration and invasion as well as EMT. Our results also demonstrated that PTTG overexpression correlated with elevated EMMPRIN level, which mediated the enhanced cell migration, invasion and EMT. Moreover, our findings suggested that PTTG en-hances metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by inducing EMMPRIN through activating FAK/Akt/mTOR path-way. Our findings may lead to a better understanding of the biological effect of PTTG and provide mechanistic insights for developing potential therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer.

Keywords: PTTG, breast cancer, metastasis, EMMPRIN, FAK

Introduction

Breast cancer, accounting for 21% of all new cancer diagnoses in females, is the third most frequent cancer worldwide and one of the most frequent causes of cancer mortality in females in developed countries [1, 2]. Survival rates have been steadily extending over the past 5 decades, primarily due to early detection, pre-cise resection using wide margins, and system-atic adjuvant therapy. However, recurrence and metastasis remains the leading cause of breast cancer-related mortality [3, 4].

Numerous studies have showed that oncogene plays an important role on the metastatic behavior of tumor. Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG), first successfully cloned from a rat pituitary tumor by Pei etc [5], has been reported to regulates chromosomal segregation under normal physiological conditions [6, 7]. PTTG protein is expressed at higher than nor-mal levels in several tumors, including those of the pituitary [8], thyroid [9], colon [10], lung

[11], uterine [12], liver [13], brain [14], ovary [15, 16], testis [15], renal cell carcinoma [17] and breast [18], as well as in hematopoietic neoplasms [19]. An early study has showed that overexpression of PTTG is capable of stimulat-ing cell proliferation in HEK293 and inducing cellular transformation in vitro using NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells as well as promotes tumor development in nude mice [20]. Kakar et al. later reported that silencing PTTG gene using siRNA in the lung cancer cell line H1299 showed inhibited cell proliferation and reduced xeno-graft tumor formation in nude mice [21]. PTTG has also been showed to function in a variety of cellular activities, such as mitosis [22, 23], cell cycle progression [7], DNA repair [24] and secretion and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [25] and vascular endo-thelial growth factor (VEGF) [26]. Furthermore, increase in expression levels of PTTG have been found to correlate with increased tumor invasiveness in human pituitary tumors with hormone overproduction [26], and with the degree of malignancy, pathogenesis and/or pro-

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PTTG promotes invasion in human breast cancer

426 Am J Cancer Res 2016;6(2):425-439

gression of colorectal and thyroid tumors [10, 27]. Based on clinical, in vitro and in vivo evi-dence, PTTG has been identified as one of eight signature genes that is associated with tumor metastasis and is up regulated in human pri-mary solid tumors [27, 28]. In terms of breast cancer, PTTG level has been found to correlate with tumor size, histologic grade, the presence of lymph node metastasis, and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage [29]. However, the con-tribution of PTTG to these aspects of neoplasia remains unclear.

Extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN/basigin), also known as CD147 [30, 31], is a transmembrane glycosylated member of the immunoglobulin superfamily molecules made up of a single transmembrane domain required for counter receptor binding activity and a short cytoplasmic domain known to inter-act with Cav-1 [32, 33]. EMMPRIN is expressed at the surface of human tumor cells or is released by these cells through microvesicle shedding, then increasing tumor invasion by inducing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) synthesis of the surrounding stromal cells [34]. It has been found that EMNMPRIN is overex-pressed in breast cancer, hepatoma, esopha-geal squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal can-cer and ovarian cancer [35-37] and also serves as prognostic marker in some tumor entities including prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer [38-40]. Given the important functional role of EMMPRIN in the metastasis, it has the potential to be a target for novel therapeutic agent. The pres-ent study is aimed to investigate the role of PTTG in metastatic behavior of breast cancer cells and characterized PTTG-elicited signal transduction. Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used to evaluate the effect of PTTG overexpression on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our results showed that PTTG gene is strongly associated with breast cancer metastasis. Moreover, our findings suggested that PTTG enhances metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by inducing EMMPRIN through activating FAK/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Materials and methods

Cell lines and cultures

Human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines, obtain- ed from the Shanghai Institutes for Biologi- cal Science (Shanghai, China), were cultured in

RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, MD, USA) supple-mented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, MD, USA ) in a 5% CO2-humidified incubator.

Generation of plasmid constructs and estab-lishment of PTTG-ovexpression cell lines

To generate PTTG overexpression vectors, CDS region of PTTG-coding sequences were obtain- ed by RT-PCR and cloned into pEGFP-N1 vector (Takara Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Bei- jing, China). The resulting plasmid was named pEGFP-N1-PTTG. MCF-7 cells were transfected with pEGFP-N1-PTTG vector to induce excessive PTTG expression or pEGFP-N1 vector to generate stable clones expressing PTTG constitutively as control. The resulting cell lines were named MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG and MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-Vector, respectively. Two days after transfection, G418 solution was added to cells for selection of stable clones (MCF-7/pEG-FP-N1-PTTG and MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-Vector cells). Stable clones were selected and maintained in medium containing G418.

Quantitative RT-PCR analysis (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was extract from cells using RNA sim-ple Total RNA Kit (TIANGEN Co., Beijing, China) and 3 µg of RNA was converted into cDNA using the High Capacity cDNA Archive Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Real-time PCR was carried out in the MX3000p PCR sys-tem (Stratagene, Europe). Reaction was per-formed using KAPASYBR Green fast PCR mas-ter mix PCR kit. The primers used for PTTG, EMMPRIN, Slug, Snail and Twist detection were synthesized based on published sequence [41-43]. Data were analyzed using the comparative ΔCt method (ABPrism software, Applied Bio- systems, Foster City, CA) using GAPDH as an internal normalization control.

Western blot analysis

Western blot analysis was performed using a standard protocol. The cell lysate (30-50 μg) samples were mixed with 6×sample buffer, boiled for 5 minutes, electrophoresed in 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel and thereafter transferred to PVDF membranes. The membrane was then blocked in PBS con-taining 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 hour at room temperature. The membranes were incubated with specific primary antibod-ies in Tris-buffered saline at 4°C overnight. After washing, the membranes were incubated


427 Am J Cancer Res 2016;6(2):425-439

with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). ECL detection reagent (7Sea Biotech., Shanghai, China) was used for blot detection according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Wound healing assay

Each well of 24-well tissue culture plate was seeded with cells to a final density of 100,000 cells per well and these cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 hours to permit cell adhesion and the formation of a confluent monolayer. These confluent monolayers were then scored with a sterile pipette tip to leave a scratch of approximately 0.4-0.5 mm in width. Cell surface was then washed with serum-free culture medium for three times to remove dis-lodged cells. Wound closure was monitored by collecting digitized images at 0, 12, and 24 hours after the scratch was performed. Digitized images were captured with an invert-ed microscope (MOTIC CHINA GROUP CO., Xia- men, China) and digital camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The digitized images were then ana-lyzed using Image-J software.

Invasion assay

24-well Transwells coated with Matrigel (8-μm pore size; BD Biosciences, San Jose, California) were used for cell invasion assays. Equal num-bers (1 × 105) of wells were plated onto sepa-rate well. Cells were starved overnight in serum-free medium, trypsinized and washed three times in DMEM containing 1% FBS. A total of 1×105 cells were then resuspended in 500 μl DMEM containing 1% FBS and added to the upper chamber, while MEM with 10% FBS was added to the lower chamber as chemoattrac-tant. For the control, medium containing 1% FBS was added to the lower chamber. After 24 hours of incubation, the Matrigel and the cells remaining in the upper chamber were removed by cotton swabs. The cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed in formaldehyde and stained with hematoxylin staining solution. The cells in at least five random microscopic fields (magnification, ×200) were counted and photographed.

Immunoflorescence staining and confocal im-age

Cells were grown on glass coverslip until 80% confluent, and then fixed with 4% formaldehyde

solution. Transfected and untransfected cells were then incubated with rabbit monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (Cell Signaling Techno- logy, Inc., Beverly, MA, USA, 1:100) for detec-tion of specific protein, respectively. Next, the cells were incubated with Cy3-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody (Beyotime Institute of Bio- technology, Shanghai, China, 1:100) at room temperature for 1 hour in the dark, followed by incubation with DAPI (Biosharp Biotech., Hefei, China, 1:1000) for 5 minutes before washed three times with PBS to remove excessive staining solution. The cells were then subject- ed to laser scanning confocal microscope (Olympus FV1000S-SIM/IX81, Tokyo, Japan).

Transfection of EMMPRIN shRNA

ShRNA targeting EMMPRIN were synthesized according to previously published sequences [42] with nonspecific shRNA which has no tar-get in the human transcriptome was used as a negative control. Briefly, 1 day before transfec-tion cells were plated at 5 × 103 cells/well in 96-well culture plate and allowed to reach 30% confluence after 24 hours of incubation. The transfection mixture containing MMP-2 target-ed shRNA and Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was incubated for 20 min-utes at room temperature before applied to the cells. The cells were then incubated for 6 hours at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Subsequently, cells were washed with PBS and maintained in culture medium for 48 hours before expression of EMMPRIN was assessed with western blot.

Statistical analysis

Data presented in this study are means ± stan-dard error of the mean.Statistical analysis of differences between groups was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t test. The statistical significance of the differences between mean values was defined as P < 0.05.

Results

Overexpression of PTTG in MCF-7 cells

To overexpressing PTTG in MCF-7 cells, an EGFP-containing vector pEGFP-N1 was used in study. After transfection, more than 75% cells in each group were GFP-positive, indicating a high transfection efficiency (Figure 1A). To con-


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firm whether the established MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cell line could stably express high level of PTTG, the expression levels of PTTG mRNA and protein were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Our results showed that MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells could stably express significantly higher level of PTTG than MCF-7/pEGFP-N1 cells or parental MCF-7 cells (Figure 1B and 1C).

Overexpression of PTTG leads to increase in MCF-7 cells migration and invasion

To determine whether alteration on PTTG expression led to changed in cell migration and invasion, would scratch and Transwell assay were performed, respectively. PTTG overex-pression clones (MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG) show-

ed significant increase in cell migration rate compared to vector control and parental MCF- 7 cells at all time point (Figure 2A). In vitro invasion activity was determined by the number of cells that migrated across the membrane after 24-hour incubation. As shown in Figure 2B, a significant increase in cell invasion was observed in PTTG-overexpressed MCF-7 cells. These beforementioned results suggested that PTTG overexpression significantly enhanced cell migration and invasion in vitro in MCF-7 cells.

PTTG promotes EMT process in MCF-7 cells

EMT is crucial step in cancer metastasis; we examined the effect of SOX2 overexpression on EMT process to further evaluate the role of

Figure 1. Transfection of PTTG overexpressing plasmid and confirmation of overexpressing PTTG in MCF-7 cells. A. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Representative transfection results are shown. B. The expression of PTTG mRNA was measured with qRT-PCR. C. The expression of PTTG protein was de-tected with western blots. The average signal intensity was standardized to β-actin and data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. ** P < 0.01 vs. control. The representative western blot is shown. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. **P < 0.01 vs. MCF-7.


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PTTG in the metastasis of breast cancer. Since EMT is marked by nuclear translocation of β- catenin, we stained cells with β-catenin anti-body and observed the fluorescent signals. As shown in Figure 3A, there was a significant increase of the β-catenin in the cytoplasm and nucleus relative to cell membrane in PTTG over-expressing MCF-7 cells. The epithelial mark er E-cadherin and mesenchymal markers N- cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin and α-SMA were also examined by western blots to further dem-onstrate the role of PTTG in promoting EMT. As shown in Figure 3B, PTTG overexpression led to remarkable downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, fibro-nectin and α-SMA compared with parental cell line. Transcriptional repressors Snail, Slug and Twist are known to regulate the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial markers and hence play a crucial role in EMT [44]. Therefore, in order to completely understand the mecha-nism of PTTG’s action, the effect of PTTG over-expression in these regulatory molecules were

also examined. As shown in Figure 3C and 3D, in PTTG overexpressing MCF-7 cells, the expression of these transcription repressors was inhibited at both mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these results indicated that overexpression of PTTG promoted the transi-tion from epithelial to mesenchymal pheno- type.

Altered PTTG expression affects metastatic po-tential by regulating EMMPRIN in MCF-7 cells

EMMPRIN is a factor functioning in tumor metastasis including breast cancer, so the expression of EMMPRIN was examined in this study to further determine the mechanism by which overexpression PTTG affects the migra-tion and invasion. mRNA and protein level of EMMPRIN in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG, MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-vector and parental MCF-7 cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Results showed that PTTG overexpression in MCF-7 cells was asso-

Figure 2. Increase PTTG expression enhances MCF-7 cell migration and invasion in vitro. A. Cell migration after transfection was detected by wound healing assay. Representative wound closure results are shown. B. Cell inva-sion after transfection was determined by Transwell assay. Representative figures of cell invasion are shown. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7, ** P < 0.01 vs. MCF-7.


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ciated correlated with higher EMMPRIN expres-sion compared with controls (Figure 4A and 4B). These above results indicated that PTTG expression was associated with EMMPRIN expression. To investigate whether PTTG over-expression promotes cell migration and inva-sion via regulating EMMPRIN, EMMPRIN gene was silenced in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG using EMMPRIN-targeting shRNA. Results from west-ern blot analysis confirmed that EMMPRIN expression was significantly suppressed com-pared with cells transfected with control sh- RNA or MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells (Figure 5A). Next, the effect of EMMPRIN knockdown on cell migration and invasion was examined. As shown in (Figure 5B), cell migration rate of MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells was significantly reduced after transfected with EMMPRIN-targeted shRNA, compared with MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells transfected with control shRNA

(P < 0.05 at 12 hours and P < 0.01 at 24 hours), whereas no significant difference was found in the migration rate of control shRNA transfected and parental MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells. Cell invasion assay also demonstrated that suppression of EMMPRIN expression in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells resulted in a significant decrease in cell invasion compared with control shRNA transfected and parental MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells.

To further demonstrate the involvement of EMMPRIN modulation by PTTG in the PTTF-induced enhancement in metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells, levels of EMT markers and transcriptional repressors were also examined. As shown in Figure 6A, expression levels of the epithelial marker E-cadherin were signifi-cantly upregulated in MCF-7 transfected with EMMPRIN-targeting shRNA compared with con-

Figure 3. PTTG overexpression promotes EMT process. A. Effect of PTTG overexpression on cell morphology was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy. B. Expression of epithelial cell markers and mesenchymal cell markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin and α-SMA) were examined by western blot. The representative western blot is shown. C. mRNA expression of Slug, Snail and Twist were determined by qRT-PCR. D. Protein expression of Slug, Snail and Twist were determined by western blot. The representative western blot is shown. The values are expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate ex-periments. *P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7.


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trol shRNA transfected and parental MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells (P < 0.05). In contrast, expression levels of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin and α-SMA were all significantly downregulated in MCF-7 transfected with EMMPRIN-targeting shRNA compared with control shRNA transfected and parental MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG cells (P < 0.05). In terms of the expression levels of transcriptional repressors Slug, Snail and Twist, knockdown of EMMPRIN was associated with significantly suppressed expression of Slug, Snail and Twist. Taken together, these above results indicated the involvement of EMMPRIN modulation in the promoting effect of PTTG on metastatic potential in MCF-7 cells.

PTTG regulates EMMPRIN expression through the FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

It has been reported that Akt/mTOR pathway is associated with tumor progression and Akt/mTOR-mediated cell signals induce the expres-

ing that PTTG-induced EMMPRIN expression was strongly associated with FAK/Akt/mTOR activation.

FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling is critical for the PTTG-induced metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells

To further support our beforementioned find-ings, we examined the role of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling in PTTG-induced metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells. As shown in Figure 8A, FAK inhibitor, Akt inhibitor as well as mTOR inhibitor significantly abolished the promoting effect of PTTG overexpression on cell migration, confirm-ing that the inhibitory effect of PTTG on cell migration was mediated, at least partly, through FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling. Similar effects were observed when cell invasion were examined, as shown in Figure 8B. Moreover, the inducing effect of PTTG on EMT in MCF-7 cells were also abrogated by FAK inhibitor, Akt inhibitor or mTOR inhibtor, as indicated by the changes

Figure 4. PTTG overexpression induced increase in EMMPRIN expression. A. The expression of EMMPRIN mRNA was measured with qRT-PCR. B. The expression of EMMPRIN protein was detected with western blots. The repre-sentative western blot is shown. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. **P < 0.01 vs. MCF-7.

sion of MMPs including MMP- 2 [45]. It has also been noted that PTTG overexpression was associated with activa-tion of FAK [46]. Given the inducing effect of EMMPRIN on MMPs expressions, we examine the effect of PTTG on activation of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to explore whether this signal-ing pathway functions as an essential kinase in EMMPRIN expression induced by EM- MPRIN overexpression. As shown in Figure 7A, PTTG overexpression was strongly associated with activation of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling compared with controls. To determine whether PTTG reg-ulates EMMPRIN expression in an FAK/Akt/mTOR-depen-dent manner, selective inhibitors specific to FAK (Y15), Akt (LY294002) and mTOR (rapamycin) were used. As shown in Figure 7B, any of the above three inhibitors effectively abolished PTTG-induced elevated expression of EMMPRIN, indicat-


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in the expression levels of two key EMT mark-ers, E-cadherin and N-cadherin (Figure 8C) as well as transcriptional repressors Slug, Snail, and Twist (Figure 8D). Combined with the beforementioned results, our results suggest-ed that PTTG activated FAK/Akt/mTOR signal-ing, which in turn led to upregulation on EMMPRIN levels, resulting in promotion on metastatic potential in breast cancer cell line MCF-7.

Discussions

PTTG, also known as securin, has been showed to play a vital role in tumor metastasis [47]. PTTG was first cloned from rat pituitary tumor [5] and the homologue of PTTG was subse-quently cloned from human origin [48, 49]. Predominantly located in the cytoplasm [23], PTTG can be translocated to nucleus under the facilitation by either interaction with PTTG bind-

Figure 5. PTTG promotes cell migration and invasion by increasing EMMPRIN expression. A. Suppressed EMMPRIN expression in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG by shRNA was confirmed by western blot. Scramble shRNA was used as con-trol. The representative western blot is shown. B. The effect of EMMPRIN knockdown on cell migration in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG was evaluated by wound healing. C. The effect of MMP-2 knockdown on cell invasion in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG was evaluated by Transwell assay. Representative figures of cell invasion are shown. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. **P < 0.01 vs. MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG.


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ing factor (PBF) [50] or interaction with the mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinase cas-cade [51]. Numerous studies have shown that PTTG can induce tumorigenesis and tumor pro-gression in many aspects by demonstrating the carcinogenic properties of PTTG and the close association with most tumorigenesis while in the absence of the auxiliary genes. In the con-text of breast cancer, PTTG expression was

tastasis [53, 54]. In addition, EMMPRIN has been found to promote EMT, another crucial step in metastasis [55]. As breast cancer is concerned, up-regulated tumor expression of EMMPRIN was found to be a significant predic-tor of reduced disease progression-free surviv-al rate and a shorter overall survival [56], and EMMPRIN-positive rate in patients with breast cancer correlated with clinical stage, number of

Figure 6. PTTG promotes EMT by increasing EMMPRIN expression. A. The effect of EMMPRIN knockdown on expression of EMT markers was evaluated west-ern blot. The representative western blot is shown. B. The effect of EMMPRIN knockdown on mRNA expression of Slug, Snail and Twist was evaluated by qRT-PCR. C. The effect of EMMPRIN knockdown on expression of transcriptional re-pressore Slug, Snail and Twist was evaluated western blot. The representative western blot is shown. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7/PTTG (MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTTG).

found to be maximal in inva-sive ductal carcinoma, met-astatic breast carcinoma, and breast carcinoma cell cultures in one cohort of 90 breast tumors [52]. More- over, detection of PTTG mRNA in 72 breast carcino-ma samples also demon-strated a correlation between its expression and lymph node involvement as well as recurrence over a 5-year period of follow-up [18]. Although these above findings suggested a role of PTTG in the metastasis of breast cancer, no experi-mental proof has been pro-vided and the underlying mechanism by which PTTG affects the metastatic behavior of breast cancer has never been investigated. In present study, our results showed that PTTG gene is strongly associated with breast cancer metastasis. Moreover, our findings sug-gested that PTTG enhances metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by inducing EMMPRIN through activating FAK/Akt/mTOR pathway.

EMMPRIN is highly expressed on the surface of various malignant tumor cells where its main function is that of a cellular adhesion molecule that induces the secretion of matrix metalloproteinas-es (MMP; mainly MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9), thus promoting invasion and me-


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metastatic lymph nodes, and tumor size [35], suggesting that EMMPRIN has the potential to be the target for novel therapeutic agent. In fact, Quemener et al. has showed that EMMPRIN upregulates the urokinase-type plas-minogen activator system and promotes tumor cell invasion [57]. Consistent with these previ-ous studies, evidence from present study also showed that the promoting effect of PTTG on metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells was medi-ated, at least partly, by regulating EMMPRIN expression, supporting the role of EMMPRIN as novel target for suppressing breast cancer metastasis. It has been found that EMMPRIN was involved in the chemoresistance and angiogenesis of breast cancer [58, 59]. Addi- tionally, EMMPRIN has been found to play an anti-apoptotic role in both solid tumor cells and hematological malignant cells [42, 53, 60]. Meanwhile, the role of EMMPRIN in autophagic cell death has also been reported [61, 62]. Therefore, by upregulating the expression of EMMPRIN, PTTG might function in multiple

aspects to promote tumor progression and development.

Results from epidemiological studies and ani-mal studies have showed that PI3K could induce activation of MMP-2, MMP-9 and uroki-nase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), result-ing in ECM degradation [63]. Given the fact that EMMPRIN could induce MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as upregulate uPA, we asked the question whether PTTG upregulated the expression of EMMPRIN via activating Akt/mTOR signaling. In fact, our results showed that overexpressing PTTG in MCF-7 cells did cause activation of Akt/mTOR signaling. Moreover, by using Akt inhibitor LY294002 and mTOR inhibitor rapamy-cin, we were able to demonstrate that PTTG upregulated EMMPRIN by activating Akt/mTOR signaling. A recent study found that EMMPRIN was transcriptional regulated by Slug [55], which has been found to act as downstream molecule of Akt/mTOR signaling in tumor cells [64]. Agreeing with these results, our data also

Figure 7. PTTG induces EMMPRIN expression in MCF-7 cells through FAK/Akt/mTOR pathway. A. Activation of FAK/Akt/mTOR pathway in MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG was detected by western blot. The representative western blot is shown. B. Inhibitors of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway significantly abolished the inducing effect of PTTG on EMMPRIN expression. The representative western blot is shown. *P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7, ** P < 0.01 vs. MCF-7, ^P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG.


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demonstrated that PTTG increased the expres-sion level of Slug in MCF-7, providing further mechanistic evidence for the mediating role of Akt/mTOR on the regulatory effect of PTTG on EMMPRIN expression.

FAK is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that regu-lates signal transduction at sites of integrin-mediated cell adhesions, where clustering of integrins facilitates the autophosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 through undefined mechanisms

Figure 8. PTTG enhances metastatic potential of MCF-7 cells through FAK/Akt/mTOR pathway. A. Inhibitors of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway significantly abolished the inducing effect of PTTG on cell migration. Representative wound closure results are shown. B. Inhibitors of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway significantly abolished the in-ducing effect of PTTG on cell invasion. Representative figures of cell invasion are shown. C. Inhibitors of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway significantly abolished the changes in EMT marker expressions induced by PTTG. The representative western blot is shown. D. Inhibitors of FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway significantly abolished the changes in transcriptional repressors expressions induced by PTTG. *P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7, ** P < 0.01 vs. MCF-7, ^P < 0.05 vs. MCF-7/pEGFP-N1-PTTG.


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[65]. In fact, activating FAK ensures succes- sive signaling events, as this protein binds to the Src-homology 2 domain (SH2) domain of PI3K, thereby transporting the catalytic subunit of PI3K to the membrane, where it catalyzes the phosphorylation of Akt [66]. In present study, we found that PTTG induced activation of FAK, leading to subsequent activation of Akt/mTOR signaling and elevated EMMPRIN expres-sion. Therefore, the data in present study established that PTTG regulated EMMPRIN expression via FAK/Akt/mTOR signaling. How- ever, it has also been found that EMMPRIN acts as upstream signaling and regulated the activa-tion of FAK in human melanoma cells [67]. A recently study in hepatocellular carcinoma cells also showed that a chimeric antibody tar-geting CD147 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell motility via FAK-PI3K-Akt-Girdin signaling pathway [68]. Combining these above results with ours, we wondered whether EMMPRIN and FAK were involved in a regulatory loop. Actually, a regulatory loop involving miR-21, SP1 and c-Myc has been reported to modulates EMMPRIN expression in breast cancer invasion and metastasis, suggesting the role of EMMPRIN in a complex network rather than lin-ear signaling pathway in tumor progression [69]. Nevertheless, whether a similar network signaling, which might involve a feedback mechanism, is responsible for the regulatory effect of PTTG on EMMPRIN needs to be evi-denced by further studies.

In summary, our findings in present study indi-cate that PTTG upregulation in MCF-7 cells enhanced cell metastatic potential by increas-ing EMMPRIN expression. Meanwhile, our find-ings suggested that PTTG enhances metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by inducing EMMPRIN through activating FAK/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Though more studies are needed, this study suggests that PTTG may be a potential molecu-lar target for developing novel gene targeted therapy against breast cancer.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation (No. 31470570, 814733- 84 and 81274126), Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (No. cstc2014jcyjA80013), Chong- qing Creative Programe for Graduate Students (CYS15155) and Science Foundation of Chong- qing Education Commission (No. kj1400534).

Disclosure of conflict of interest

None.

Address correspondence to: Jianjun Peng, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China. Tel: 8613953279992; E-mail: [email protected]; Zhiwu Han, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China. Tel: 8618661805776; E-mail: [email protected]

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