original reasearch article - literary reviews · *dr. nisha kumari ojha, **dr. rashmi pareek...

Journal of Ayurveda Official publication of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan132

JO

A

XII

I-3

2

01

9

ORIGINAL REASEARCH ARTICLE - LITERARY REVIEWS

A Critical Review On Immunomodulatory Effect Of Swarna (Gold)Bhasma In Children

*Dr. Nisha Kumari Ojha, **Dr. Rashmi Pareek*Associate Professor & Head, ** Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur

ABSTRACT

Recurrent illness during childhood period is a great obstacle in development of a child.Although so many vaccines and antibiotics are successfully fighting the infections but so many painful vaccine shots and emergence of antibiotic resistance is a great challenge in the present era.

Also frequent use of antibiotics create a lot of side-effects which also adversely affect the growth and development of the child. In Ayurveda Swarna (gold) Bhasma is having both preventive and protective qualities. Various evidences from experimental and clinical studies are also available to validate the effect of Swarna (Gold) Bhasma as immunomodulator.

Keywords : Swarna bhasma, Immunomodulaor, children

Address of Correspondence: Dr. Nisha Kumari OjhaAssociate Professor & Head,Department of Kaumarbhritya, NIA, Jaipur

Email ID : [email protected]

Contact No : 9468650449

How to Site the Article : Ojha NK, Pareek R, A Critical Review On Immunomodulatory Effect Of Swarna (Gold) Bhasma In Children, JOA XIII-3, 2019; 132 - 137

Introduction :

JOAjournalofayurveda.in ISSN No:2321-0435

Childhood is fragile age and also very critical period for growth and development. Under 5 mortality rate according to UNICEF is 39.4 per 1,000 live birth in India.[1] Nearly 6.3 million children died in year 2017 under the age of 15 years. Most of these deaths are due to conditions that could be prevented or treated with access of simple and affordable interventions.[2] Although so many vaccines are available for infectious diseases and antibiotics are successful in fighting the infections but emergence of antibiotic resistance is a great challenge in the present era. Also frequent use of antibiotics create lot of side-effects which also adversely affect the growth and development of the child. Childhood is a fragile age and too many vaccine shots and antibiotics may result in dangerous side effects in children.

In Ayurveda some of the drugs are categorized into Rasayana (rejuvenator) which helps in improving the overall resistance of body against common infections and pathogen.[3] They are supposed to protect the body against


Ojha NK, Pareek R, A Critical Review On Immunomodulatory Effect Of Swarna (Gold) Bhasma In Children, JOA XIII-3, 2019; 132 - 137

external factors that induce disease. Gold is such a noble metal, which is having substantial outcomes in the human body. Ayurveda, has explained many references of gold pertaining to its medicinal properties and uses at different contexts. Gold is categorized under Shuddha Loha (pure metal), which is having both preventive and protective qualities. It is indicated for internal use because it possess Rasayana (rejuvenator) and Vajikarana (aphrodisiac) properties.[4] It is also being recommended to be given alone or along with various herbal drugs for procuring better Agni (digestive power and metabolism), Bala (physical strength and immunity), Medha (intellect), Varna (color and complexion), Ayu (lifespan).[5][6][7]

Swarnaprashana[8]

Acharya Kashyapa has introduced the term Swarnaprashana in lehadhyaya. Lehana is a unique combination of various Ayurveda herbal drugs, ghee preparations, and gold. The specific benefits ascribed to

Swarnaprashana are Medha Agni Bala, Vardhanam (improvement of intellect, digestion, metabolism, immunity, and physical strength), Ayushyam (promoting lifespan), Mangalam (auspicious), Punyam (righteous), Vrushyam (aphrodisiac), Varnyam (enhancement of color and complexion), Grahapaham (protection from evil spirits and microorganisms). Moreover, the baby will become Parama Medhavi (highly intelligent) and Vyadhibhir Na Cha Drusyate (will not be affected by any disease) if administered for 1 month and Srutadhara (will be able to remember the things, which are just heard) after administration for 6 months. Swarna Prashana administered on the day of Pushya Nakshtra of every month because this is holy star for all auspicious procedures, and also helps maintain the periodicity of administration and even respects religious belief of the parents. Some other references of gold formulations available in various Ayurveda texts are mentioned in Table no. I-

Table no. I. - Formulations of Swarna (Gold) available in different Ayurveda texts

S. No. Reference Formulation Vehicle

(Sahapana)Dose

(Matra)Duration

(Kala)

1. Charaka[9] Madhu+Ghrita - - At birth (Single dose)

2. Sushruta[10] Swarna Madhu+Ghrita 1 Gunja(Dalhana) As above

3.Ashtanga Samgraha[11]

(Ashtang Samgraha Uttartantra 1/8)

Andri, Brahmi, Vacha &

Shankhpushpi with Swarna spoona

Madhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1 Kalaya

At birth (Single dose)

Swarna, Brahmi, Bala, Shatavari Madhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1

KalayaAt birth (Single

dose)

Swarna Madhu+Ghrita 1 Gunja(Dalhana)

At birth (Single dose)

Swarna & Vacha Madhu+Ghrita Alpa Matra Till 1 year

4.Ashtang Hriday[12]

(Ashtang Hriday Uttartantra 1/9)

Swarna, Brahmi, Vacha, Tapya &

HaritakiMadhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1


dose)

Swarna and Amalaki Madhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1


dose)



5. Sushruta[13] & Ashtang Hriday [14]

Swarna, Bala vacha, Kushtha, Kaidarya, Vacha

Madhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1 Kalaya Till 1 year

Swarna & Arkapushpi Madhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1

Kalaya Till 1 year

Swarna, Matsyakshaka &

ShankhaMadhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1

Kalaya Till 1 year

Swarna, Kaidarya, Vacha Madhu+Ghrita 1 Harenu/ 1

Kalaya Till 1 year

6. Sharangdhara [15] Swarna churna Madhu+Ghrita 1 Gunja As Above

8. Bhaishajya Ratnavali[16]Swarna, Kushtha, Haritaki, Vacha,

BrahmiMadhu+Ghrita 1 Ratti -

Evidences

Absorption of Swarna(Gold)

Some of the studies evidenced that Gold nanoparticles (28-35nm)exhibit size dependent absorption through rat skin and intestine.[17] Nanoparticle can also be absorbed through sublingual route directly into blood stream.[18]

Immune Response-

A Pharmacological study in Swarna Bhasma treated mice showed nonspecific immune responses and it also had a stimulatory effect on peritoneal macrophages which fight against infections.[19] Some other study indicated that AuNPs are effective anti-schistosomal and antioxidant agents.[20] Swarnaprashana exibhited good humoral immune response and non-significantly influenced T–cell activity which in turn increases vascular permeability, induce vasodilatation, macrophage accumulation and activation, and which finally result in the increase in the paw volume which promotes phagocytic activity.[21]

Another study archives that both specific and nonspecific safe reactions were adjusted in a positive way in Swarna bhasma treated mice. Swarna bhasma demonstrated a trigger impact on peritoneal macrophages to battle against infection.[22] It also had stimulatory effect on macrophage, immunomodulatory activity-increase in the

serum IgG level[23] Swarna Prashana exhibited dramatic immunomodulatory effects in SRBC sensitized rats. Platelets count was significantly increased in drug treated group compared with Sheep red blood corpuscles group.

Swarna Prashana non-significantly influenced T–cell activity which in turn increases vascular permeability, induce vasodilatation, macrophage accumulation and activation, and which finally result in the increase in the paw volume which promotes phagocytic activity. Swarna Prashana produces good humoral immune response. Histopathological studies show that Swarna Prashana increased the cellularity in spleen and lymph node.[24]

Antioxidant Activity-

The antioxidant and restorative effects of Swarna bhasma in rat have been indicated. Two antioxidant enzymes : superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were estimated after oxidative insult with acetic acid in Swarna bhasma.[25] Another examination evidenced that high aspect ratio Gold (Au) nano-rods can act as successful antioxidant and antibacterial agent.[26]

Effect on Brain

Gold diminishes the impact of depression as well as enhances the ability to focus. Gold can have balancing and harmonizing impact on the body especially with regards to unstable mental and emotional state.[27] It is supposed that the nanometer sized particles in colloidal gold affect the electrical charges that are produced in neurons. It enhances the normal synaptic communication that takes place betweenthe nerve cell.[28]

Free radical scavenging activity

Study using global and focal models of ischaemia in albino rats. Enzymatic parameters (lipid peroxidase,


reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutatione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were employed to assess ischaemic brain damage and its modulation. Significant restoration of altered values to near normal levels by Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma and Unani Kushta Tila Kalan (25 mg/kg, orally for 10 days), suggest potentials for gold preparations in cerebrovascular diseases.[29] Qualitative analyses indicated that Swarnabhasma contained not only gold but also several microelements (Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Co, Mg, Ca, As, Pb, etc.). Infrared spectroscopy showed that the material was free from any organic compound. The metal content in the bhasma was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Acute oral administration of Swarnabhasma showed no mortality in mice (up to 1 ml /20 g b.w. of Swarnabhasma suspension containing 1mg of drug). Chronic administration of Swarnabhasma also showed no toxicity as judged by SGPT, SGOT, serum creatinine and serum urea level and histological studies. Chronic Swarnabhasma-treated animals showed significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, two enzymes that reduce free radical concentrations in the body.[30]

Analgesic activity

Calcined gold preparations, Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma (SB) and Unani Kushta Tila Kalan (KTK) were investigated for analgesic effects in rats and mice using four types of noxious stimuli. Auranofin (AN) used in modern medicine was also studied for comparisons. The test drugs SB and KTK (25-50 mg/kg, p.o.) and AN (2.5-5.0 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited analgesic activity against chemical (acetic acid induced writhing), electrical (pododolorimeter), thermal (Eddy's hot plate and analgesiometer) and mechanical (tail clip) test.[31]

Safety efficacy

Acute oral administration (for 8 weeks on albino mice; 1ml/20gm b.w.//day) of swarnabhasma had not reported any toxic effects as assessed by liver function tests and histological investigations.[32] According to some blood


compatibilitystudies they were non-cytotoxic size of gold nanoparticles 28-35nm and was 90% pure as visible from X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis and did not induce any blood cell aggregation or any protein adsorption.[33] Evidence based safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic herbo-metallic preparations containing gold, iron and mercury w.s.r. to pediatrics[34] Result: no any adverse or toxic effect of any of these formulations was noticed. Toxicity study of swarna bhasma, an Ayurvedic medicine containing gold, in Wistar Rats.[35] Study indicates 13.5 mg /kg body weight as NOEL (No Observed Effect Level) for swarnabhasma in Wistar Rats. No abnormality in clinical signs, during neurological examinations, no change in body weight, feed and water consumption, organ weights, biochemical and hematological parameters and no mortality was observed. Hyperspectral images revealed that after breaking, the small agglomerates have different spectral properties in cells, compared to the original aggregates, suggesting that size of particles is instrumental for the subcellular interaction with the human cells.[36]

Conclusion:

Gold has always been widely used in medicinal preparation since ancient times also helps in enhancing strength and vigour in children.Swarna bhasma can improve quality of life and can be safely administered as a recipe for immunomodulation in children. Its benefits can be achieved at various levels as it is beneficial for their physical,mental and intellectual well-being.

References

1. UNICEF Data, Key Demographic Indicators (2018, December) https://data.unicef.org/country/ind/ (retrieved on 14/06/19)

2. WHO, Children: Reducing Mortality (2019, September) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality (retrieved on 18/10/19)

3. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, commentary by Chakrapani ‘ayurveda Dipika’, edited by Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan. Varanasi: reprint 2004, Chikitsasthana, chapter 01, shloka 1/4, 1/7-8, 1/23, 4/6.

4. Dalhana, Commentator. Susrutha Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, Kshudraroga Chikitsa, 28/10-21, reprint ed. Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005; 501-2.


5. Vridha Jivaka, Kashyapa Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Leha Adhyaya, edited by Shri Satyapal Bhishagacharya, 10th ed. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2005; 4‑5.

6. Dalhana, Commentator. Susrutha Samhita, Sharira Sthana 10/13‑15, 68‑70,reprint ed. Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005; 388‑95.

7. Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, Uttara Sthana, Balopcharniya Adhyaya, 1/9, 47‑48, edited by Hari Shastri Paradkar, 9th ed. Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2002; 778‑781.

8. Vridha Jivaka, Kashyapa Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Leha Adhyaya, edited by Shri Satyapal Bhishagacharya, 10th ed. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2005; 4‑5.

9. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, commentary by Chakrapani ‘ayurveda Dipika’, edited by Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acharya, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan. Varanasi: reprint 2004, Sharirsthana, 8/46.

10. Dalhana, Commentator. Susrutha Samhita, Sharira Sthana 10/13‑15, 68‑70,reprint ed. Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005; 388‑95.

11. K.R.Srikantha Murthy, Asthanga Samghra Uttartantra Asthang Sangraha Chaukhambha Orientala, published‑1999, Uttartantra Adhaya 1/8.


13. Dalhana, Commentator. Susrutha Samhita, Sharira Sthana 10/73, reprint ed. Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005; 388‑95.


15. Sharangadhara, Sharangdhara Samhita, Purva Khanda. In: 6/14‑17,27. 5th ed. Murthy KR, editor. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2003. p. 29.

16. Govind Das, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Balarogachikitsa . In: 71/8. 19th ed. Brhmashankar Tripathi., editor. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Prakashan; 2009. p. 1073.

17. Sonavane G, Tomoda K, Makino K.(2008) Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: effect of particle size. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2008 Oct 15;66(2):274‑80. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.07.004. Epub 2008 Jul 15.

18. L.Sheihet, P.Chandra, P.Batheja, D.Devore, J.Kohn, B.Michniak (2008) Tyrosine‑derived nanospheres for enhanced topical skin penetrationInternational Journal of PharmaceuticsVolume 350, Issues 1–2, 28 February 2008, Pp. 312‑319

19. Augmentation of non-specific immunity in mice by gold preparations used in traditional systems of medicine.Bajaj S, Ahmad I, Raisuddin S, Vohora SBIndian J Med Res. 2001 May;

113():192‑6.

20. Mohamed A Dakhil, Amira A Buomy, Marwa SM Diab, Saleh Al‑Quraishy, Antioxidant and hepatoprotective role of gold nanoparticles against murine hepatic schistosomiasis, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2015;10:7467‑7475.

21. Sanjay Khedekar, AnuPriya,Patgiri B,Nariya M, Prajapati PK.Immunomodulatory Activity of SwarnaPrashana in Charle’s Foster Albino Rats. J Ayu Med Sci 2016;1(2):90‑6. DOI:10.5530/jams.2016.1.12

22. Soma Bajaj, I. Ahmad, Masroor Fatima, S. Raisuddin & S. B. Vohora (1999) Immunomodulatory Activity of a Unani Gold Preparation used in Indian System of Medicine, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 21:1, 151‑161, DOI: 10.3109/08923979909016400

23. Khedekar, S., Rukkudin, G., Ravishankar, B., & Prajapati, P. (2016). Anti‑diabetic activity of traditional Indian gold containing preparation: Shadguna Balijarita Makaradhwaja on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, 5(2), 162–167. doi:10.5455/jice.20160214120304

24. Khedekar, S., Rukkudin, G., Ravishankar, B., & Prajapati, P. (2016). Anti‑diabetic activity of traditional Indian gold containing preparation: Shadguna Balijarita Makaradhwaja on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, 5(2), 162–167. doi:10.5455/jice.20160214120304

25. Keisuke Hashimoto, Charles E. Whitehurst, Tsukasa Matsubara, Kazushi Hirohata,t and Peter E. Lipsky (1992)Immunomodulatory Effects of Therapeutic Gold Compounds Gold Sodium Thiomalate Inhibits the Activity of T Cell Protein Kinase C, The American Society for Clinical Investigation, Inc. 0021‑9738/92/06/1839/10 ,Volume 89, June 1992, 1839‑1848

26. Sharma, S. & Manhar, A.K. & Bora, Pritom Jyoti & Dolui, S.K. & Mandal, Manabendra. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of various aspect ratio gold (Au)nanorods. Advanced Materials Letters. 6. 235‑241. 10.5185/amlett.2015.5629.

27. Walter Vogel, John Bradley, Oliver Vollmer, and Ingo Abraham, (1998) Transition from Five‑Fold Symmetric to Twinned FCC Gold Particles by Thermally Induced Growth, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 10853‑10859

28. Mitra A, Chakraborty S, Auddy B, Tripathi P, Sen S, Saha AV, Mukherjee B(2002) Evaluation of chemical constituents and free‑radical scavenging activity of Swarnabhasma (gold ash), an ayurvedic drug.J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 May;80(2‑3):147‑53.

29. Paul, W., & Sharma, C. P. (2011). Blood compatibility studies of Swarna bhasma (gold bhasma), an Ayurvedic drug. International journal of Ayurveda research, 2(1), 14–22. doi:10.4103/0974‑7788.83183

30. A Mitra, SChakraborty, BAuddy, SSen, A.VSaha, B Mukherjee(2002) Evaluation of chemical constituents and free‑radical scavenging activity of Swarnabhasma (gold ash), an ayurvedic drug,Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 80, Issues 2–3, May 2002, pp. 147‑153

Ojha NK, Pareek R, A Critical Review On Immunomodulatory Effect Of Swarna (Gold) Bhasma In Children, JOA XIII‑3, 2019; 132 ‑ 137


31. Bajaj S, Vohora SB (1998)Analgesic activity of gold preparations used in Ayurveda & Unani-Tibb. Indian J Med Res. 1998 Sep;108: 104-11.

32. A Mitra, SChakraborty, BAuddy, SSen, A.VSaha, B Mukherjee(2002) Evaluation of chemical constituents and free-radical scavenging activity of Swarnabhasma (gold ash), an ayurvedic drug,Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 80, Issues 2–3, May 2002, pp. 147-153

33. Kumar KP, Paul W, Sharma CP. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with Zingiberofficinale extract: characterization and blood compatibility. Proc Biochem. 2011;46:2007–13

34. Shingadiya RK, Chaudhary S, Joshi K, Bedarkar P, Patgiri B J, Prajapati P K. Evidence-based safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic


herbo-metallic preparations containing gold, iron, and mercury with special reference to pediatrics. MedJ DY Patil Univ 2017;10:222-8

35. Pallavi Shrirang Jamadagni , Shrirang B. Jamadagni , Arjun Singh , Rajendra Kumar Singh , Sachchidanand N. Upadhyay , Sudesh N. Gaidhani , Jayram Hazra Toxicity Study of Swarna Bhasma, an Ayurvedic Medicine Containing Gold, in Wistar Rats

36. Kashani AS, Kuruvinashetti K, Beauet D, Badilescu S, Piekny A, Packirisamy M. Enhanced Internalization of Indian Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma (Gold Nanopowder) for Effective Interaction with Human Cells.J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2018 Oct 1;18(10):6791-6798. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2018.15503.

lkjka'k%

ckY;koLFkk esa ckj ckj chekj gksuk ckydksa ds fodkl esa cgqr cM+h ck/kk gSA ;|fi fofHkUu Vhds ,oa ,UVhck;ksfVd lQyrkiwoZd ladze.k

ls cpkrh gS ijUrq cgqr ls ihM+knk;d Vhdkdj.k ,oa ,UVhck;ksfVd ds fy, izfrjks/kdrk orZeku le; esa ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSA

,UVhck;ksfVd dk ckj ckj mi;ksx Hkh dbZ nq’izHkko mRiUu djrk gS ftlls Hkh ckydksa dh o`f) ,oa fodkl ij

foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA vk;qosZn esa of.kZr Lo.kZ HkLe esa Hkh chekjh;ksa ls cpkus ,oa jksdus ds xq.k gSaA orZeku esa fofHkUu

iz;ksfxd ,oa uSnkfud vuqla/kku ls izkIr lk{; Hkh miyC/k gS tks fd Lo.kZ HkLe dh jksxizfrjks/kd {kerk dh iqf’V djrh gSA

original reasearch article - literary reviews · *dr. nisha kumari ojha, **dr. rashmi pareek...

Documents