OUMA, O. ZEPHANIA OUMA, O. ZEPHANIA COUNTRY REPORTCOUNTRY REPORT

KENYAKENYA

RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING FOR MONITORING FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALSENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS

KENYA general informationKENYA general information Kenya is located in Eastern AfricaKenya is located in Eastern Africa Total land mass area of 582,646 square Total land mass area of 582,646 square

kilometerskilometers Capital City: NairobiCapital City: Nairobi Official language: EnglishOfficial language: English National language: Kiswahili, National language: Kiswahili, JAMBO!JAMBO! Currency: Kenya shillings (1US$ approximately Currency: Kenya shillings (1US$ approximately

Kshs. 70)Kshs. 70) Income per capita: US$ 475Income per capita: US$ 475 Political regime: multiparty political system with a Political regime: multiparty political system with a

coalition Governmentcoalition Government Religion: mainly Christianity (70%), muslims and Religion: mainly Christianity (70%), muslims and

others (30%)others (30%)

KENYA general informationKENYA general information Kenya is famous for:Kenya is famous for:1.1. The Masai Mara Game ReserveThe Masai Mara Game Reserve2.2. Amboseli Game ReserveAmboseli Game Reserve3.3. The Great Rift Valley and Mt. KenyaThe Great Rift Valley and Mt. Kenya4.4. Long distance athletes Long distance athletes 5.5. Beautiful coastal beachesBeautiful coastal beaches6.6. Flamingos in Lake NakuruFlamingos in Lake Nakuru7.7. Not forgetting Kenyan Tea e.t.c. Not forgetting Kenyan Tea e.t.c. Nairobi is a host to UNEP HeadquartersNairobi is a host to UNEP Headquarters Kenya is chequered heritage to Kenya is chequered heritage to Barrack Barrack

ObamaObama the Illinois senator on the race to White the Illinois senator on the race to White House. Obama’s late father was a Kenyan House. Obama’s late father was a Kenyan

Organization-National Environment Organization-National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Management Authority (NEMA)

Corporate body of Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources Corporate body of Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources The Authority was established by The Environment Management The Authority was established by The Environment Management

and Coordination Act, 1999 (EMCA), 1999.-framework and Coordination Act, 1999 (EMCA), 1999.-framework Environmental LawEnvironmental Law

Goal of NEMA:Goal of NEMA:To exercise general supervision and co-ordination over the matters To exercise general supervision and co-ordination over the matters

relating to the environment and to be the principle instrument of relating to the environment and to be the principle instrument of government in implementation of the policies relating to the government in implementation of the policies relating to the environment.environment.

Activities of The Authority include:Activities of The Authority include: Co-ordination on matters of environmentCo-ordination on matters of environment Provision of natural resource Use guidelinesProvision of natural resource Use guidelines Research on Emerging Environmental issuesResearch on Emerging Environmental issues Build Capacity through Environmental Education and Awareness Build Capacity through Environmental Education and Awareness

ProgramsPrograms Compliance promotion and EnforcementCompliance promotion and Enforcement

Board of Management

Director General

Director Education Information Public Participation

Director Compliance and Enforcement

Director Legal Services

Director Finance & Administration

Director Planning and Research

Deputy Director Compliance and Enforcement

Chief Compliance Officer (Monitoring and Inspection) Chief Compliance Officer

(EIA and Environmental Audit- EA)

Environmental Inspectors (Inspectorate)

Senior Compliance Officer (Incident Management)

Principal Compliance Officer (Waste Management)

Senior EIA Officer ( EIA Unit)

Senior EIA Officer(EA Unit)

Assistant EIA Officer

Assistant EIA Officer

Senior EIA Officer/Environmental Senior EIA Officer/Environmental inspector-functionsinspector-functions

Review of EIA ReportsReview of EIA Reports Review of Environmental Audit reports and Review of Environmental Audit reports and

where necessary carry out control Auditswhere necessary carry out control Audits Carry out periodic inspections and Monitor Carry out periodic inspections and Monitor

activities of facilities (sampling for activities of facilities (sampling for analysis, install monitoring equipment) to analysis, install monitoring equipment) to ensure compliance with standardsensure compliance with standards

Issue appropriate improvement noticeIssue appropriate improvement notice Order immediate closure until appropriate, Order immediate closure until appropriate,

prescribed remedial measures are put in prescribed remedial measures are put in placeplace

Environmental Protection PolicyEnvironmental Protection Policy Adoption of export oriented industrial Adoption of export oriented industrial

development-high quality products, development-high quality products, environmentally friendly and effective environmentally friendly and effective completion globallycompletion globally

1999: policy paper on Development and 1999: policy paper on Development and environment which emphasized the environment which emphasized the integration of environmental concerns into integration of environmental concerns into the developmental agenda the developmental agenda

August 2000-Signatory to the August 2000-Signatory to the International declaration on Cleaner International declaration on Cleaner Production-establishment of Kenya Production-establishment of Kenya National Cleaner Production CenterNational Cleaner Production Center

Environmental Protection Policy Environmental Protection Policy and Conventionsand Conventions

Signatory to Stockholm Convention on Signatory to Stockholm Convention on POPS and Kenya has finalized the National POPS and Kenya has finalized the National Implementation Plan spearheaded by POPs Implementation Plan spearheaded by POPs Country Office under Ministry of Country Office under Ministry of EnvironmentEnvironment

Signatory to Vienna Convention on the Signatory to Vienna Convention on the Protection of Ozone Layer-ODS Country Protection of Ozone Layer-ODS Country office under Ministry of Environment office under Ministry of Environment established and operationalestablished and operational

Signatory to Basel and Bamako Signatory to Basel and Bamako conventionsconventions

Problems associated with Problems associated with environmental chemicalsenvironmental chemicals

Public and Occupational Health and safety-Public and Occupational Health and safety-biomagnifications and bioaccumulation, biomagnifications and bioaccumulation, diseases and deathsdiseases and deaths

Illegal use of banned chemicals, poor Illegal use of banned chemicals, poor disposal and inappropriate use has led disposal and inappropriate use has led contamination of the environment-contamination of the environment-pollution of soil, air, water sources (surface pollution of soil, air, water sources (surface and groundwater)and groundwater)

Major events related to chemical Major events related to chemical substances in Kenyasubstances in Kenya

1995-2002: Invasion of Lake Victoria by 1995-2002: Invasion of Lake Victoria by water hyacinth was a manifestation of water hyacinth was a manifestation of eutrophication caused by pollution by eutrophication caused by pollution by urban wastes and agrochemicals from urban wastes and agrochemicals from agricultural fields and industrial effluents. agricultural fields and industrial effluents. Studies have found traces of Studies have found traces of organochlorine and mercury in fish and organochlorine and mercury in fish and sediments. sediments.

1990s:A Paper and pulp factory saturating 1990s:A Paper and pulp factory saturating the air with emissions of sulphur the air with emissions of sulphur compounds whose precipitates had turned compounds whose precipitates had turned all the trees yellow and eroded iron roofsall the trees yellow and eroded iron roofs

Major events related to chemical Major events related to chemical substances in Kenyasubstances in Kenya

July 1993: A Liberian-registered tanker July 1993: A Liberian-registered tanker Ms Ms SunettaSunetta went aground with a load of 80,000 went aground with a load of 80,000 metric tons of oil in the high seas off Mombasa. It metric tons of oil in the high seas off Mombasa. It was salvaged with no major spill, but this was salvaged with no major spill, but this signaled the necessity for high degree of disaster signaled the necessity for high degree of disaster preparedness.preparedness.

2005: Liquid effluents from a flower farm kills 2005: Liquid effluents from a flower farm kills over twenty (20) cows as studies point to lowered over twenty (20) cows as studies point to lowered sperm count on male workers in the flower green sperm count on male workers in the flower green houses.houses.

Poorly managed open dumps sites by the Local Poorly managed open dumps sites by the Local Authorities and frequent dumping of solid wastes Authorities and frequent dumping of solid wastes in undesignated areas.in undesignated areas.

Major events related to chemical Major events related to chemical substances in Kenyasubstances in Kenya

October 2006: a chemical plant explodes in October 2006: a chemical plant explodes in Nairobi’s Industrial area killing 16 workers on Nairobi’s Industrial area killing 16 workers on night shift. It was later revealed that toxic and night shift. It was later revealed that toxic and highly flammable chemicals were stored in the highly flammable chemicals were stored in the production area and that no lives were saved production area and that no lives were saved because the factory was locked from outside by because the factory was locked from outside by ManagersManagers

Frequent oil spills in rivers, forests and land due Frequent oil spills in rivers, forests and land due to tanker accidents. Many human to tanker accidents. Many human scavangers scavangers have been killed when tanker explodes in certain have been killed when tanker explodes in certain occasion.occasion.

Geogenic pollution of groundwater sources due to Geogenic pollution of groundwater sources due to high flouride levels had caused colouring of teeth high flouride levels had caused colouring of teeth to many in certain areas of the Countryto many in certain areas of the Country

Regulation of Environmental and Regulation of Environmental and industrial chemicals in Kenyaindustrial chemicals in Kenya

Role of the Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) Role of the Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) which operates under Pest Control Produce Act which operates under Pest Control Produce Act (cap 346)-regulates manufacture, importation, (cap 346)-regulates manufacture, importation, distribution and use of pesticides to control pestsdistribution and use of pesticides to control pests

Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services (KEPHIS) checks quality of and levels of (KEPHIS) checks quality of and levels of agrochemical residues at its laboratoriesagrochemical residues at its laboratories

Food, Drugs and Chemical Substance Act (cap Food, Drugs and Chemical Substance Act (cap 254) deals with chemicals that may contaminate 254) deals with chemicals that may contaminate foodfood

The Factories and other places of work Act (cap The Factories and other places of work Act (cap 514) mandates the Directorate of Occupational 514) mandates the Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Services to handle Chemicals Health and Safety Services to handle Chemicals exposures in the work placeexposures in the work place

Regulation of Environmental and Regulation of Environmental and industrial chemicals in Kenyaindustrial chemicals in Kenya

Environment Management and Coordination Act, Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (EMCA) empowers NEMA to coordinate all 1999 (EMCA) empowers NEMA to coordinate all issues related to risks and hazards that result issues related to risks and hazards that result from environmental chemicalsfrom environmental chemicals

Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003. requirement for EIA and Regulations 2003. requirement for EIA and Environmental Audit for facilitiesEnvironmental Audit for facilities

Water Quality Regulations, 2006-details Water Quality Regulations, 2006-details procedure for effluent discharge into environment procedure for effluent discharge into environment (requirement for effluent discharge licence), (requirement for effluent discharge licence), prescribes standards for effluent discharge into prescribes standards for effluent discharge into the environment and provides a monitoring the environment and provides a monitoring guide.guide.

Regulation of Environmental and Regulation of Environmental and industrial chemicals in Kenyaindustrial chemicals in Kenya

Waste Management Regulation, 2006 Waste Management Regulation, 2006 details handling of industrial wastes, details handling of industrial wastes, hazardous and toxic wastes, biomedical hazardous and toxic wastes, biomedical wastes and pesticides. wastes and pesticides.

Disposal and treatment of the wastes are Disposal and treatment of the wastes are also provided.also provided.

Kenya through NEMA are in the process of Kenya through NEMA are in the process of finalizing regulations and standards on air finalizing regulations and standards on air quality, noise pollution, ozone depleting quality, noise pollution, ozone depleting substances and on economic instrumentssubstances and on economic instruments

Environmental StandardsEnvironmental Standards

Quality standards for sources of domestic Quality standards for sources of domestic waterwater

Standards for effluent discharge into the Standards for effluent discharge into the environmentenvironment

Standards for effluent discharge into Standards for effluent discharge into public sewerpublic sewer

Standards for irrigation waterStandards for irrigation water Quality standards for recreational watersQuality standards for recreational waters Standards, guidelines, criteria, procedure Standards, guidelines, criteria, procedure

for installing and operating incineratorsfor installing and operating incinerators

Management systems for Management systems for Environmental/Industrial chemicalsEnvironmental/Industrial chemicals

General obligation by industrial undertaking to General obligation by industrial undertaking to install anti-pollution equipment and adopt CP install anti-pollution equipment and adopt CP technologies and practicestechnologies and practices

Statutory requirement to adhere to developed Statutory requirement to adhere to developed environmental standards for discharge of environmental standards for discharge of effluents into the environment.effluents into the environment.

Annual Environmental Audits as a means of Annual Environmental Audits as a means of compliance checkingcompliance checking

Monitoring and inspections by Environmental Monitoring and inspections by Environmental Inspectors and prescription of appropriate Inspectors and prescription of appropriate improvement notice/order improvement notice/order

ISO Certification (14000, 9000 series) coordinated ISO Certification (14000, 9000 series) coordinated by the Kenya Bureau of standardsby the Kenya Bureau of standards

Available Technology for Available Technology for ChemicalsChemicals

Analysis carried out in NEMA Accredited Analysis carried out in NEMA Accredited Laboratories (analytical and reference) for Laboratories (analytical and reference) for analysis of environmental parametersanalysis of environmental parameters

Laboratories apply arrange of instrumentation Laboratories apply arrange of instrumentation (GC, HPLC, TLC, AAS, AFS and Bioassays)(GC, HPLC, TLC, AAS, AFS and Bioassays)

Issuance of certificate of analysis stating the Issuance of certificate of analysis stating the methodology adoptedmethodology adopted

On-site analyses/field measurement is still On-site analyses/field measurement is still confined to interpretational physico-chemical confined to interpretational physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, TDS and parameters such as pH, temperature, TDS and conductivity. A Hydrolab is mainly used.conductivity. A Hydrolab is mainly used.

Experience on Risk Assessment Experience on Risk Assessment and chemical monitoringand chemical monitoring

Nutrients and selected heavy metal analysis and Nutrients and selected heavy metal analysis and behaviour in River Kuja with reference to Lake behaviour in River Kuja with reference to Lake Victoria (June 2001 to September 2001)Victoria (June 2001 to September 2001)

Buffering processes and capacity (agrochemical Buffering processes and capacity (agrochemical cleansing) of wetlands on Kenya side of Lake cleansing) of wetlands on Kenya side of Lake Victoria (July 2004 to December 2004)Victoria (July 2004 to December 2004)

Attempts to categorize the 5,200 Environmental Attempts to categorize the 5,200 Environmental Audit reports submitted to NEMA into low, Audit reports submitted to NEMA into low, medium and high risk facilities as guided by the medium and high risk facilities as guided by the Risk Based classification system of the UK Risk Based classification system of the UK Environmental Agency (Oct. 2006)Environmental Agency (Oct. 2006)

Experience as a Environmental Inspector (2006 to Experience as a Environmental Inspector (2006 to date)date)

Purpose for attending the training Purpose for attending the training coursecourse

The science of Risk Assessment and The science of Risk Assessment and knowledge of emerging analytical knowledge of emerging analytical techniques and instrument analysis will; techniques and instrument analysis will;

1.1. enhance my capacity to review chemical enhance my capacity to review chemical based EIA and Audit reports, evaluate the based EIA and Audit reports, evaluate the risk associated and therefore a guide to risk associated and therefore a guide to informed decision makinginformed decision making

2.2. Enhance my sampling and technological Enhance my sampling and technological skills to monitor environmental chemicalsskills to monitor environmental chemicals

3.3. Provide critical knowledge on the Provide critical knowledge on the evaluation of the accredited laboratoriesevaluation of the accredited laboratories

DOMO ARIGATOO DOMO ARIGATOO GAZAIMASHITAGAZAIMASHITA

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