overview of wastewater management in the asia-pacific and
TRANSCRIPT
Overview of wastewater management in the Asia-Pacific and its related problems
Regional Process/Asia Pacific region/Theme ”People”
“Integrated Sanitation for All”
8TH WORLD WATER FORUM, 19TH MARCH 2018
Tetsuo Kuyama (WEPA Secretariat)
Manager (Water Resource Management)
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Purpose of Wastewater Treatment
Sanitation ⇒ Water Environmental Conservation
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 6
Ensure availability (continuously adopted goals since MDGs) and sustainable management (new goals from SDGs) of water and sanitation for all
• By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all • By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying
special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations • By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
• By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
• By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
• By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
• By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
• Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Target
2
3
Result of Water Quality Monitoring
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
（％）
Year
>V
IV,V
I-III
0
20
40
60
80
100
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
（％）
Year
>V
IV,V
I-III
0
20
40
60
80
100
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
（％）
Year
>IV
IV
III
II
I
Surface Water Lake Water
Coastal Water
China Cambodia
4
Result of Water Quality Monitoring
4 Malaysia Thailand
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Polluted
Slightly Polluted
Clean
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Poor
Moderate
Good
Excellent
Surface Water
Marine Water
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Highly Deteriorated
Deteriorated
Fair
Good
Excellent
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Highly Deteriorated
Deteriorated
Fair
Good
Excellent
Surface Water
Marine Water
5
Result of Water Quality Monitoring
5 Republic of Korea Philippines
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.01
97
4
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
10
20
12
20
14
20
16
Co
mp
lia
nce
Ra
tio
(%)
Year
Overall Rivers Lakes and reservoirs Coastal areas
Japan
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
BOD (mg/L)
Year
Han River
Nakdon River
Geum River
Yeongsan River
Indonesia
6
Result of Water Quality Monitoring
6 Vietnam
Pollution Source by Sector in Selected WEPA countries
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
China (COD, 2015)
Malaysia(BOD, 2012)
Thailand(BOD,2016)
Phillippine(BOD,2005)
Tokyo Bay (COD, 2009)
Ise Bay(COD, 2009)
Seto Bay (COD,2009)
Citarum River (BOD, 2015)
Cilliwung River(BOD, 2015)
Musi River (BOD, 2012)
Barantas River (BOD, 2015)
Brito River (BOD, year unknown)
Domestic Industry Agriculture Others
Japan
Indonesia
8
Consideration Points When We Think about Domestic Wastewater Management in Asian Region
1. Increase of Volume of Domestic Wastewater
Discharge from Urban Area due to Population Increase and Urbanization
2. Low Coverage Ratio of Sewerage Treatment System
3. Septic Tank
4. Economical Condition 8
Change in Population and Urbanization of Asian Countries
Population Growth Rate
(1975-2010)
Population
(thousand
persons)
Proportion of
Urban Population
(%)
Population
(thousand
persons)
Proportion of
Urban Population
(%)
Average annual rate of
population change (%)
Cambodia 7,098 4 14,138 20 2.8
China 915,041 17 1,341,335 47 1.3
Indonesia 134,106 19 239,871 44 2.3
Japan 110,808 57 126,536 67 0.4
Laos 3,042 11 6,201 33 3.0
Malaysia 12,313 38 28,401 72 3.7
Myanmar 29,534 24 47,963 34 1.8
Nepal 13,373 5 29,959 19 3.5
Philippines 40,893 36 93,261 49 3.7
Korea 34,722 48 48,184 83 1.1
Sri Lanka 13,811 22 20,860 14 1.5
Thailand 42,399 24 69,122 34 1.8
Viet Nam 49,896 19 87,848 30 2.2
Total 1,407,034 2,153,680 1.5
1975 2010
Country
9
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mal
aysi
a(2
01
0)*
*
Th
aila
nd
(20
08
)
Vie
tna
m(2
01
0)
Ph
illip
pin
e(2
01
0)
Mya
nm
ar(2
01
0)
Nep
al(2
01
0)
Ind
on
esia
(20
10
)
Cam
bo
dia
(20
10
)
Lao
s(2
01
0)
Sri L
anka
(20
10
)
Sew
era
ge T
reat
men
t C
ove
rage
(%)
Country (Year）
Sewerage Treatment Coverage(Black Water and Grey Water)
*Except in Sabah and Sawawak province
Service Coverage Ratio of Sewerage Treatment in Asia
less than 5 %
Service Coverage Ratio of Sewerage Treatment in selected WEPA Countries
10
11
Malaysia (2010) 20%
Vietnam(2008) 41%
Indonesia (2012) 53%
Cambodia (2008) 43%
Manila/Philippines (2010) 71%
Percentage of Septic Tank Installation in Selected WEPA Countries
BO
D P
ollu
tio
n lo
ad (
g/c
ap/d
ay) 88 %
68 %
Pollution Load from Grey Water
12
Source：Human Development Report 2006, UNDP
13
Cost of Domestic Wastewater Treatment
18
14
Relationship between Sewerage Treatment Coverage Ratio and GDP per Capita in WEPA Countries
Range of GOD per Capita in other WEPA countries
Relationship between Sewerage Treatment Coverage Ratio and Economic Situation
114
Summary
• Domestic wastewater is major pollution source to water environment in
many Asian countries. In the respect of water environmental conservation, it is important to reduce the pollution load from domestic sector.
• When we plan to develop domestic wastewater treatment in Asian countries, it is essential to
consider social-economical situation in
the region.
20