Pain Management by Acupuncture

Continue Education Course of

@Advanced Acupuncture, Inc.

2007

Acupuncture Pain Management

Part I: Theory Overview of scientific bases of acupuncture Mechanisms of pain management Current researches and clinical trials Pain Scores and evaluation methods

Scientific Bases of Acupuncture

Neurohumoral Morphogenetic Nerve Reflex Theory The gate control theory

of pain Endorphin

Neuro-humoral Approach

Peripheral nervous system to be crucial in mediating the acupuncture analgesia

Meridian-Cortex-Viscera correlation hypothesis

Neurohumoral Approach

Acupoint-brain-organ Acupuncture stimulates

to brain cortex and nerve system, then control the chemical or hormone release to the disordered organs.

Morphogenetic TheoryShang C. China, 1989

Acupuncture points are singular points in surface bioelectric field

The role of electric field in growth control and morphogenesis

Organizing centers have high electric conductance

Acupuncture points originate from organizing centers

Nerve Reflex Theory -Ishikawa and Fujita et al, Japan, 1950s

Autonomic nervous system extending thru the internal organs

Viscera-mutinous reflex Cutanous –Viscera reflex Acupuncture utilize these

reflexes for restoring the homeostasis of the body and acceralate the healing process.

The Gate Control Theory Drs Melzack and Wall, 1965

Model for acupuncture pain relief

Specific nerve fibers that transmit pain to the spinal cord (substantia gelatinous)

Balance between Stimulation & inhibitory fibers

Short term block pain by acupuncture ( did not explain the prolong effect)

Endorphin TheoryDr. Pomeranz, Canada, 1996

Natural Morphine Acupuncture trigger the

release of endorphin into the central nervous system

Only deal with pain Corticoids and Substance P

also released along with endorphin

Therapeutic Mechanisms of Acupuncture

Acupuncture Mechanisms of Action

Conduction of electromagnetic signals

Activation of opioids systems

Changes in brain chemistry-release of neurotransmitters and neurohormones.

Acupuncture Pathways

Meridian-Cortex-Viscera Correlation Hypothesis

1. The meridian system is and connected the nervous system to the cerebral cortex.

2. It acts through neurohumoral mechanisms 3. Acu-point-Brain-organ model: stimulates

the brain cortex/nervous system, then controlling the chemical or hormone release to the disordered organs for treatment.

Morphogenetic Singularity Theory

Acupuncture points are singular points in surface bioelectric field

Converging points of surface current for change in electric current flow.

Abrupt transition from one state to another.

Eg: BaiHui (Du 20)

Physical characteristics of the acupuncture points-WHO

Points are corresponds to the high electrical conductance points on the body surface

High density of gap junctions at the epithelia of the acupuncture points.

Gap junctions are hexagonal proteins that facilitate intercellular communication and increase electric conductivity.

Research on Auricular points

WHO found 43 points have proven therapeutic value

Therapeutic effect can be achieved by needling, temperature variation, laser, ultrasound, and pressure.

Effects of Acupuncture on the Brain

UCI-Use functional MRI to investigate the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia

Stimulates Li 4 revealed activation of visual cortex.

Needling Tin Hui revealed auditory cortex activation

Effects of acupuncture on the Brain-auditory cortex

Why acupuncture has fewer side effects?

May indirect adjust the process and restore normal function by activating the network of organizing centers in the organism

The activation of the self-organizing activity is less likely to cause the side effects resulted from directly antagonizing a pathological process which often overlap with other normal and beneficial physiological processes.

The role of electric field in growth control and morphogenesis

Enhanced cell growth toward cathode and reduced cell growth toward anode in electric fields of physiological strength

Fast growing cells tend to have relative negativity polarity.

The polarity is due to the increased negative membrane potential generated by mitochondria at high rate of energy metabolism

Efficacy, effective, safety and costs of acupuncture for chronic pain

Evaluated 304,674 patients over 10,000 physicians and received 10+ acupuncture for pain

Results: acupuncture was an effective and safe treatment

The effects attributed to specific or nonspecific mechanisms and depend on the diagnosis-results a large research initiative.

Mechanisms of acupuncture for

Pain relief Polymodal receptors

(PMRs) in the acupuncture points are sensitized for the immediate action.

Action mediated by endogenous opioids

Potent stimulus for activating the analgesic systems

Therapeutic Mechanisms of Acupuncture-Dr.D. Kendall, 1980

1. Inserting a needle provokes an acute defensive inflammatory response

2. Afferent nociceptive (pain) neurons distribute to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

3. Trigger the gamma loop efferent in the ventral horn and activate neurons that cross over the spinal cord to the brain

4. Activate somatic motor nerves

5. To muscles, and autonomic motor nerves to peripheral blood vessels and to the internal organs

Acupuncture Pain Management

Part II: Clinical applicationsDifferential diagnosis and treatment for Headache & migraines, Trigeminal neuralgia, Carpal Tunnel Syndromes, Arthritis, Neckpain, Fibromyalgia, lumbago and sciaticneuralgia.

Etiology of Headache

Blood Vessels that become dilated enlarged or constricted

Muscles in the neck and head become tight or tense

Muscles around the eyes the become strained due to overwork

Sinuses became swollen due to allergies or infections

Nerves that transmit abnormal pain signals

Joints in the jaw and neck are overused or damaged.

Types of Headache-Western Medicine

I. Vascular headache (Migraines) II. Muscle contraction headache III. Combined vascular & muscle contraction

headacheIV. Headache of nasal vasomotor reactionsV. Headache of delusional conversion or

hypochondriacal states

Migraine Headache

Classic Migraine Common migraine Cluster headache Hemiplegic and

ophthalmoplegic migraine

Lower half headache

HeadachePrinciple acupuncture points

G 20 Taiyang Li 4 GV 20 Liv 3 G 8 T 3

TCM Classification of headache

1. Headache due to invasion of pathogenic wind into the channels and collateral:

Headache occurs often, especially on exposure to wind.

The pain may extend to the nape of the neck and back region.

Tongue white coating, pulse floating

TCM Classification of headache

2. Headache due to upsurge of liver-yang:

Headache distension of the head, irritability, hot temper, dizziness, blurred vision,

Tongue red with thin and yellow coating

Pulse thin wiry and rapid.

TCM Classification of headache

3. Headache due to deficiency of qi and blood:

Lingering headache, dizziness, blurred vision, lassitude, pale complexion

Tongue pale with thin white coating’

Pulse thin and thread

Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN)

Causation:-blood vessels compressing the Trigeminal nerve root as it enters the brain stem

Peripheral pathology-neurovas compression

Central pathology- hyperactivity of the trigeminal nerve nucleus

Classifications of TN

Western Medicine:

1. Typical

2. Atypical

3. Pre-TN

4. MS-related TN

5. Secondary or tumor related

6. TN neuropathy

7. Post traumatic TN

Eastern Medicine1. Pathogenic wind and cold

2. Ascending of Liver and stomach fire

3. Deficiency heat due to liver yin deplete

4. Damp/heat or damp cold accumulation

TN-Pathogenic Wind & Cold

Clinical manifestation:1. Acute onset

2. Usually affects V1 sensory

3. Aversion of wind & cold or aggravated by

4. Pain like cutting, boring and electric shock but transient ( few minutes)s

5. Wind cold or wind heat symptoms

Tx-TN Pathogenic wind & cold

Acupuncture: Yang bai, (GB14) Taiyang, (extra) Zan Zhu (Bl 2) Wai guan (SJ5) He Gu (Li 4) Herbal formula:

Jin Fang Bai du San plus Ginger

TMJ-Tempro mandibular jointDysfunction syndrome

Symptoms: Grinding teeth, Joint pain, Headache Ringing in the ears Unable to open his or

her month wide or hear a “pop” upon opening

TN-acupuncture treatment

Li 3 or Li 4 plus Temporal branch:

Taiyang, G 3 & G 14 Maxillary branch:

G1, St2, SI18, and ST3 Mandibular branch:

St6, St 5, and G2

TMJ (TMD)

TMJ-Etiology

1. Muscle spasm- pain

Masseter & temporalis

2. Meniscus-cartilage, buffer between the jaw and skull. Caused “pop”

TMJ-Acupuncture points

ST 7 SI 19 T 17 Li 4

Osteoarthritis

Arthritis due to destruction of the cartilage, bone and ligaments

Causing deformity of the joints

Damage to the joints can occur early in the disease and be progressive

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Auto-immune disease Chronic inflammation

of the tissue around joints , organ and body

Body tissues attacked by own antibodies in the blood level which causes inflammation.

Women to men: 3:1

Osteoarthritis

90% of arthritis Destruction of the

cartilage, bone and ligaments causing deformity of the joints

Damage to the joints can be progressive

Differential Dx of RA/OA

Principle Acupuncture Points for Arthritis

Temporo-mandibularST7, SI 19, T 17, Li 4

Shoulder joints:

LI 15, T14, SI 11, T3,G 34

Elbow joints:

Li 11, T10, Li 4

Wrist & joints:

T5, Li 10., LI. 4

Lumbar spinal joints:

Huatuoparaspinal acupoints, UB37 and UB 40

Lumbosacra

Joints:

GV3, B30, B 25, B40 B 60

Sacroiliac Joints:

B 27, B28

Hip joints:

G 30, G 29, G34, G39

Hip joints: G30, G 29, G34, G39

Knee joints:

St 34,St 36, Sp 9,

G 34

Ankle joints:

ST 41, T 40, K3, B50, G 35 K8

Metatarsophala-ngeal joints:

Sp 4, B 65, G 38, Sp 5

Causation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Painful neuropathies of the hand and wrist are from nerve compression, most often compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

Anatomy of CTS

Diagnosis of CTS

Numbing pain in the distribution of the median nerve but not limited to it.

Phalen’s sign positive Tinel’s sign positive Light touch/vibratory touch

positive Muscle weakness and

atrophy EMG: slowed conduction

velocity across the CT.

Etiology of CTS

Median nerve compression by tendonitis

Usually due to repetitive motion of the wrist and hands.

Carpal Tunnel Release

Surgery:

Carpal Tunnel SyndromePrinciple acupuncture points

P 6 P 5 T 4 T 5

Cervical SpondylosisPrinciple acupuncture points

SI 3 G 39 B 64 B 11 G 21 GV 16 T 10 B 10

Rotator Cuff SyndromePrinciple acupuncture points

Li15 Si 11 T14 Li 16 Li12 Li4 L 7 L 9 T 9 T 4

DX of Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis elbow)

History of tennis elbow

use Pain just distal to the

prominence of the lateral epicondyle

Radiological study negative

Knee Tendonitis

Patellar Tendonitis

Achilles Tendonitis

Runner’s injury

Lower back pain-Etiology

Herniated Disk (bulging)

Facet joint syndrome Sacroilliac joint

syndrome Myofascial syndrome

Low Back Pain-diagnosis

Clinical history Physical examination Pain sensitive

structures Pain generators Radiological studies

Low Back Pain-X-ray

Low Back Pain-MRI

Imaging study to evaluate the entire lumbar bones, discs, soft tissues and nerves.

CT, myelography, and discography use to complement MRI

Referred and Interactive Low Back Pain

Referred and Interactive Low Back Pain

The frequent referral of “ somatic pain into the limbs

Cause of the cause: Identify the source of symptoms.

Make realistic prognosis based on the stage, severity, stability and irritability of the dysfunction

Referred and interactive- Low Back Pain

Low back painPrinciple acupuncture points

B 40 & K2 (basic) L5, B 40, G34, B 65, B

60, B 34, K7, L 5, Li 11, Li 4, Sp6, Liv. 2, Li 10.

Sciatic NeuralgiaPrinciple acupuncture points

B 23 B 30 G 30 B 36 B 37 B 40 G 34

Traumatic Injury-Brain-TBI

Clinical manifestations:

1. Altered mental status2. Communication disorders3. Emotional and psychitric

disorders4. Related paralysis or paresthesia

Dx: Refer to physician for further investigation.

Cause of Neck Pain

Radiological Findings of Neck Pain

Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia

1. Widespread aching > 3 months

2. Skin roll tenderness & hyperemia

3. Disturbed sleep with morning fatigue and stiffness

4. Absence of lab. Evidence of inflammation or muscle damage

5. Bilateral tender points in at least 6 areas.