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Page 1: pancreas final 2015 - medscistudents 1102/12. pancreas...• The’pancreas’may’be’divided’into’five’major’regions— the’head,(neck,(body,(tail(and(uncinateprocess.The’

PANCREAS  

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Ini$a$on  of  dorsal  and  ventral  pancrea$c  buds  at  approximately  30  days  pos9er$liza$on.  Note  that  the  buds  appear  from  opposite  sides  of  the  gut  tube  and  that  the  ventral  bud  arises  from  a  common  outgrowth  that  will  form  the  liver  and  gall  bladder.    (B)  A  slightly  later  stage  in  pancreas  development  showing  the  ventral  bud  moving  posteriorly  to  join  the  dorsal  bud.  Endoderm  from  the  gut  tube  forms  the  parenchyma  of  the  pancreas,  gall  bladder,  and  liver;  whereas  surrounding  mesoderm  forms  the  connec$ve  $ssue.  

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As  the  two  buds  increase  in  size,  the  ventral  bud  moves  into  closer  proximity  to  its  dorsal  counterpart.  By  week  6,  the  two  buds  fuse  and  the  duct  connec$ng  the  dorsal  bud  to  the  foregut  usually  degenerates.  

Pancreas  development  at  week  6  of  development  showing  fusion  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  buds.  The  main  duct  is  derived  from  the  distal  part  of  the  dorsal  bud  and  the  proximal  part  of  the  ventral.  In  10%  of  cases,  the  en$re  dorsal  duct  remains  to  form  an  accessory  pancrea$c  duct.  

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Pancreas  

•   A  soN  lobulated  gland,  consis$ng  of  both  exocrine  and  endocrine  parts  and  very  liOle  connec$ve  $ssue.  It  extends  to  the  leN  and  slightly  upwards  across  the  posterior  abdominal  wall  from  the  concavity  of  the  diaphragm  to  the  hilum  of  the  spleen.  The  pancreas  lies  behind  the  stomach,  separated  by  the  cavity  of  the  lesser  sac.  

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•  Anatomy    The  pancreas  lies  behind  the  peritoneum  of  the  posterior  abdominal  wall  and  is  oblique  in  its  orienta$on.  The  head  of  the  pancreas  is  on  the  right  side  and  lies  within  the  “C”  curve  of  the  duodenum  at  the  second  vertebral  level  (L2).  The  $p  of  the  pancreas  extends  across  the  abdominal  cavity  almost  to  the  spleen.  Collec$ng  ducts  empty  diges$ve  juices  into  the  pancrea$c  duct,  which  runs  from  the  head  to  the  tail  of  the  organ.  The  pancrea$c  duct  emp$es  into  the  duodenum  at  the  duodenal  papilla,  alongside  the  common  bile  duct    

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•   It  occupies  the  posterior  part  of  the  epigastrium  and  the  leN  hypochondrium  

•  Its  length  varies  from  12.5  to  15  cm.,  and  its  weight  from  60  to  100  gm.  

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•  The  pancreas  may  be  divided  into  five  major  regions—the  head,  neck,  body,  tail  and  uncinate  process.  The  distal  end  of  the  common  bile  duct  can  be  found  behind  the  upper  border  of  the  head  of  the  pancreas.  This  duct  courses  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  pancrea$c  head  before  passing  through  the  head  to  reach  the  ampulla  of  Vater  (major  papilla).  The  uncinate  process  is  the  segment  of  pancrea$c  $ssue  that  extends  from  the  posterior  of  the  head.  The  neck  of  the  pancreas,  a  part  of  the  gland  3–4  cm  wide,  joins  the  head  and  body.  The  pancrea$c  body  lies  against  the  aorta  and  posterior  parietes,  and  anteriorly  contacts  the  antrum  of  the  stomach    

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•  Junc=on  between  head  and  neck  in  front  separated  by  the  groove  for  the  gastroduodenal  artery  and  behind  by  the  right  margin  of  the  groove  for  the  portal  vein  

•  Junc=on  between  the  neck  and  body  In  front  not  possible  to  separate  behind  separated  by  the  leN  margin  of  the  portal  groove  

•  Junc=on  between  the  body  and  tail  in  front  not  dis$nguishable  behind  separated  by  the  junc$on  of  peritoneal  and  non  peritoneal  areas.  

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Head  of  Pancreas  

•  two  surfaces,  anterior  and  posterior    •  four  borders:  upper,  lower,  right,  leN  •  One  process  known  as  the  uncinate  process  

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Anterior  Surface  •  It  is  directed  forward  and  laterally  and  is  separated  from  the  neck  in  the  upper  and  leN  part  by  a  groove  for  the  gastroduodenal  artery  

•  Rela=ons:  •  Upper  part  is  non  peritoneal  and  is  related  to  the  transverse  colon  

•  Lower  part  is  covered  with  peritoneum  which  is  derived  from  the  inferior  layer  of  transverse  meso  colon  and  is  related  to  the  coils  of  the  jejunum  

•   Superior  mesenteric  vessels  in  front  of  the  uncinate  process  

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Head  

•  Posterior  Surface  is  non-­‐peritoneal  and  is  directed  backwards  and  medially  

•  Rela=ons  •  inferior  vena  cava,  the  common  bile  duct,  both  renal  veins,    •  the  right  crus  of  the  diaphragm  with  the  following  structures  

–  The  right  middle  supra-­‐renal,  renal  and  gonadal  arteries  –  Right  coeliac  ganglion  

Separated  by  the  IVC  the  following  structures  are  situated  behind  the  head  

 Right  sympathe$c  trunk  and  right  psoas  major  

 

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Head  Borders  •  The  Head  of  Pancreas    (caput  pancrea$s)  is  flaOened  from  before  backward,  and  is  lodged  within  the  curve  of  the  duodenum.  Its  upper  border  is  overlapped  by  the  1st  part  of  the  duodenum  and  its  lower  overlaps  the  horizontal  part;  its  right  and  leN  borders  overlap  in  front,  and  insinuate  themselves  behind,  the  descending  and  ascending  parts  of  the  duodenum  respec$vely.    

•  In  the  groove  between  the  pancreas  and  duodenum  lodge  the  ventral  and  dorsal  anastomoses  of  superior  and  inferior  pancrea$coduodenal  vessels.  

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 Uncinate  process  

•  Triangular  projec$on  which  arises  from  the  lower  and  leN  part  of  the  head.  It  passes  upwards  and  medially  behind  the  superior  mesenteric  vessels  and  lies  on  a  more  posterior  plane  than  the  rest  of  the  gland  

•  Anterior:  superior  mesenteric  vessels  the  vein  lies  on  the  right  side  of  the  artery.  

•  Posterior:  abdominal  aorta  •  Above  leN  renal  vein  

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NECK  

•  It  connects  the  head  with  the  body  and  is  about  2cm  long.  It  juts  forwards,  upwards  and  to  the  leN,  because  at  the  neck  the  plane  of  the  head  and  that  of  the  body  meet  at  a  forward  angle.  

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NECK  •  Anterior  surface  is  covered  with  peritoneum  of  the  the  lesser  

sac  and  is  related  to  the  pylorus  of  the  stomach  •  Posterior  surface  is  non-­‐peritoneal  and  presents  a  shallow  

groove  which  contains  the  the  superior  mesenteric    vein  in  its  lower  part  and  the  trunk  of  the  portal  vein  in  the  upper  part.  

•   Upper  border  is  overlapped  by  the  1st  part  of  the  duodenum  •  Lower  border    gives  aOachment  to  the  root  of  the  transverse  

mesocolon.  

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BODY  

•  It  is  prismoid  in  appearance,  triangular  on  cross  sec$on  and  extends  from  the  front  of  the  aorta  to  the  front  of  the  leN  kidney.  

•  Has  three  surfaces  and  three  borders  

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BODY  

•  The  anterior  surface  of  pancreas    is  somewhat  concave;  and  is  directed  forward  and  is  covered  by  peritoneum  of  the  lesser  sac  which  is  derived  from  the  mesocolon:    

•  Rela$ons  •  Postero-­‐inferior  surface  of  stomach  separated  by  lesser  sac  (stomach  bed)  

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BODY  

•  The  posterior  surface  of  the  body  is  devoid  of  peritoneum,  and  presents  the  following  rela$ons:  

•   abdominal  aorta  with  the  origin  of  the  superior  mesenteric  artery  ,    •  leN  crus  of  the  diaphragm  •  LeN  psoas  and  sympathe$c  trunk  •  leN  kidney  across  its  hilum  •  leN  supra-­‐renal  gland,,    •  LeN  renal  vessels  and  pelvis  of  the  leN  ureter  •  LeN  supra-­‐renal  and  leN  gonadal  vessels  

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•   Splenic  vein  the  above  men$oned  structures  are  separated  from  the  pancreas  by  the  splenic  vein,  which  runs  in  a  groove  from  leN  to  right  and  receives  the  inferior  mesenteric  vein.  

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BODY  

•  The  inferior  surface  is  narrow  on  the  right  but  broader  on  the  leN,  and  is  covered  by  peritoneum;  it  lies  upon  the  duodenojejunal  flexure  and  on  some  coils  of  the  jejunum;  its  leN  extremity  rests  on  the  leN  colic  flexure.  

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Body  

•  Superior  border  •   Close  to  the  right  end  it  presents  a  conical  projec$on  known  as  the  tuber  omental.  

•  Celiac  artery  is  related  above  the  tuber  and  the  hepa$c  artery  runs  along  the  right  side  of  the  tuber.  Rest  of  the  border  on  the  leN  side  of  the  tuber  omental  is  accompanied  with  the  tortuous  splenic  artery.  

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Body  

•   Anterior  border    it  separates  anterior  from  inferior  surfaces  and  gives  aOachment  to  the  root  of  transverse  mesocolon  where  layers  diverge    Inferior  border    

Superior  mesenteric  vessels  emerge  under  cover  of  the  right  end  of  this  border  

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TAIL  •   It  is  the  narrow  leN  end  of  the  gland,  passes  between  the  layers  of  the  lieno-­‐renal  ligament  and  reaches  the  spleen.  Tail  is  the  most  mobile  part  of  the  gland  and  lies  at  a  higher  level  than  the  head,  opposite  the  lower  border  of  T12  vertebra.  

•  Rela$ons    •  Anterior:  stomach  separated  by  the  lesser  sac  •  Posterior:  spleen  and  splenic  vessels  •  Inferior:  leN  colic  flexure  

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•  The  Duct  of  Wirsung  is  the  main  pancrea$c  duct  extending  from  the  tail  of  the  organ  to  the  major  duodenal  papilla  or  Ampulla  of  Vater  .  The  widest  part  of  the  duct  is  in  the  head  of  the  pancreas  (4  mm),  tapering  to  2  mm  at  the  tail  in  adults.  The  duct  of  Wirsung  is  close,  and  almost  parallel,  to  the  distal  common  bile  duct  before  combining  to  form  a  common  duct  channel  prior  to  approaching  the  duodenum.  In  approximately  70%  of  people,  an  accessory  pancrea$c  duct  of  Santorini  (dorsal  pancrea$c  duct)  is  present.  This  duct  may  communicate  with  the  main  pancrea$c  duct.  The  degree  of  communica$on  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  duct  varies  from  pa$ent  to  pa$ent.    

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•  Smooth  circular  muscle  surrounding  the  end  of  the  common  bile  duct  (biliary  sphincter)  and  main  pancrea$c  duct  (pancrea$c  sphincter)  fuses  at  the  level  of  the  ampulla  of  Vater  and  is  called  the  sphincter  of  Oddi.  

•  This  musculature  is  embryologically,  anatomically,  and  physiologically  different  from  the  surrounding  smooth  musculature  of  the  duodenum.  The  normal  appearance  through  the  endoscope  includes  the  major  and  minor  papilla.  The  major  papilla  extends  1  cm  into  the  duodenum  with  an  orifice  diameter  of  1  mm.  The  minor  papilla  is  20–30  mm  proximal  and  medial.  Its  orifice  is  $ny  and  may  be  difficult  to  iden$fy.    

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Func$on  of  tehsphincter  of  Oddi;  A,  relaxed;  B,  contracted  

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Page 39: pancreas final 2015 - medscistudents 1102/12. pancreas...• The’pancreas’may’be’divided’into’five’major’regions— the’head,(neck,(body,(tail(and(uncinateprocess.The’
Page 40: pancreas final 2015 - medscistudents 1102/12. pancreas...• The’pancreas’may’be’divided’into’five’major’regions— the’head,(neck,(body,(tail(and(uncinateprocess.The’