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 Anatomy and Physiology of 

Neuron and Brain

Parkinson Disease

Cause of Parkinson Disease

Mecanism of Parkinson

Disease

How we stop or cure it?

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Sistem saraf Fungsi Sistem Saraf 

Pembagiannya Saraf 

Sistem Saraf 

Tepi

Sistem Saraf 

Pusat

Otak MedullaSpinalis

 Aferen

Eferen

Somatik Otonom

Simpatis Parasimpatis

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 Akson

Badan

Sel

Dendrit

(b) Neuron penghubung (c) Neuron motorik 

 Akson

Badan

Sel

Dendrit

(a) Neuron sensorik (b) Neuron penghubung (c) Neuron motorik

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Bagian-bagian

Otak

Telensefalon (endbrain)

Diensefalon (interbrain)

Mesensefalon (midbrain)

Metensefalon (afterbrain)

Mienlesefalon (marrow brain)

(Prince,Wilson, 2006:1007)

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A. TELENCEPHALON = CEREBRUM =OTAK BESAR

Hemisferum serebri

Korteks serebriRhinensefalon (sistem limbik)

Basal Ganglia

Nukleus KaudatusNukleus lentikularis

Klaustrum

 Amigdala

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Lobus temporalis intepretasi bau ,memori

Lobus frontalis gerakan motorik

Lobus parietalis pendengaran,taktil

Lobus oksipitalis visual

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B. DIENCEPHALON

Epitalamus

Talamus

SubtalamusHipotalamus

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C. MESENCEPHALON = OTAK TENGAH

Korpora quadrigeminaKolikulus superior 

Kolikulus inferior 

TegmentumNukleus ruber 

Substantia nigra 

Pedunkulus serebri

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 D. RHOMBENCEPHALON = OTAK

BELAKANG= METENCEPHALON :

- CEREBELLUM = OTAK KECIL

- PONS 

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E. MIENCEPHALON= MEDULLAOBLONGATA

Parkinson

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Merupakan sel otak yang sangat vital bagi

kehidupan manusia

Mengapa?

Karena fungsi utamanya adalah

menghaluskan gerakan serta mengatur perubahan sikap tubuh

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Ganglia basalis berperan juga dalam :

• Mengolah sinyal

• Mengantar impuls menuju talamus

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Definisi: substantia nigra adalah struktur otak yang terletak dimesencephalon (otak tengah) yang memainkan peran pentingdalam reward , kecanduan, dan gerakan.

Terbagi menjadi:

- Pars kompakta berfungsi terutama sebagai input ke sirkuitganglia basal, memasok striatum dengan dopamin.

- Pars reticulata, di sisi lain, terutama berfungsi sebagaioutput, menyampaikan sinyal dari ganglia basal untukberbagai struktur otak lainnya.

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 Apa itu Parkinson? 

 Apa Penyebab Parkinson? 

Bagaimana Gejala Parkinson? 

Mekanisme Parkinson? 

Pengobatan tentang Parkinson? 

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Evolution of parkinsonian disability. These figures, drawn by Charcot’sstudent,

Paul Richer, capture the deforming posture and progression of untreated

Parkinson’s disease over  

a decade (15,18).

Micrographia and tremorous handwriting. Charcot recognized that one characteristic

feature of Parkinson’s disease was the handwriting impairment that included tremorous and 

tiny script. Charcot collected handwriting samples in his patients’ charts and used them as part

of 

his diagnostic criteria, thereby separating the large and sloppy script of patients with action

tremor 

from the micrographia of Parkinson’s disease (16). 

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Usia

Geografi

PeriodeGenetik

Faktor Lingkungan

• Xenobiotik• Pekerjaan

• Infeksi

• Diet

• Trauma Kepala

• Stress dan depresi

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T = Tremor at rest (“pill rolling”) R = Rigidity (stiffness and cogwheel rigidity)

 A = Akinesia or bradykinesiaP = Postural instability and gate

abnormalities

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S = Sleep disturbancesO = Other miscellaneous symptoms (problems

with nausea, fatigue, speech, pain,dysesthesias, vision, seborrhea)

 A = Autonomic symptoms (drooling,constipation, sexual dysfunction, urinaryproblems, sweating, orthostatic hypotension,dysphagia)

P = Psychological symptoms (anxiety,psychosis, cognitive impairment,depression)

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M = motor fluctuations

 A = akathisia

D = dyskinesias (chorea, dystonia,

diphasic dyskinesia) 

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Genetik predispositions 

+

Environmental Factor ( exogenous and

endogenous )

+

Trigger factor ( stress, infection , trauma , drugs ,

toxins )

+

Age related neuronal attrition and loss of anti-oxidative mechanism

 

Parkinsons Disease

Bagan 1. Etiologi dari Parkinson s disease

( Jankovic 1992) 

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Pilihan obat :

Obat antikolinergik

 Amantadine

Penghambat MAO Agonis dopamin(levodopa/carbidopa)

Penghambat catechol-o-methyltransferase

(COMT)

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General approach to the

management of early to advanced

Parkinson’s 

disease.

Well, B.G., et al. 2009,

Pharmacotherapy

Handbook, 7th Ed., The McGraw-HillCo., . 631

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