PASIV U ENGLESKOM JEZIKU

Što je pasiv?

• Pasiv nije glagolsko vrijeme (tense), nego način (voice). U pasivnom obliku subjekt ne izvršava radnju nego ju trpi.

• Rečenice koje sadrže objekt (direktni i/ili indirektni) mogu biti u aktivu (active voice) ili u pasivu (passive voice).

• Kod transformacije aktivne u pasivnu rečenicu ne smijemo promijeniti glagolsko vrijeme!

Objekt

• Objekt je rečenični dio koji nije nužan, ali je proširuje kao predmet radnje. Postoje izravni (direktni, bliži) i neizravni (indirektni, dalji) objekt.

• Izravni objekt je u akuzativu ili rjeđe u objektnom genitivu. Radnja direktno prelazi na njega.

• Vozim automobil. (koga, što - akuzativ) Dajte mu vode. (koga, čega - genitiv) ili Dajte mu vodu. (koga, što - akuzativ) Neizravni objekt nije u akuzativu ni genitivu koji se njime može zamijeniti, već je obično u dativu, ali može biti i u lokativu i drugim padežima. Radnja ne prelazi direktno, već neizravno na njega.

• Pišem pismo majci. (komu, čemu? - dativ) Neizravni objekt može biti izrečen i prijedložnim skupom (prijedlogom i imenicom), pa se tada naziva prijedložni objekt i obično je u genitivu.

• Oduvijek je bio protiv promjena.

Zašto trebamo pasiv?

• U engleskom jeziku, više nego u hrvatskom jeziku, pasivne rečenice su česta pojava. U puno slučajeva vjerojatno niste niti svjesni da ste upotrijebili pasivnu rečenicu.

• Koristeći pasivne rečenice pomičemo naglasak s osobe koja vrši radnju (subjekt rečenice) na samu radnju, npr.

I made some mistakes. → Mistakes were made.

Što sve trebam znati kako bih napravio pasivnu rečenicu?

• Kako bismo pravilno stvorili pasivnu rečenicu (ili obrnuto) nužno je poznavati sljedeće dijelove rečenice:

SUBJEKT: vršitelj radnje People have seen wolves in the street. PREDIKAT: glagol People have seen wolves in the street. OBJEKT: People have seen wolves in the street. PRILOŽNE OZNAKE: People have seen wolves in the street.

• Ovo nisu svi dijelovi rečenice, ali su nama za pasiv najpotrebniji.

• Također moramo poznavati i razlikovati glagolska vremena, kao i

nepravilne glagole.

Tvorba pasivnih rečenica

• Objekt aktivne rečenice postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice.

• Subjekt aktivne rečenice se u velikoj većini slučajeva ne mora posebno izricati. Ukoliko ga želimo ili moramo izreći, koristimo by frazu i stavljamo ju na kraj rečenice.

[My grandfather]S planted [this tree]O.

[This tree] S was planted by my gradnfather.

Što učiniti s glagolom?

• Podsjetimo još jednom: u tvorbi pasiva ne mijenjamo glagolsko vrijeme, nego samo način!

• Za tvorbu pasiva nam je potrebano:

- glagol biti (to be) u glagolskom vremenu izvorne aktivne rečenice; npr. ako je aktivna u Present Perfect Simple, glagol biti također moramo staviti u to glagolsko vrijeme (have been)

- past particip (past participle) glavnoga glagola • Dakle, pravilo za tvorbu pasiva je:

to be + past participle of the main verb• Pogledajmo to na primjeru.

Aktivna rečenica: We keep the butter here.

Što činiti?1. Pronađimo subjekt i objekt aktivne rečenice.

[We] keep [the butter] here. S O2. Objekt aktivne rečenice postavimo kao subjekt pasivne rečenice.

The butter ...3. Odredimo glagolsko vrijeme u aktivnoj rečenici: Present Simple. Slijedite pravilo: glagol to be moramo staviti u Present Simple, dakle am, is ili are (ovisno o licu). Glagol keep je glavni glagol i njega stavljamo u past participle, dakle kept. U rečenici to izgleda ovako:

The butter is kept here. Ostatak rečenice (priložnu oznaku) smo prepisali, a subjekt glavne rečenice u ovom slučaju nismo uključili.

Aktivna rečenica: We keep the butter here.

Pasivna rečenica:The butter is kept here.

Još nekoliko primjera za Present Simple:

• A: [We]S wash [our car] O every weekend.

P: [Our car] S is washed every weekend.

• A: [They] S repair [the bridge]O every two years.

P: [The bridge] S is repaired every two years.

Ostala glagolska vremena u pasivu

Podsjetimo na pravilo:

to be + V-ed (past participle)

• Past Simple

They broke the window.

The window was broken.

Present Perfect SimpleI have sold our old house.Our old house has been sold.

Past Perfect SimpleThey hadn’t collected the rubbish.The rubbish hadn’t been collected.

Future SimpleThey will meet you at the station.You will be met at the station.

Present ContinuousThey are repairing the bridge. → The bridge is being repaired.

Past ContinuousThey were carrying the injured player off

the field. →The injured player was being carried off

the field.

Ostala continuous glagolska vremena se gramatički mogu pretvoriti u pasiv, ali se izuzetno rijetko koriste. Pogledajte zašto:

They will be repairing the road. → The road will be being repaired.

Modalni glagoli

• Modalni glagoli (modal auxiliary verbs) su: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would; need, dare, used to

• Također mogu tvoriti pasiv i to koristeći pasivni infinitiv:

(present infinitive) to keep > to be kept

(perfect infinitive) to have told > to have been told

Napomena: modalni glagoli uz sebe vežu infinitiv bez ‘to’You must/should shut these doors. These doors must/should be shut.They should/ought to have told him.He should/ought to have been told.

TENSE/VERB FORM ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present Simple keeps is/are kept

Present Continuous is keeping is/are being kept

Past Simple kept was/were kept

Past Continuous was keeping was/were being kept

Present Perfect Simple has kept has/have been kept

Past Perfect Simple had kept had been kept

Future Simple will keep will be kept

Objekt i pasivne rečenice

• Samo glagoli koji imaju objekt mogu imati pasivni oblik:

[John] S swimms [every day]A. - no O, no passive!

Neki glagoli mogu uz sebe imati dva objekta, direktni i indirektni (Od i Oi). Bilo koji od ta dva objekta može biti subjekt pasiva.

[They] offered [us] Oi[a new flat]Od. Oi: [We] Swere offered a new flat.Od: [A new flat] Swas offered to us.

Kada indirektni objekt postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice, mora biti u nominativu: I’ll send her the books. → She will be sent the books.

Cijeli objekt postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice, bez obzira koliko ‘dugačak’ bio:

He frightened [the pretty girl standing in the dark corner].[The pretty girl standing in the dark corner] was frightened.

Uporaba pasiva• Kada nije potrebno spominjati vršitelja radnje (agent), jer je jasno iz

konteksta tko ju vrši:

The streets are swept every day.

Your hand will be X-rayed.• Kada ne znamo, ne znamo točno ili smo zaboravili tko vrši radnju:

The minister was murdered.

My car has been moved!• Ako je subjekt aktivne rečenice općenit, npr. people, one:

He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. • Kada nas više zanima radnja, nego onaj tko ju vrši:

The house next door has been bought (by a Mr Jones).A new public library is being built (by our local

council).

Ponekad se koristi iz psiholoških razloga, kako bi se ogradili od odgovornosti prilikom priopćavanja neugodnih vijesti:

Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.This letter has been opened! (Tom suspects Bill, but wishes to avoid giving the name)

Ako ipak želimo ili zbog smisla rečenice moramo navesti vršitelja radnje, koristimo by + akuzativ (zamjenice):

He was brought up by his (her) aunt. Ako želimo spomenuti instrument korišten za vršenje radnje koristimo with:

He was killed with a knife.

Negacije u pasivu

• Usporedite sljedeće rečenice:

You can’t do anything. > Nothing can be done.

We are not doing enough.

> Not enough is being done.

> It is not being done enough.

Nobody has seen him.> He hasn’t been seen.

Upitne rečenice

• Upitne rečenice moraju ostati upitne i u pasivu:

Did you write that note on the fridge? >

Was that note on the fridge written by you?

Has he posted my letters? > Have my letters been posted?

Are they producing ZXM in Spain? >

Is ZXM being produced in Spain?

Vježbe

• Our company builds roads/one road every year.

Roads are built every year by our company.

One road is built every year by our company. • Our company is building two roads/a hotel. • Our company built a hotel/4 hotels last year. • Our company was building a hotel/five hotels. • Our company has built a hotel/five hotels so far. • Our company had built a hotel/five hotels before 1986.• Our company will build a hotel next year. • Our company could build a hotel. • Our company must build five office buildings for a foreign customer.