pe 254. maximal oxygen uptake also called: vo2 max peak aerobic power maximal aerobic power maximum...
TRANSCRIPT
PE 254
Maximal oxygen uptake
ALSO CALLED:VO2 maxPeak aerobic powerMaximal aerobic powerMaximum voluntary oxygen consumptionCardio-respiratory aerobic capacityMaximal cardio-respiratory fitnessMaximal functional aerobic capacity
VO2 maxA maximum rate at which an individual can
consume O2 during maximal exertion.
Expressed as the maximum volume of oxygen consumed/min
Absolute: litres per min (L/min)
Relative: milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)
1 MET = metabolic equivalent = A unit used to estimate the metabolic cost oxygen consumption) of physical activity = 3.6 ml O2/kg/min
VO2 max depends on 3 systems: Pulmonary, Cardiovascular, Muscular
Cardiac output: stoke volume, heart rate, peripheral resistance
Muscle blood flow: capillary density
Hemoglobin content (oxygen-carrying red pigment of the red blood corpuscles)
Muscle mass
Muscle fiber type
Oxygen extraction: muscle mitochondrial density, oxidative enzymes
Pulmonary function
Oxygen deficit/oxygen debtOxygen Deficit. While exercising intensely the body is sometimes unable to fulfill all of its energy needs. Specifically, it is unable to intake and absorb enough oxygen to adequately 'feed' the muscles the amounts of energy needed to adequately perform the tasks the athlete is requesting from the body. In order to make up the difference without sacrificing the output, the body must tap into its anaerobic metabolism. This where the body goes into a mix of aerobic and anaerobic energy production. While not hugely detrimental, oxygen deficits can grow to a level that the anaerobic energy system cannot cover. This can cause performance to deteriorate.
Oxygen Debt. This term describes how the body pays back its debt incurred above after the exercise is over. You will notice that even after you are done racing you will continue to breath hard. At this point your body is still trying to repay the oxygen debt that was created when you were working hard. Technically, it is excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption.
Oxygen deficit/oxygen debt
Factors affecting VO2 maxHeredityAgeSexBody size and compositionTraining statusTypes of muscle fibers used during the
exerciseAltitudeTemperature
Factors affecting VO2 maxHeredity
It is well established that the limits for developing fitness capacity are linked to genetic endowment.
Genetic effect is currently estimated at approximately 20-30% for VO2 max, 50% for maximum heart rate, and 70% for physical working capacity.
Factors affecting VO2 maxAge
ChildrenAbsolute values for girls and boys are similar
until age 12At age 14 VO2 max value for boys 25% >
girls and by age 16, the difference exceeds 50%.
Relative values for boys VO2 max remains level at about 52 ml/kg/min from age 6-16
http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/65/3/1147
Age related changes in VO2 maxAverage VO2 max in males18-25y 43-4636-45y 35-3946-55y 32-34>65y 25-28
Average VO2 max in females18-25y 39-4136-45y 31-3346-55y 28-30>65y 22-24
Age and VO2max in Healthy Subjects
Factors affecting VO2 maxAdults
After age 25 its all down-hill (VO2 max declines at a rate of 1% per year after age 25)
BUT one’s habitual level of physical activity has far more influence on aerobic capacity than age!
Factors affecting VO2 maxSex
Even among trained endurance athletes, the sex difference for VO2 max = 15-20% mainly due to differences in:
• Differences in body composition• Hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying red pigment of the red blood corpuscles) concentration
Factors affecting VO2 maxBody size and composition
An estimated 69% of the differences in VO2 max scores among individuals can be explained by variations in body mass
Mode of exerciseHighest values are generally found during treadmill exercise, lowest on bicycle ergometer test; specificity is very important
Muscle fiber typeSlow oxidative fibers – highest oxygen consumption
Exercise and VO2 maxMoving from rest to exercise = energy requirementsMetabolism increases in direct proportion to rate of
workAs demand for energy increases so does oxygen
consumption (remember the role of oxidation to produce ATP to do work)
VO2 eventually peaks = VO2 maxVO2 may remain constant at max or drop slightly
even through work intensity continues to increase.Increased O2 consumption with increasing power
output
Other factors affecting VO2max
AltitudeLow partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphereLower partial pressure of O2 in the arterial bloodLower hemoglobin saturation
http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/3/1113
TemperatureHigher temperature – higher oxygen consumption
Why VO2 testing?A measure of cardiorespiratory endurance
gives us an indication of the individual’s aerobic fitness.
Endurance athletes generally have a larger capacity for aerobic energy transfer.
VO2 max is generally lower (10-20%) for females than males.
Predicting VO2 maxDirect measurement of VO2 max requires an
extensive laboratory and specialized equipment as well as considerable subject motivation.
Direct tests are not suitable for measuring large groups of untrained subjects outside of the lab.
Direct tests are strenuous and thus could pose a hazard to adults who are not fit
AdvantagesInexpensive
No training required
Short duration
Safety because of submaximal effort
VO2 can be estimated
HR and BP can be monitored
DisadvantagesMax HR and BP are not measured
VO2max is not measured directly
Limited usefulness
Predictive test for aerobic capacity
Although there are many predictive tests available we only focus on those used most commonly in the lab
The treadmill testYMCA stationary bicycle protocolBench step test
Predictions based on heart rate
Common tests to predict VO2 max use exercise or post-exercise HR
These tests make the use of the essentially linear relationship between HR and VO2 during various intensities of light to moderately heavy aerobic exercise
Assumptions made in VO2 max predictions
Linearity of HR-VO2 relationship
Similar maximum HR for all subjects
Assumed constant economy or mechanical efficiency during exercise
Small day to day variations in HR (+/- 5 bpm)
Method is with 10-20 of real values, good for screening
Relationship between HR and VO2
Calculating VO2max
The formulas: Male:
108.844 – [lbs./2.2 (0.1636)] – [time (1.438)] – [HR (0.1928)]
Female:100.5 – [lbs./2.2 (0.1636)] – [time (1.438)] – [HR (0.1928)]
Calculating VO2max Here’s how you do the calculation: If you are male, start with the number 108.844. If you are female, begin
with 100.5 Calculate your weight in kilograms by dividing your weight in pounds by
2.2. Then multiply your weight in kilograms by 0.1636. Finally, subtract the resulting number from either 108.844 (male) or 100.5 (female). Example: Kathy weighs 139 pounds. (a) 139/2.2= 63.2 kilograms. (b) 63.2 x 0.1636 = 10.34. (c) 100.5-10.34 = 90.16
Convert the time it took you to jog the mile into a decimal number. Multiply this decimal number by 1.438. Subtract the result from the last number obtained in step #2. EXAMPLE: (a) Kathy jogged her mile in 10 minutes and 15 seconds, which is 10.25 minutes. (b) 10.25 x 1.438 = 14.74. (c) 90.16 – 14.74 = 75.42.
To obtain your VO2max, multiply your heart rate (taken right at the end of the one mile jog) by 0.1928. Subtract the result from the last number obtained in step #3. Example: Kathy’s heart rate at the end of the mile was 132. (a) 132 x 0.1928 = 25.45. (b) 75.42 – 25.45 = 49.97. So, Kathy’s VO2max is about 50 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute. With a VO2max of 50, she should be able to complete a
5K in around 29 minutes, a 10K in about 41:20, and a marathon in 3:11.
Prediction equations for bench step
MenVO2max = 111.33 – (0.42 x HRREC)
WomenVO2max = 65.81 – (0.1847 x HRREC)
HRREC = 15 second recovery HR (bpm)
Pre-test screeningBe sure to carefully follow ALL procedures in
lab manual
Subject must answer NO to all questions on PAR-Q (physical activity Readiness Questionnaire) and sign it in order to carry on with testing
Subject must complete the submaximal testing readiness questionnaire
Videos on VO2max testshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5xiJ1qpM
mA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18-Fj8ub7Ik&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi9ZGl1Ha3o&feature=related
Monday, September 14th
Read Chapter 2 before Monday, September 14th
Please meet at the Fitness Lab, PE 2A (across from the Student Wellness Center) on Monday, September 14th