pe solar water heater

Presented By : Farhan N. Khokhar, Phoenix Ent'p


Solar Energy Facts

Energy is around us in a variety of forms, which include, naming just a few, gasoline, running water, light and electricity. We often transfer energy from one form to another, for example, when an automobile uses the chemical energy in fuel to move. Some types of energy are easy to store (i.e. chemical) and others are easy to move from one place to another (i.e. electricity and light). Electricity is one form of energy that we have harnessed in the past 100 years. By definition, ELECTRICITY IS THE ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS WITHIN A CONDUCTING MATERIAL. It is analogous to water flowing out of a hose; the electrons are like drops of water. Enough electrons with force behind them can perform useful work.


In power systems we describe the total amount of energy consumed over a certain period in either amp hours or watt hours. A one amp current draw for 4 hours has used a total of 4 amp hours (AHr). A 100 watt light bulb over 24 hours uses 2400 watt hours (WHr) or 2.4 kilowatt hours (kWHr) of energy. Note: A kilowatt equals 1000 watts, and a kilowatt hour equals 1000 watt hours.

In all power systems we have to move the electricity from one place to another. The transfer is not 100% efficient, and we must take care to minimize the power losses en route. In wire, the loss of electrical power is a factor of the resistance of the wire, and the amount of current going through it. In general, for a given wire size, the lower the current and in turn, the lower the power loss.


Electric - uses large coils that hang down into the tank to heat the water. The coils are similar to the ones in an electric oven. Generally, electric water heaters aren't as efficient as those powered by other fuel sources, and electricity is more expensive than natural gas or propane. However, they're less expensive up front and don't require venting. If your water demand is small, then it may be a good way to go.Natural Gas - uses a gas burner at the bottom of the tank, with a venting chimney that runs through the center and out the top. The carbon dioxide and water vapor byproducts are vented through the chimney and then run outdoors through your house chimney or side wall vent. A gas pilot light or electric spark produces the flame. Natural gas models cost more than electric heaters but are more efficient to operate.

Propane - works in the same way as a natural gas, but uses propane as the fuel source. Propane is generally used as a fuel source when a home doesn't have access to natural gas. The propane is supplied from a large tank on the property.

Oil - similar to gas and propane models, but mixes the oil with air using a power burner to create a vapor mist, which is then ignited by an electric spark. Like propane, oil heat is typically used when natural gas isn't available and is also delivered to the location and stored in a large tank

http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm

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Solar - uses the heat from the sun to produce hot water. The heat is harvested by an "absorber" panel that typically sits on your rooftop. Tubes inside the panel either directly heat the water flowing through them or a transfer fluid that warms a heat exchanger. This exchanger heats your home's water in a storage tank. Solar systems can be used in conjunction with a conventional system, much like a hybrid car uses both gasoline and electricity, to cut up to 80 percent of your water heating bill.

Heat Pump - takes heat from the air and delivers it to the water via electricity. They're two to three times more efficient than electric water heaters, but consumer demand is low and there are few manufacturers. They cost more up front than conventional units and can only be used in areas where the temperature stays between 40 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 to 32.2 degrees Celsius) year-round.

As you can see, your decision largely depends on where you live. If you have access to natural gas, it can be a very fuel efficient way to go. If you live in outlying areas where it isn't available, then your home is already set up with either oil or propane. Solar heaters are best used in areas where there's abundant sunshine, so if you live in Seattle, USA, then it's probably not the best idea. Heat pumps can shave a great deal of money from your bill but are fairly uncommon, and this scares off many consumers. If you want a cost effective system that's easy to maintain and service, then a natural gas water heater is probably your best bet.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun.htm

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/gasoline.htm


Solar water heaters —also called solar domestic hot water systems —can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for homes. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they use —sunshine —is FREE.


To get a more specific idea of your needs, estimate your peak hour demand and find a heater that falls within a couple of gallons of this number. Here are estimates for the number of gallons used for each household task:

•Shower - 20 •Bath - 20 •Shaving - 2 •Shampoo - 4 •Hand and face wash - 4 •Dish wash by hand - 4 •Food preparation - 5 •Washing machine - 32


The Collector

The Hot Water Storage Tank

Thermosyphon Circulation


They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin's coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat loss


Once you've decided on your fuel type, you need to figure out what size water heater will give you enough of what you need. If you're replacing your heater, give some thought as to whether or not your previous model consistently provided enough heat. If it didn't, then you're going to want to upgrade to a larger size. Also give some consideration to whether or not your family has any potential to grow over the next decade. If you have plans to start a family or if your mother-in-law is going to be moving in with you, you'll want a larger heater as well. After you've taken all that into consideration, you can appropriately size your new heater.

For storage tank heaters, there are two important factors in sizing: the amount of water it holds and the recovery rate, which is the amount of water it can heat in one hour. The recovery rate is displayed as First Hour Rating (FHR) on the Energy Guide sticker. Generally speaking, if you live in a two-person household, you can get away with a 30 to 40 gallon heater. Three to four people require a 40 to 50 gallon tank, and if you have five or more in your house, go with a 50 to 80 gallon model. Gas heaters have a greater FHR than electric units, so they have smaller tanks with the same EF rating


Multiply these numbers by the amount of times they occur in a peak hour to get your total gallons used. For instance, if you have three people in your household that all take morning showers, you'd multiply 20 gallons by three to get 60 total gallons used. If you also run the dishwasher in that same hour after your shower, add another 14 gallons to give you a grand total of 34 gallons. This is your peak hour need and what you should look for on the Energy Guide sticker. If you have limited headroom where your heater should go, look for "low-boy" models -- they're shorter and bigger around, but have the same capacity as their taller cousins.


Hot Storage TankHot Storage Tanks are usually constructed of steel

Do protect the steel against corrosion the tank is coated with enamel or synthetic on inner surface.

As solar energy will be available only during daytime the storage tank has to be protected against energy loss in the nighttime.

Depending on the quality of insulation and on the storage capacity the hot water can be stored for approximately 24 hours.


Three types of solar collectors are used for residential applications:

1.Flat-plate collector

2.Integral collector-storage systems

3.Evacuated-tube solar collectors


Solar Car Washing System Installed at TOTAL Petrol Pump, Rawalpindi


SWH installed at Mosque


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