Samuel A. AdediranGlobal Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed)

People, their livestock, livelihood and diseases: complexity of

interrelationships.

East and Southern African Dairy Association (ESADA), Nairobi, 23-25 September 2015

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Pathogen flow at Wildlife – livestock-human interphase – Jones et. al. 2013

Complex demographics, lifestyle, production systems, influence Livestock-Human disease relationships.

Outlines

• GALVmed – background• Livestock and people• Diseases and food safety• Stakeholders roles

GALVmed - Who we are

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• Animal health Product development & adoption Partnership organisation• A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity• Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.

• Pro-poor focus: working with key partners to make a sustainable difference in access to animal health products for poor livestock keepers

GALVmed - What we do & How we work

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We support development and encourage adoption of animal health solutions by persons for whom livestock is a LIFELINE. We do this by intervention in all necessary links of the livestock value chain.

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• 60-70% of world rural poor depend on Livestock (FAO, 2010)• Livelihood of ~1 Billion in Africa & Asia – 60% women• Agriculture provides ~30% GDP & Livestock 10 - 40% of it.• Milk, meat, and eggs currently provide around 13% global

Energy and 28% protein

Livestock and Nutrition securityBackground

Livestock can be a strategic intervention in the poverty alleviation.

Animal Diseases is a great threat to the livelihood of a billion persons

Population dynamics & animal proteindemand

. • Expected growth of the world population from 7.2 billion to

9.6 billion by 2050

• Compared to consumption levels in 2010, by 2050 demand

• Beef, dairy products and mutton by 80-100 percent; and

• Poultry meat is projected to increase by 170 percent: and

• Pork and eggs need increase by 65-70 percent.

Great opportunities for value chain partners

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Drivers of improved livestock production

• Genetic Improvement, including biotechnology – GMO’s

Management• Intensification in production

systems• Improved feeding• Veterinary drugs

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Productivity gains

• Mean milk yield/cow increased 3,400 (1962) to ~ 8,000 kg (2010).

• Egg production/bird increased fourfold 300-350/yr

• Broiler birds attained slaughter weight of 5-7 kg in a third of the time required to do so thirty years ago.

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20-38% lameness incidence rate reported in intensive dairy systems with 10-15% access to pasture.

Increasing incidence of mastitis.

Reduced fertility

Acidosis in grain fed cattle

BSE - Mad Cow disease

Some key Health issues – Dairy Cows

Source: Espejo et al. 2006) EU, Clarkson et al., 1996). 1 Cook (2003)

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• Anti-social tendencies e.g. pecking, fighting and cannibalism in caged birds.

• Physiological deformities.• High growth rate and fat deposits.

Some key Health issues – Poultry

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The greatest burden of zoonotic disease falls on the poorest livestock keepers, with 2.3 billion human illness and 2.2 million human deaths/y esp in countries with large pastoral populations (e.g. Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria, India (ILRI).

• Many animal and human diseases can be exchanged via zoonotic (animal to human) or anthroponotic (human to animal) transmission.

Complex relationship and Zoonosis.

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Zoonosis – Impact on the poor

• Out of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic.

• Of nearly 335 emerging Infectious Diseases identified in humans since 1940, three-quarters are zoonotic, including HIV, Ebola, SARS, RVF, Blue Tongue, ECF and avian influenza.

• “Physiological pathogens”

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Intensification & Lifestyle diseases

• Increasing incidence of obesity and Cardiovascular diseases due to high consumption of high saturated fatty foods of animal origin such as fatty red meat and cheeses.

• Low doses Antibiotic in feed upsets gut bacteria composition & increase fat deposits.

• Feeding of aflatoxin contaminated cereals & higher incidence of cancer in high grain consuming SSA countries.

Role for all stakeholders

• Integrated collaborative R&D.

• Producer & consumer awareness

• Human capital & Infrastructures development –– Diagnostics labs, Geo-

spatial tools, ICT, Traceability,.

• Veterinary oversight, Regulation by Collective Action Organisations

(Veterinary & Farmers/pastoral assoc. – effective surveillance,

• Public & private sector participation

Balancing Production with Food safety

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• Complex relationship between livestock- human & environment.

• Application of existing knowledge can prevent future loses.• Correlation between animal health and human health calls

for global One Health approach.• Build critical infrastructure today to safeguard the future.• Costs of prevention is much lower than treatment. • Multidisciplinary Collaboration efforts - working locally,

nationally, and globally—to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment.

Conclusions

One Health agenda – Healthy livestock for healthy people

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Thank You

Globalisation Urbanisation & animal proteindemand

. Cattle - 1.5 billion to 2.6 billion andSheep and goats - 1.7 billion to 2.7 billion (FAO 2009).

The average global temperature is on track to increase by several degrees Celsius by the end ofcentury (IPCC 2007).

Together, these projections portend problems for the incidence and transmission of diseases that thrive in overpopulated, warm environments.