pete 203: properties of oil - koyapete - petrolem eng. · 2018. 9. 7. · properties of oil lecture...

PETE 203: Properties of oil

Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali

Koya University, Faculty of Engineering,

Petroleum Engineering Department

2013 – 2014

Lecture no. (1): Origin of Oil

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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1

Kurdistan accounts for 43.7 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, 25.5 billion more barrels of unproven reserves and between 3 and 6 trillion cubic meters of gas (30% of Iraq's proven oil reserves).

http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=reserves

So, it's promising sector to get good jobs as petroleum engineers.

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The word petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum, means

literally rock oil.

Petroleum (rock oil) refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the

sedimentary rocks in the form of gases and liquids.

Petroleum varies dramatically in color, odor and flow properties that

reflect the diversity of its origin.

It's a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in the form of gases

(Natural gas), Liquid (Crude Oil), semi solid (Bitumen), or solid (Wax or

asphalts).

1- Definitions

2- Some Historical Events

• 3000 BC Sumerians use asphalt as an adhesive; Eqyptians use pitch to

grease chariot wheels; Mesopotamians use bitumen to seal boats

• 600 BC Confucius writes about drilling a 100’ gas well and using bamboo

for pipes

• 1500 AD Chinese dig oil wells >2000’ deep

• 1847 First “rock oil” refinery in England

• 1849 Canada distills kerosene from crude oil

• 1856 World’s first refinery in Romania

• 1857 Flat-wick kerosene lamp invented

• 1859 Pennsylvania oil boom begins with 69’ oil well producing 35 bpd

• 1860-61 Refineries built in Pennsylvania and Arkansas

• 1870 US Largest oil exporter; oil was US 2nd biggest export

• 1878 Thomas Edison invents light bulb

• 1901 Spindletop, Texas producing 100,000 bpd kicks off modern era of

oil refining

• 1908 Model T’s sell for $950/T

• 1913 Gulf Oil opens first drive-in filling station

• 1942 First Fluidized Catalytic Cracker (FCC) commercialized

• 1970 First Earth Day; EPA passes Clean Air Act

• 2005 US Refining capacity is 17,042,000 bpd, 23% of World’s 73MM

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Petroleum is the most vital substance consumed by man at the

present time. It's important for society, politics and technology.

It's used as a main source of energy for industry, heating,

transportation; it also provides a raw materials for petrochemical

and plastic industry.

The rise in importance was mostly due to invention of internal

combustion engine and the raise in commercial aviation.

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• Downstream and upstream

Upstream" and "downstream" are business terms applicable to

the production processes that exist within several industries.

Industries that commonly use this terminology include the metals

industry, oil, gas, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology

industries.

Thus, upstream, downstream and midstream make up the stages

of the production process for these and other industries.

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• In petroleum industry

Upstream applies to the operation of exploration, drilling, hydro-

carbon production, and transmission via truck, rail or ship or

pipeline to the refinery intake valve.

Downstream includes all work done at the refinery, distillation,

cracking, reforming , blending storage, mixing and shipping.

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3- Formation

Biogenic theory

According to this theory, oil is formed from the preserved remains of

plants, animals and algae which have been settled to the sea bottom in

large quantities under anoxic conditions.

Over geological time this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried

under heavy layers of sediment.

The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the remains to

convert, first into a waxy material known as kerogen and then with more

heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as

catagenesis.

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Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, these

sometimes migrate upward until they become trapped below

waterproof rocks, within porous rocks called reservoirs.

Concentration of hydrocarbons in a trap forms an oil field, from which

the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.

Kerogen: is a composite of waxy hydrocarbon compounds which is the

primary organic component of oil shale (an organic sedimentary rock

containing kerogen).

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The idea proposes that large amounts of carbon exist naturally in

the planet, some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are

less dense than aqueous fluids, and migrate upward through deep

fracture networks. Thermophile rock bacterial are in part

responsible for the organic compound found in petroleum.

Thermophile : Requiring high temperatures for normal development.

Abiogenic theory

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Oil Window

The temperature range in which the oil forms is an oil window. This

range is generally between 50 to 200 0C.

Below the minimum temperature the oil remains trapped in the

form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is

converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking.

The formation of oil is endothermic reactions at high temperature

and pressure.

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4- Composition of Petroleum

An oil well produces mainly crude oil with some natural gas

dissolved in it.

Because the pressure is lower at surface than underground,

some of the gases can come out as associated with oil and can be

recovered (or burned).

All crude oils are mainly constituted of hydrocarbons mixed with

variable amounts of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen compounds.

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Metals in the form of inorganic salts or organo-metallic compounds

are present in the crude mixture in tiny amounts.

The ratio of different constituents in crude oils varies obviously

from one reservoir to another.

The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to

formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over

narrow limits and as shown in Table 1.1

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Table 1.1 the composition by weight of crude oil as chemical element

Element Range %

Carbon 83-87

Hydrogen 10-14

Nitrogen 0.1 – 4

Oxygen 0.1 – 1.5

Sulfur 0.5-6

Metals <0.1

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Crude oils are refined to separate the mixture into simpler fractions that

can be used as fuels, lubricants, or as intermediate feed to the

petrochemical industries.

A general knowledge of these composite mixtures is essential for

establishing a processing strategy.

Normally crude oils are not used directly as a fuel or as feed stocks for

the production of chemicals.

This is due to the complex nature of the crude oil mixture and the

presence of some impurities that are corrosive or poisonous to the

processing catalyst.

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Natural accumulation of petroleum in the earth's interior are called traps.

Petroleum found in pockets of porous rock such as sandstone,

surrounded by non-porous rock. Gas and oil and water have speed into

such pockets and been trapped.

Kind of traps:

A-The anticline trap: it is the most common trap in which the pool and

locked in the roof areas of anticlinal structure.

5- Traps

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B- The fault trap: the fault is where earth

movement have caused rock layer to crack

and shift, so that a non-porous layer forms

apart the barrier trapping the oil.

C- The stratigraphic trap: a stratigraphic

trap forms when two non-porous layers

have joined.

pete 203: properties of oil - koyapete - petrolem eng. · 2018. 9. 7. · properties of oil lecture...

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