physical methods.docx

8/10/2019 PHYSICAL METHODS.docx

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PHYSICAL METHODS

OF MICROBIAL CONTROL

Physical Methods of Microbial Control is a part of Stataization.

Sterlaization is Process In which the Kill the Microganisms from

Contaminated thing such as glass ware Petri dish, test tube, slaid Flaks,

and also the Plateform where the Practical are performed.

PHYSICAL METHOD- The Control and killing of Microorganisms by the

physical agents is Physical Method of Microbial Control.

The control of Microorganisms mean to reduce the Activity of Microbes

The controlling of micros stop to transmission of deices and infection

species of microorganism different in susceptibility to the physical and

and Chemical agent. The microorganisms which is spore forming species

and the growing vegetative cell are mush susceptible as Compared to

spore forms, the bacterial spares are most Resistant of all living

organisms and they Cop bile to service under physical and chemical

conditions. The major Physical agents Used for the control of

microorganisms Such as Temperature, desiccation osmotic pressure,

Radiation and filtration.

TEMPERATURE:- Sterilization is done b an the any object Heating is a

lethal process. By the temperature distorting the protein and Chemical

substens of Microbes.

Dry Heat- In his process there is Direct heating of the equipments and

glass warily used in sterilization there are two process of Dry Heating:-


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(A). Flaming-In this process there is direct Heating of the Equipment in

red Hot heat the Tools such as used in this strelization is needle sissar

and also strelized the neck of test tube and flosk.

(B) Hot Air Oven-In this Method the glass were such as specimen tube,

Culture Flosk, Bakers, Petrideshed, are dryad and they re introduced in

side Thermostatically Control hot air oven in the Process the Complete

sterilizationis Done mainteniy A temperature of 160C0

for 4-6 hours in

side the oven.

(2) Wet Heat- In this Method steam which is more efficient in culture

material is used wet heat Sterilization involves following methods.

(A) Boiling- In this Process the Instruments such Inaculeting needle,

scalp slides, Petridistics, Syringes are caption a condoner field with

Distilled water and these are allowed to boiled for about 15 minute by

this method all the Articks become free form Microorganisms but it

does not remove the spore which are heat Persistent for Distraction

Registrant spore the method of wet heating which s used is called

tyndlizations.

(B) Tyndlization- This Method was introduce \by Tyndelll and in this

method the material from sterilization is heated with surevlating steam.

At 100C0 for two hours for about 3 days in this method Intermittent

heating help in the complete permeable of persistent spore.

(C) Steam Under Pressure (Autoclave)- This method steam under

pressure is aplide for sterilizing equipment in an instrument which

called- Autoclave, an autoclave consists of cylindrical maxillae Bissell

with liable walls in this instrument the steam under pressure is applied


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for about 15 minute and it is used to sterilised most of the culture

tables and flask used from microbial culture.

By:- Goodle.com

D- Filtration-These method is used for sterilizing those material which

are distrait by the effect of dry and wet heat, this metod is stable from

thermable materials such as culture media cantoning harmonies.

Enzyme and organic substrate such materials are sterlised by filtration

there the filtered of Fine poroeity which help became micro-orgnism

such as bacteria, fungi and virus.

The filters used from this process are made up of plaster of peris

intend gived and they do not allow bacteria to pass out. There for the

filtrate becomes sterile.


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The filter commonly used are chamber lamp. Pasteur filter and

berkland filter filtration is performed under pressure.

By:- Google.com

E- Sterilization by Radiation- In this process U.V. Radiations are

generally used for stylizing culture rooms and tables in this method the

materials to be sterilized is taken in to gass tapes which to not observe

U.V. Radiations and the exposer time is about one hours.

Asmotie Pressure- Microorganism in high concentrations of salts and

sugars undergo plasmolysis molds and yeasts are more capable than

bacteria of growing in materials with law moisture of high osmotic

pressure.

Cold -Freez - It is done by liquid nitrogen dieres the biological material

a netural temp to 196C0

Deping in 20 to 18C0

in Refrigerator if we put.

The materid on at 4C0

them is is not freez the sample but the slow the

growth of the contoment.


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PAPAYA RING SPOT VIRUS

Papaya Rigspot virus is a Pathegenic plant Virus. The Papaya Ring spot

Virus diseur Occurs in many tropical Countries worldwide.

Papaya Ring spot Virus is the genus potyvirus Potyvirus and the Virus

Family is Potyviridoe.

The Virus is a non- Flexuous Rod- Shaped the size is between 760-800

mm long 12 mm in diameter. It is transmitted infection between plant

by mechanical activities little Priming. The ring spot virus transmission

not detected in the seed.

There is two type of virus a serologically indistinguishable and are so

closely genetically related they are now considered the some Virus

specie the two type of virus are Type P and Type W. These are Infected

the papaya and Many members of melon family and type W is not

Effected the papaya be if efect watermelon, Cucumber and there are

known as watermelon mosaic Virus.

History- The Virus is first time uin Oahu in 1937. Papaya protections

has bean severely affected by Papaya Ringspot Virus.

The Disease was mild 12 years. Unit in either mutated a aggreesive

strain was introduced around 1960, in this 12 years the land under

papaya production is dropped down 94% the production was move to

from Oahu to Puna a region of Hawaii island.

In 1971 the papaya Ringspot Virus is found in home garder. But efforts

were prevents it spread. The Virus is observing in Commercial forms in

1992 and by 1995 production is Impossible in Puna. The Transgenic


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plant of the papaya are Persistent to papaya Ringspot Virus and

Production will stort in 1998 and Resuscitated the industry.

By:- Google.com

Distribution and Origin:- The both type of the virus papaya Ringspot P

and W is Present in Middle east, Africa, south and Central America, If is

also found in china, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Taiwan, USA and

also in India.

In Asia little India about 2250 years Ago. From there it is transmitted

slowly to the continent Teaching China. It is also transmitted Australia

and America Directly by India. The Papaya Introduce in India only 500

year Age so the Virus is made from the cucurbits. The Virus is switched

back and forth between Pathtypes some tiem in its evolution.


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Symptoms:- The infected papaya free show symptoms in 2-3 week. The

symptoms consists of leaf muffling and distortion, small share strong.

New leaf, dark green and slightly sunken ring on the surface of

Misshapen fruits and streaks and stem and petiols Quality on yeialed of

Infected plants are markedly Reduced.

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Properties of Virus- The papaya Ring spot Virus Consist two type of

Virus one is PRSV-P which is caused papaya Ringspot and also attack on

Cucurbits Family and another one is PRSV-W who is Infected only

Cucurbits PRSV-W also called is watermelon music virus This are single

stranded RNA and coat Proteins submit of 36 KDA


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Transmission- Papaya Ringspot Virus is transmitted by Several Species

of Aphids in non Persistent manner. The papaya Ring spot Virus is

transmitted easily with Infected plant sop. Which may be or important

for field spread as it is for experimental Purpose.

By:- Google.com

Control:- There is no any particular control for the papaya Ringspot

virus. For control of PRSV he certain Variation are most symptomatic

the outher. There are some Method for controlling the transmission of

Papaya Ringspot Virus, Such as Raguing, Cross protection, Transgenic

and netting.

It also control to the translocation of the plant from the infected field.

The conventions of temperature change is also help in the controlling

of the pathogen.


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a.

ROGUING:- In this process the removal and Detraction of the

infected plants to control the spread the ringspot virus This

method is unsuccessful in puna and Hawaii region but is elective

in by aphids.

b.NETTING- this method used to prevent inset vectors from

spreading the Virus. This method is very expensive per small seale

producers. Some time it not effective dev to geographical Region.

c. CROSS PROTECTION- This method is little the vaccination in

Human. A mild strain of PRSV is introduced into the host plant,

which develop Resistance to virulent strains of the virus.

d.TRANSGENIC-This type of control is introduced in 1998. Rainbow

is F hybrid which is a cross between the yellow fleshed kapoho

and the red- fleshed sun up. Rainbow it proved 76% of Hawaiian

papaya this method is very effective agents Hawaii strain of PRSV.

e. ECONOMIC IMPACT-The Papaya Ringspot virus pot More effect

on the Economic Stability of the world. In Hawaii PRVS has

dramatic effect between 1992 and 1977 all field in puna region

had beed affected this is local industry worth 11 Million yearly.

Brazil accounts for nearly help of global output, with India second

and Nigeria third in worldwide production.


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DNA PACKAGING IN PROKARYOTES

The packaging of Chromosome and organized Chromatin, a complex of

Macromoleculed which is found in the cell. It also consist of DNA,

Protein and RNA the information- carry Macromolecule is a single piece

of coiled of double stranded DNA, which is contorting many gene,

Regulatory elements and other some non- coding DNA. The DNA is

bound the Macro molecules and protein. Which is provide the help to

package the DNA and Control the all function.

By:- Google.com

Some species also contain plasmids or other extra chromosomal DNA.

The Chromosome very widely in between different organisms.

Compaction of the Duplicated chromosome during mitosis and meioses

result as a Four- arm Structure. It the centromere is located in the


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middle of chromosome or a two arm structure if the centromere show

near one end. The chromosome recombinant play important rote in

Genetic diversity.

HISTORY OF DISCOVERY:- The word chromosome come from greek

lawn ( Chroma, Colour) and (Soma, body) the chromosomes and

chromatin are very strongly stained by particular.

The scientists Schneider, Virchow and butsehli and who accepted the

structure of chromosome for everyone. The term was given by ven

wonderer hartz the chromatin is Deraiv by welther Fleming.

The experiment started in mid 1880 Theodor Baveri gave the

knowledge about the chromosome are vectors of heredity the two

principles of Theodor Boveri is continuity of chromosomes and then

individuality of chromoson.

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The second principle of Boveri was so original.

Scientists wilt helm Roux suggested that the each chromosome carry a

different genetic load. Bavari was abe to best and confirm this

hypothesis by the rediscovery of the 1900 Groger mentel earlies work,

Boveri was able to know he connection between the rules of

inheritance and the behaviours of the chromosomes.

The number of Human Chromosomes was published in 1923 by

Theophilus pointer In 1956 that the true nember 46 was determined by

indo nesiabarn Gytogeneticist hin Tjio.

By:- Google.com

PROKACYOTES:- The prokoryoted cell have single circular chromosome

but some prokaryates have variations most of the bacterial

chromosome size is in range of only 1600,000 base pairs but the endo

symbolic bacterium candidates coresonella ruddi to 12,200,000 base

pair the bacteria such as borrelia burgdorferi the couse of lyme diseare

containing a single linear chromosome.


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STRUCTURE- Prokaryoted cell chromosomes have less sequences

based structure them eukooyotes.

The bacteria have a lipicell single point the origin of Replication and

some Archaea contain multiple replication origins. In prokaryotes cell

the gene are often organized in open as and dono't caontain Introns

unlike eukaryotes.

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DNA PACKAGING:-

Prokaryotes do not have own nuctei, instead their DNA is organized in

to a structured celled nucleoid, The nucleoid is a structure and a

defined region of the bacterial cell, This structur is dynamic and is

maintained and remodeled by the action of a range of the Histone

protein which link with bacterial chromosomes in reechoes the DNA in

chromosome is more organized with he DNA packaged with structure


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similar to eukaryotic nucleosides the bacterial cromorome is save the

plasma membrane is become catch with a type of thread of the

bacteria. In the molecular biology application. This process is allows for

the Isoloation from plasmid DNA by Centrifugation of need bacteria

and attached the DNA and the member prokaryotic chronisomes and

plasmid are like eukaryotic DNA which is generally supercoiled.

By:- Google.com


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The prokaryotes his terms are a family of small positively charged

pretines such as H1, H2a, H2B Hz and Hy. The DNA is negetely charged

due to the phosphate groups in its phosphate sugar is backbone so the

histone is bind with Dna very highly, which is building block of

chromatin packaging. DNa can be futher packaged by forming coil of

nuclirosome called chromatin fibers are in to chromosomes of

chromatin during mitosis of the process of cell division

The chromatin division in to daughter cell and after mitosis is

complete, he DNA is unpacked so transcription can occur again. So we

can say the mitosis is a big DNA moving time the packaging starts with

HDAC , and HMT, lightening the packaging and mitosis is completed

HAT, and HPT, Peevethe packaging.


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