Physics, Physicists and the History of Computation and Computers

Computer1766Nautical Almanac

Charlies Babbage1791-1871Babbage1823(Difference Engine No.1

Babbage's Difference Engine No.2

BabbageAda Lovelace1815~1852 Analytical Engine

George Boole

Boole1847~1852Boolean

Boolean{0,1}FALSETRUEORANDNOT

Lord Kelvin (1824~1907) Lord Kelvin 1876 1950

Herman Hollerith (1859~1929)

1790188021000HollerithTabulator1890

Tabulator 1890 62,622,250

Thomas J. Watson1874~1956Watson & IBM1914 Watson CTRComputing Tabulating Recording Co. Hollerith1924 International Business Machine Co. IBM1929IBM

Konard Zuse (1910~1995)Z11936ZusePlankalkul

Z1 1943 Zuse 1989 Z1

1941ZuseZ3Z1Z35~10Hz0.73419441960Z3

J.V. Atanasoff & C. Berry1941 : ABC Atanasoff-BerryComputerDrum DRAM ENIACAtanasoff

1941 : Harvard Mark IIBMAutomatic Sequence Controlled CalculatorIBM Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900~1973)

J.P. Eckert (1919~1995)J.W. Mauchly (1907~1980)1946 : ENIACENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerEckertMauchly194511150kW18000400100Hz50004001955

1920~306020193515ENIAC

vs. 1944John von Neumann1903~1957 ENIACEckertJohn von Neumann1903~1957

Logic Gate(a) B=A(b) B=

"OR" gate: C=AB

ABC000011101111

240+204

ENIAC ENIAC

1. 2. 3.

Mauchlystored-program comptuer

EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic ComputerENIACENIACEDVAC

EDVAC ENIAC EDVAC

1.ENIAC2.3.

Mercury Delay LineEckert1000

EDVAC

EDVAC3600ENIAC

1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC Eckert

Magnetic Core Memory1950MITJ.Forrester01

1954UNIVAC

2mm/1.3mm0.18/0.10

0.5/0.31638432bit32128X12816cmX16cm5242881968

19501954Texas Instrument1956UNIVAC

1957: Fairchild Semicon. Gordon Moore Robert Noyce Fairchild IBM1958J. KilbySi/GeFairchildFairchildTISI/GE0.040.062

1963: Fairchild 1963 907 0.0380.048

1971INTEL 40041968Moore, Noyce Andrew GroveINTEL 19714004INTEL 4004 4-bit 2300110.110.15

Moores Law

Limitation of Moores Law

1988: Mathematica1986Stephen WolframWolfram Research1988Mathematica

1989: World Wide Web1989CERNTim Berners-LeeHTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol URL: Uniform Resource Loc ator Hypertext Markup Language WWWinfo.cern.chWWW

Next Generation?Quantum Computer?Bio Computer?Molecular Computer?

Quantum Computer1980: R. P. Feynmann: information science and quantum mechanical processes1985: D. Deutsch: quantum bit, quantum gate, and quantum computer