pipeline transportation report

8/3/2019 Pipeline Transportation Report

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Pipeline Transportation is the transportation of goodsthrough pipe. Most commonly, liquids and gases aresent.Pipeline are very important part of modern civilization.

And pipeline transport has become the most importantway of moving fluids from one point to other. Pipelineshave been used for millennia for the movement ofwater and pipeline technology was able torevolutionize petroleum exploration in the 1800s.

These days pipelines are used to move substancesranging from water, oil or natural gas, ethanol,hydrogen gas, to beverages and pneumatically drivenparticulate solids.


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An unique mode of transportation.

They can move large quantities of certaintypes of commodities, mainly fluids, over

long distances at relatively low cost.The operations are environmentally friendly,

dependable and continuous

The pipelines can be laid on a wide variety of

terrains without much difficulty.


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They do not require the return ofempties to the starting point and assuch are ideal for un-directional traffic.

They are insensitive to surfaceconditions such as storms, inclementweather, etc.

Operating costs are low.They are environmentally friendly.


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Gathering Pipelines-Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex networkswith the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearbywells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipelinesare usually short a couple of hundred meters and with small diameter.Also sub-sea pipelines for collecting product from deep water productionplatforms are considered gathering system.

Transportation Pipelines-Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refinedproducts) between cities, countries and even continents. Thesetransportation networks include several compressor stations in gas linesor pump stations for crude and multiproduct pipelines.

Distribution Pipelines-Composed of several interconnected pipelines with small diameters,used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines to distributegas to homes and businesses down stream. Pipelines at terminals fordistributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in thisgroup.


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Pipeline design includes the following; Selection of the route traversed by the pipe. Determination of the throughput. The operational velocity. Calculation of pressure gradient. Selection of pumps and other equipment. determination

of pipe thickness and material. An engineering economic analysis and a market analysis

to determine the optimum system based on alternatedesigns.

In each design, careful consideration must be given tosafety, leak and damage prevention, governmentregulations, and environmental concerns.


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PRE-CONSTRUCTION

Surveying and stakingOnce the pipeline route is finalized

crews survey and stake the right-of-wayand temporary workplace. Not only willthe right-of-way contain the pipeline, it isalso where all construction activitiesoccur.

Preparing the right-of-way

The clearly marked right of way iscleared of trees and brush and the topsoil is removed and stockpiled for futurereclamation. The right-of-way is thenleveled and graded to provide accessfor construction equipment.

Pipeline construction is divided into three phases, each with its ownactivities: pre-construction, construction and post-construction.


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Digging the TrenchOnce the right-of-way isprepare, a trench is dugand the centre line of thetrench is surveyed and re-staked. The equipment

used to dig the trenchvaries depending on thetype of soil.

Stringing the pipeIndividual lengths of pipe

are brought in from stockpile sites and laid out end-to-end along the right-of-way.


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CONSTRUCTION Bending and Joining the pipe

- Individual joints of pipe are bent to fit theterrain using a hydraulic bending machine.Welders join the pipes together using eithermanual or automated welding technologies.Welding shacks are placed over the joint to

prevent the wind from affecting the weld. Thewelds are then inspected and certified by X-ray or ultrasonic methods.

Coating the pipe-Coating both inside and outside the pipelineare necessary to prevent it from corrodingeither from ground water or the product

carried in the pipeline. The composition ofthe internal coating varies with the nature ofthe product to be transported. The pipesarrive at the construction site pre-coated,however the welded joints must be coated atthe site.


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Positioning the pipeThe welded pipeline is lowered intothe trench using bulldozers withspecial cranes called side booms.

Installing values and fittingsValves and other fittings are installed

after the pipeline is in the trench. Thevalues are used once the line isoperational to shut off or isolate partof the pipeline.

Backfilling the trench-Once the pipeline is in place in the

trench the topsoil is replaced in thesequence in which it was removedand the land is re-countered and re-seeded for restoration.


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POST CONSTRUCTION

Pressure TestingThe pipelines is pressuretested for a minimum ofeight hours using nitrogen,air, water or a mixture ofwater and methanol.

Final Clean-upThe topsoil is replaced in thesequence in which it wasremoved and the land is re-contoured and re-seeded forrestoration.


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TRANSPORTED SUBSTANCE


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Conventional or energypipelines- this refers to the pipeline thattransport oil and natural gas

Slurry pipelining-it is used in mining to transport

mineral concentrate from amineral processing plant near amine.

Capsule pipelining / PneumaticCapsule-Capsule pipeline transport can be

defined as the movement ofgoods or passengers through anenclosed length of tube, inmembranes which enclose thecargo.


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Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transportlarge quantities of oil, refined oil products or natural gas overland. Compared to shipping by railroad, they have lower costper unit and higher capacity. Although pipelines can be builtunder the sea, that process is economically and technicallydemanding, so the majority of oil at the sea is transported bythe tanker ship.

Great example of oil or natural gas pipelines in the Philippinesare: Offshore NW Palawan, the Malampaya natural gas is delivered

to the on shore gas processing plant in Batangas. The gas thensupplied through offshore pipelines to Sta.Rita, San Lorenzoand Ilijan power plants, all in Batangas province in Luzon

Crude Oil pipeline exist in the country and runs from Batangasto Pandacan in Manila. The proposed natural gas pipelines from Batangas to Manila

including spur lines will pass through economic zones in Lagunaprovince, south Manila.


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The 36-hectare Pandacan Terminals house the oil companies

distribution terminals and depot facilities. The refineries of Chevronand Shell in Tabangao and Bauan, both in Batangas, respectively,are connected to the Pandacan Terminals through a 114-kilometerunderground pipeline system. Petrons refinery in Limay, Bataan,

on the other hand, also services the depot. The terminals store fueland other petroleum products and supply 95% of the fuelrequirements of Metro Manila, 50% of Luzons consumption and35% nationwide.

The First Philippine Industrial Corporation supplies oil and operatesthe pipeline from Batangas to Pandacan oil depots. The pipeline isburied underneath residential and largely populated areas in Metro

Manila.


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Offshore pipelines transport natural gas fromthe Malampaya Field to Batangas Bay, SouthLuzon Island for conversion to electric power.Hydrocarbons produced from Malampayasubsea wells in 850m water depth flow throughtwo 16 inch CRA clad pipelines to a shallowwater platform in 40m water depth. Afterseparation, sales gas is transported through a500km long 24-inch offshore pipeline toBatangas.


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Malampaya Pipeline Project


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Malampaya Pipeline Project


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The concentrate of the ore is mixed with waterand then pumped over a long distance to a portwhere it can be shipped for further processing. Atthe end of the pipeline, the material is separatedfrom the slurry in a filter press to remove thewater. Water is usually subject to a wastetreatment process before disposal or return to themine. Slurry pipelines offer an economicadvantage over railroad and much less noise

disturbance to the environment, particularly whenmines are in extremely remote areas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry


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Typical Slurry Pipeline Applications Mineral Ore Transport System

large volume transport low to medium pumping head medium distance pipeline (20 to 50 km) used when a mine plant and concentrator can not be located near the ore

bodies due to terrain difficulty, or when the mine plant and concentrator isinstalled near the tailings impoundment site.

Tailings Disposal System high volume solid transport low head to transport mine tailings to impoundment. Short distance pipelines (up to 5 km to 60 km)

Concentrate Transport SystemA vital part of the mining system,

as a poor delivery system can affect the mines ability to market itsproduct effectively. low volume transport at high pressure lines Long distance pipelines (25 to 1,000 km)


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Safer and more reliable

Can traverse difficult terrain

Environment-friendly

May be buried

ROW is quickly reclaimed


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Facility Location

Site Elevation

Terminal Elevation

Pipeline Route

Ideal Pipeline Route & Profile

Constructability


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Slurry Properties

Slurry Classification:

1) Homogenousslurries are only pseudo

homogenous due to force of gravity and settlingcharacteristics;2) Heterogenousthe concentration of the slurry

particles varies greatly from top to bottom of thepipes cross section; and

3) Complexnot completely homogeneous norheterogeneous pseudo-homogenous and nottruly


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Slurry Properties

Slurry Properties considered:

a) For carrier Fluid (usually water but may be alcohol, liquidCO, oil and fuels:

Density Viscosity Bulk Modulus Vapor Pressure

b) For Solids Density (specific gravity) Shape

Particle Size Distribution Surfactants

c) Mixture (Slurry) Settling characteristics Rheological characteristics


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Slurry PropertiesSlurry types based on physical properties:1) Conventional Mineral Slurriesprepared as a consequence

of their beneficiation process with a degree of concentrationand particle size control.

2) Conventional Tailings - lack the high degree of concentrationand particle size control. Therefore, the tailings pipelinedesigner prepares for many scenarios using heterogeneousand homogeneous models order to account for allpossibilities.

3) Non-conventional Slurries - are highly concentrated nonNewtonian (e.g., fuels).

4) Thickened Tailings (paste) - It has the advantage of disposing

of highly concentrated tailings and thereforereduces thestorage volume required. Also, it eliminates the need toinstall water reclaim


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Slurry Minimum VelocityTransition Velocity associated with

homogeneous flow. Where solids in the

slurry exhibits settling tendency, slurryflow must be maintained in theturbulent regime. Calculationconsiders the following:

Critical Reynolds Number Determine Hedstrom Number


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Deposition Velocity associated withheterogeneous flow where a gradient existsin the distribution of solid particles across the

cross section of the pipeline. These slurriesinvolve fast settling solids (coarse particles)that would require turbulent flow for re-suspension.


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Friction Loss Calculation Homogeneous FlowFor homogeneous flow, Darcys equation is utilized

for determining friction loss.However, the friction factor for flowing in the turbulent regime is determined bythe use of Colebrooks equation.

Heterogeneous Flowrequires a more complex calculation as bothhomogeneous and hetergeneous conditions are evaluated. Most practices

utilizes Wasp methodology for this calculation.

Steady State Hydraulic Calculation The Steady State Calculation is performed based on the committed pipeline

profile, slurry minimum velocity and calculated friction losses. This calculationwill determine the required pipeline diameter, wall thickness, pumping head andany choking requirements.

Transient Hydraulic Calculation The transient hydraulic calculation is performed to confirm that the pipelines

maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) is not exceeded undertransient condition. Since, this is involves a dynamic propagation of pressure,this is better performed through graphical computer simulation.


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Major elements for a slurry pipeline: the slurry preparation facilities such as a mineral concentrator

carrier liquid supply (e.g. water)

slurry surge storage at the preparation facility

the mainline with pump stations, valve stations, and in somecases energy dissipation stations

communications and control system

intermediate slurry storage facilities (if required)

Terminal slurry storage facilities

Usuallyprovidedwith others


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Slurry pipelines are not new in the Philippines,although of limited use

Slurry pipeline technology has advancedwhile local mining industry slackened

Any major mining operation should consider

utilizing pipelines


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To convey concentrate from inland copperor iron mines


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To convey Ni ore from minesite to plant


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To convey concentrate from inland copperor iron mines


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To aggregate contiguous deposits


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Pipelines are useful for transporting water for drinking orirrigation over long distances when it needs to move overhills, or where canals or channels are poor choices due toconsiderations of evaporation, pollution, or environmentalimpact.

The purpose of water pipelines is to transport surface water

or groundwater from one area to another without causingerosion and reducing the chance of evaporation.

Water pipelines provide a solution to areas lacking acontinual and sustainable water source. These massivepipelines can transfer water quickly and effectively, avoidingevaporation which can occur in an open water can beextracted from deep within the earth through well pumping.Also, water can be directly taken from a surface watersource.


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Water pipelines are large indiameter and can supply waterto communities and industriesover both short and longdistances. Pipelines can beinstalled underground or aboveground. They can be used tobring in freshwater, or transportand dispose of wastewater.

Pipelines need to be monitoredcontinually water quality mustbe constantly checked.Because of great distances

that major water pipelines cancover, maintenance fees areextreme.


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The construction of waterpipelines is also verytaxing on the land.Thousands of miles ofmassive pipes can disrupt

ecosystems, ruin scenery,and act as an obstruction.Underground pipelinesrequire huge trenches tobe dug, also disrupting the

land.


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Service lines- Pipes from a water users property line to thehousehold or other point of use

Lateral- Pipes from mainlines to service lines

Mainlines- Pipes from water sources to laterals


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Technology


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Pipeline networks are composed of severalpieces of equipment that operate together tomove products from location to location. Themain elements of pipeline system are; Initial injection station

Known also as supplyor inletstation, is the beginning ofthe system, where the product is injected into the line.

Compressor/pump stationsPumps for liquid pipelines and Compression for gaspipelines, are located along the line to move the productthrough the pipeline.

Partial delivery stationKnown also as intermediate stations, these facilities allowthe pipeline operator to deliver part of the product beingtransported.


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Block valve stationThese are the first line of protection for pipelines. Withthese valves the operator can isolate any segment of theline for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak.

Regulatory station

This is a special type of valve station, where the operatorcan release some of the pressure from the line.

Final delivery station

Known also as outletstations or terminals, this is where theproduct will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a

tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to adistribution network for gas pipelines.


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Pipelines are the most economic and safest PIPELINETRANSPORT systems for mineral oil, gases and other fluidproducts. As a means of long-distance transport, pipelineshave to fulfill high demands of safety, reliability andefficiency. Most pipelines, regardless of what they contain,are designed with a typical life span of 25 years. When they

do begin to fail, they do so slowly beginning with leaks atpoor construction joints, corrosion points and smallstructural material cracks, and gradually progress to acatastrophic ending. But there are also other reasons forleak disasters such as accidents, terror, sabotage, or theft.Pipeline leak detection systems are also beneficial becausethey can enhance productivity and system reliability thanksto reduced downtime and reduced inspection time. LeakDetection Systems (LDS Systems) are therefore animportant aspect of pipeline technology.


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Improved safety of infrastructure and forpersonnel - leaks are detected quickly andlocated accurately.

Enhanced system reliability through reduceddowntime and reduced inspection time

Lower risk of environmental damageSuitable for use in hazardous zones.


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Health, Security, Safety andEnvironment


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Pipelines are the safest most reliable and efficientmanner of transporting crude oil and other liquidpetroleum products. Each year, billions of gallonsof petroleum are transported thousands of milesquietly from production fields to refineries and on

airports, factories and distribution centers incommunities through the country. Pipelinecompanies take active steps to ensure thathealth, safety, security and environmentalconcerns are addressed through the planning,construction and operational phases of pipelineoperation.


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1999, the gasoline from the pipeline leaked whichburnt houses and commercial establishments inMuntinlupa. A person died in this incident.

July 2010,Oil leaks from Petron pipeline in CaviteSeptember 2010 the oil leak that has been

seeping into the basement of a 22-story WestTower condominium in Makati City was comingfrom the pipeline of the First Philippine IndustrialCorp. (FPIC).


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A underground passageway, completelyenclosed except for openings for egress,commonly at each end.

A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular roadtraffic, or for a canal. Some tunnels areaqueducts to supply water for consumption orfor hydroelectric stations or are sewers.


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A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; ingeneral the length is more (usually muchmore) than twice the diameter.


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A tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of groundconditions by collecting samples from boreholes and by other geophysicaltechniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery andmethods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk ofencountering unforeseen ground conditions. In planning the route thehorizontal and vertical alignments will make use of the best ground andwater conditions.

In some cases conventional desk and site studies yield insufficientinformation to assess such factors as the blocky nature of rocks, the exactlocation of fault zones, or the stand-up times of softer ground. This may bea particular concern in large diameter tunnels. To give more information apilot tunnel, or drift, may be driven ahead of the main drive. This smallerdiameter tunnel will be easier to support should unexpected conditions bemet, and will be incorporated in the final tunnel. Alternatively, horizontalboreholes may sometimes be drilled ahead of the advancing tunnel face.


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Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clayto hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends onsuch factors as the ground conditions, the ground waterconditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, thedepth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnelexcavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and

appropriate risk management. There are three basic types of tunnel construction in

common use: Cut and cover tunnels, constructed in a shallow trench and then

covered over. Bored tunnels, constructed in situ, without removing the ground above.

They are usually of circular or horseshoe cross-section. Immersed tube tunnels, sunk into a body of water and sit on, or are

buried just under, its bed.


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Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow

tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with anoverhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what isto be built above the tunnel. Two basic forms of cut-and-covertunnelling are available:

Bottom-up method: A trench is excavated, with ground support as necessary, and thetunnel is constructed in it. The tunnel may be of in situ concrete, precast concrete, precastarches, or corrugated steel arches; in early days brickwork was used. The trench is thencarefully back-filled and the surface is reinstated.

Top-down method: Here side support walls and capping beams are constructed fromground level by such methods as slurry walling, or contiguous bored piling. Then ashallow excavation allows making the tunnel roof of precast beams or in situ concrete.The surface is then reinstated except for access openings. This allows earlyreinstatement of roadways, services and other surface features. Excavation then takesplace under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base slab is constructed.

Shallow tunnels are often of the cut-and-cover type (if under water,of the immersed-tube type), while deep tunnels are excavated, oftenusing a tunneling shield. For intermediate levels, both methods arepossible.


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An open building pit consists of a horizontaland a vertical boundary that keepsgroundwater and soil out of the pit. There areseveral potential alternatives andcombination's for (horizontal and vertical)building pit boundaries. The most importantdifference with Cut-and-cover is that the open

building pit is muted after tunnel construction,no roof is placed.


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Clay-kicking is a specialized method developed in theUnited Kingdom, of manually digging tunnels in strongclay-based soil structures. Unlike previous manualmethods of using mattocks which relied on the soilstructure to be hard, clay-kicking was relatively silentand hence did not harm soft clay based structures.

The clay-kicker lies on a plank at a 45-degree angleaway from the working face, and inserts a tool with acup-like rounded end with his feet. Turning the tool withhis hands, he extracts a section of soil, which is thenplaced on the waste extract.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom


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Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and associatedback-up systems are used to highly automate theentire tunneling process, reducing tunnelingcosts.

Tunnel boring in certain predominantly urbanapplications, is viewed as quick and cost effectivealternative to laying surface rails and roads.Expensive compulsory purchase of buildings andland with potentially lengthy planning inquiries iseliminated.


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Pipe Jacking, also known as pipe jacking orpipe-jacking (or pipe ramming in US English), isa method of tunnel construction where hydraulicjacks are used to push specially made pipesthrough the ground behind a tunnel boring

machine or shield. This technique is commonlyused to create tunnels under existing structures,such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed bypipe jacking are normally small diameter tunnelswith a maximum size of around 2.4m.


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Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, butinstead of jacking tubes, a box shaped tunnelis used. Jacked boxes can be a much largerspan than a pipe jack with the span of somebox jacks in excess of 20m. A cutting head isnormally used at the front of the box being

jacked and excavation is normally by

excavator from within the box.


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A shaft is sometimes necessary for a tunnelproject. They are usually circular and go straightdown until they reach the level at which the tunnelis going to be built. A shaft normally has concretewalls and is built to be permanent. Once they are

built, Tunnel Boring Machines are lowered to thebottom and excavation can start. Shafts are themain entrance in and out of the tunnel until theproject is completed. Sometimes if a tunnel isgoing to be long, multiple shafts at various

locations will be bored so that entrance into thetunnel is closer to the unexcavated area.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(civil_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(civil_engineering)


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There are also several approaches tounderwater tunnels, the two most commonbeing bored tunnels or immersed tubes.Submerged floating tunnels are anotherapproach that has not been constructed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersed_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged_floating_tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersed_tube


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Drilling and Blasting

Hydraulic Splitter

Slurry-shield machineWall-cover construction method.

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