plate tectonics not a form of dubstep. i.plate tectonics – relatively new theory (1929) explaining...
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Plate Tectonics
Not a form of Dubstep
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I. Plate Tectonics – Relatively new theory (1929) explaining movements of earth’s lithosphere. Helps explain the following.
Alfred Wegener-circa 1931
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A. Locations of volcanoes, faults, earthquakes and mountains.B. Origin of most landforms and ocean floor features.
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C. How continents and ocean floor formed and why they are different.
D. Continuing changes of Earth’s surface.
E. Distribution of past and present life on earth.
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II. Evidence supporting continental drift.A. Accurate maps began to suggest the continents “fit” together like a puzzle.- Rock sequences match along Corresponding coastlines.
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B. Measuring the Age of the ocean floor Confirmed that the seafloor was spreading.-Newer near Oceanic ridges and becoming older as one moves away (from ridges).-Heat flow also DECREASES as one moves away from the oceanic ridges
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C. Fossils Provide evidence as well.1. Tell us relative age of seafloor.2. Show similar organisms on once joined coasts.3. Provide hints about past climates.
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D. Continental drift was confirmed by the location of magnetic poles through geologic time.
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1. Magnetite – Contained in nearly all igneous rock. Is naturally magnetic.
-So, while still magma (liquid), magnetite aligns with polar magnetism.
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2. Studying alignment of Magnetite around globe indicated poles have “wandered” through time.
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a. However, the wandering curve observed on Eurasia and America were slightly different.
-There can be only one pole at a time-So the crust had to have moved (continental
drift)
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E. Seafloor magnetic pattern1. Magnetic fields are symmetrical and parallel to the oceanic ridges. 2. Every new “stripe” of seafloor created at the Oceanic ridge, has a unique magnetism. So we get banding.
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III. Revisit Continental and Ocean crust.A. Isostasy – explains why continent floats and ocean floor sinks.
- While much more complicated it is basically the principal of bouyancy.
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B. Continental Crust – 1. Thick2. Sedimentary rock…Granite (mostly)3. Less dense.4. Floats like a marshmallow.
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C. Oceanic crust.1. Thin2. Dense3. Made of igneous rock (basalt from volcanic ridge)4. Sinks like brick.
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D. Remember the Lithosphere? - Physical, outermost division of the earth layers.-**Contains mostly Crust, but also a little bit of Mantle (from the chemical divisions).
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IV. ProcessesA. Convection cells – The Engines for movement of Earth’s plates.
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1. Caused by heating and cooling Mantle.
2. Fueled by Radioactivity in the mantle.
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3. Hot mantle rises at ridges (eg. Mid-Atlantic ridge..a plate boundary.), cools as it moves away from ridge and sinks at Trenches (a different kind of boundary like Mariana trench).
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B. Hotspots. – caused by huge plumes of hot magma within the mantle.1. The crust moves over these and eruptions through time leave trailsa. Hawaiian islands are an example.
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b. Yellowstone national park is another.
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2. Some found under continental masses.3. Most often associated with Oceanic Ridges.
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V. Plate Boundaries. A. Three types of movement at plate boundaries (Divergent, Convergent, Transform)
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1. Divergent plate boundariesa. An example is the crest of the mid-
ocean ridge.b. this is where new crust is being formed and the plates are moving apart.
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c. A rift valley is formed at continental divergent boundaries. The Red Sea is an example.
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2. Convergent Plate boundariesa. Deep sea trenches and mountain ranges are examples of features found at convergent boundaries (eg. Himalayan mts. Or Mariana Trench) Rocky Mountain Link (Nat. Geo)
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Age of the seafloor and plate convergence directions in the epicentral area of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake.
Kanamori H Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2006;364:1927-1945
©2006 by The Royal Society
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b. At Oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries Volcanic Island Arcs often form.
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c. At Oceanic-Continental convergent boundaries, Andesitic volcanoes often form.
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THE ENDNo…Wait……ask me about Moment Magnitude.
And The Red Sea