powerpoint ® lecture slide presentation by lynn cialdella, ma, mba, the university of texas at...
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POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATIONby LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYAN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
UNIT 3UNIT 3
PART B
15 Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure
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Arteriolar Resistance
Sympathetic reflexes
Local control of arteriolar resistance
Hormones
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Arteriolar Resistance
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Arteriolar Resistance
Myogenic autoregulation
Paracrines Active hyperemia
Reactive hyperemia
Sympathetic control SNS: norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine
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Hyperemia
Figure 15-11a
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Hyperemia
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Norepinephrine
Tonic control of arteriolar diameter
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Distribution of Blood
Distribution of blood in the body at rest
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Blood Flow
Blood flow through individual blood vessels is determined by vessel’s resistance to flow
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Blood Flow
Blood flow through individual blood vessels is determined by vessel’s resistance to flow
Flow 1/resistance
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Precapillary Sphincters
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Precapillary Sphincters
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Capillaries: Exchange
Plasma and cells exchange materials across thin capillary wall
Capillary density is related to metabolic activity of cells
Capillaries have the thinnest walls Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
Supported by basal lamina
Bone marrow, liver and spleen do not have typical capillaries but sinusoids
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Two Types of Capillaries
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Two Types of Capillaries
Figure 15-16b
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Velocity of Blood Flow
Velocity of flow depends on total cross-sectional area of the vessels
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Capillary Exchange
Exchange by paracellular pathway or transendothelial transport
Small dissolved solutes and gasses by diffusion is determined by concentration gradient
Large solutes and proteins by vesicular transport In most capillaries, large proteins are transported by
transcytosis
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Capillary Exchange
Bulk flow Mass movement as result of hydrostatic or osmotic
pressure gradients
Absorption: fluid movement into capillaries Net absorption at venous end
Filtration: fluid movement out of capillaries Caused by hydrostatic pressure
Net filtration at arterial end
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-18a
Fluid Exchange at a Capillary
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure regulate bulk flow
Animation: Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary DynamicsPLAY
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Lymphatic System
Returning fluid and proteins to circulatory system
Picking up fat absorbed and transferring it to circulatory system
Serving as filter for pathogens
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Fluid Exchange at a Capillary
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Lymphatic System
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Edema
Two causes Inadequate drainage of lymph
Filtration far greater than absorption
Disruption of balance between filtration and absorption Increase in hydrostatic pressure
Decrease in plasma protein concentration
Increase in interstitial proteins
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
Veins
Arterioles
Ventricles
SA node
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Blood PressureComponents of the baroreceptor reflex
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (1 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Change in blood
pressure
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (2 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (3 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (4 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (5 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (6 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
SA node
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (7 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
SA node
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (8 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
Ventricles
SA node
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (9 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
Arterioles
Ventricles
SA node
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-21 (10 of 10)
Blood Pressure
Medullary cardiovascular
control center
Carotid and aorticbaroreceptors
Change in blood
pressure
Parasympatheticneurons
Sympatheticneurons
Veins
Arterioles
Ventricles
SA node
Integrating center
Stimulus
Efferent pathway
Effector
Sensor/receptor
KEY
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15-22
Blood Pressure
The baroreceptor reflex: the response to increased blood pressure
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Blood Pressure
The baroreceptor reflex: the response to orthostatic hypotension
Animation: Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure RegulationPLAY
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CVD: Risk Factors
Not controllable Gender
Age
Family History
Controllable Smoking
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Untreated hypertension
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CVD: Risk Factors
Uncontrollable genetic but modifiable lifestyle Blood lipids
Leads to atherosclerosis
HDL-C versus LDL-C
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic disorder contributes to development of atherosclerosis
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LDL and Plaque
The development of atherosclerotic plaques
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Hypertension
The relationship between blood pressure and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
Essential hypertension has no clear cause other than hereditary
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Hypertension
Carotid and aortic baroreceptors adapt
Risk factor for atherosclerosis
Heart muscle hypertrophies Pulmonary edema
Congestive heart failure
Treatment Calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta-blocking
drugs, and ACE inhibitors
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Summary
Blood vessels Vascular smooth muscle, metarterioles, venules, and
angiogenesis
Measuring blood pressure Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure,
MAP, and Korotkoff sounds
Resistance in the arterioles Myogenic autoregulation, active hyperemia, and
reactive hyperemia
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary
Distribution of blood
Capillary exchange Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, bulk
flow, filtration, absorption, and colloid osmotic pressure
Lymphatic system
Blood pressure regulation Baroreceptors, baroreceptor reflex, and cardiovascular
control center
Cardiovascular disease