practical methods for drr investment acceleration through

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Practical methods for DRR investment acceleration through organizing DRR strategy in the local perspective

Dr. Kozo NAGAMI

Disaster Risk Reduction Group Director

2

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ts01 – JICA’s Global Agenda

for DRR and BBB

02 – Systematic DRR

Strategy Formulation

Procedures

03 – JICA’s challenges

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for DRR and BBB



Procedures


R = H × E × V

4

Disaster is Multistage: Certain sequence among risk factors.

Disaster Risk Factors

Exposure

Vulnerability

HazardRisk

• Hazard and Exposure (Extrinsic) • Vulnerability (Intrinsic)

DRR measures to control hazard and exposure(Flood prevention: Improve flood control facilities, such as river levees and reservoir facilities)(Exposure reduction: Improve town planning and ways of living to avoid damages by assuming possible flooding)

Physical Vulnerability

Economic Vulnerability

Social Vulnerability

LNOB with disaggregation and capacity enhancement for the vulnerable.

Climate Change

Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors of Disaster Risk

01概論：災害の概念説明と自然ハザード対応の重要性（カスケード、複合リスク)

UNDP

Disaster is Multi-dimension: Multi sector issues are involved.

Factors of Disaster Risk

Wisner (2004) MOVE (Birkmann et.al (2013))Factor/Elements Attributions

DisasterRisk）

Hazard Hazard ・Natural events・Socio-natural events

Vulnerability Exposure ・Temporal・Spatial

Susceptibility ・Physical・Economic・Social・Cultural・Ecological・Institutional

Lack of Resilience ・Capacity to anticipate・Capacity to cope・Capacity to recover

Adaptation ・Hazard intervention・Vulnerability intervention・Exposure reduction・Susceptibility reduction・Resilience improvement

Nagami et. al, (2020)https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/ja/publication/fieldreport/l75nbg000019kzco-att/JICA-RI_FR_No.05.pdf

01概論：自然ハザード対応策（JICAの防災戦略)

卓越プレゼン

https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/ja/publication/fieldreport/l75nbg000019kzco-att/JICA-RI_FR_No.05.pdf

JICA’s Global Agenda for DRR and BBB

Present

• Disaster risk and actual damage associated with natural hazards are unequally imposed on developing countries.

• 56,500 deaths (1.16 per 100,000) and 3.7 billion yen (0.197% of GDP) annually among developing countries (average 2005-2017).

Trend

• Increasing hazard frequency and severity by Climate Change.

• Cross-boundary cascading damages due to globalized supply chain.

• Demands for resilient infrastructure as a prerequisite for high quality infrastructure.

• Disaster Risk is a crucial fundamental condition for “Human Security” and “SDGs”.

Strategy

• Cluster 1: Realizing pre-disaster investment for capital concentration centers, especially in mega cities.

• Cluster 2: Establishment of DRR institutions for understanding disaster risk and strengthening disaster risk governance.

• Cluster 3: Securing Build Back Better recovery in the disaster affected areas.

Type of DRR Investment and Measures

卓越プレゼン

Controllability

Hazard DRR investment & measures Implementation Agency

High Flood, Landslide Storm Surge

DRR InfrastructureFlood control, Sediment control, Coastal conservation etc.

Main: Ministries in charge of flood/sediment control

Critical InfrastructureLifelines such as transportation, electricity, water supply, telecommunication, Educational/health facilities

Main: Ministries in charge of each critical infrastructure, Local GovernmentSub: DRR organization

Non-structuralGovernance, Land pooling/management, Forecasting/Early warning, Understanding of disaster risk

Main: Ministries in charge of flood/sediment control, DRR organization, Meteorological Agency, Local Government etc.

Low Seismic,Volcanic eruption

Critical InfrastructureLifelines such as transportation, electricity, water supply, telecommunication, Educational/health facilities

Main: Ministries in charge of each critical infrastructure, Local GovernmentSub: DRR organization

Private assetsPrivate houses, Commercial buildings (hotel, shopping mall, Logistics/Production base)

Main: DRR organization, Local government, Ministry in charge of Construction, Ministry of Finance, etc.

Non-structuralGovernance, Land pooling/management, Forecasting/Early warning, understanding of disaster risk

Main: DRR organization, Local government, Ministry in charge of Construction, HazardMonitoring Agency (such as Meteorological Agency), Local Government etc.

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks and disasters

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected due to water-related or other disasters, and substantially decrease the direct economic losses, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

A Reduce disaster

mortality

B Reduce number of

affected people

F Enhance international

cooperation

Cluster 3: Securing Build

Back Better

Cluster 1: Pre-disaster

Investment on DRR and

Critical Infrastructure

G Increase access to

disaster information

D Reduce damage to

critical infrastructure

C Reduce economic loss

E Increase number of

national/local DRR

strategies

Cluster 2: Establishment

of overall DRR

institutions

Hu

man

Secu

rity

Relations among SFDRR, SDGs and JICA’s DRR Initiatives

01概論：災害の概念説明と自然ハザード対応の重要性（人間の安全保障・SDGとの関係)

UNDP

Factors of Disaster Risk

Wisner (2004) MOVE (Birkmann et.al (2013))Factor/Elements Attributions

DisasterRisk）

Hazard Hazard ・Natural events・Socio-natural events

Vulnerability Exposure ・Temporal・Spatial

Susceptibility ・Physical・Economic・Social・Cultural・Ecological・Institutional

Lack of Resilience ・Capacity to anticipate・Capacity to cope・Capacity to recover

Adaptation ・Hazard intervention・Vulnerability intervention・Exposure reduction・Susceptibility reduction・Resilience improvement

Nagami et. al, (2020)https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/ja/publication/fieldreport/l75nbg000019kzco-att/JICA-RI_FR_No.05.pdf

01概論：自然ハザード対応策（JICAの防災戦略)

卓越プレゼン





of overall DRR

institutions

https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/ja/publication/fieldreport/l75nbg000019kzco-att/JICA-RI_FR_No.05.pdf

East Asia

Regional organizations

：Central disaster management agency

：Construction related agency

：Flood control related agency

：Meteorological related agency

：Seismic related agency

Legend

Philippines

• Department of Public Works and Highways（DPWH）

• Office of Civil Defense（OCD）

• Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration（PAGASA）

• Department of Public Works and Highways（DPWH）

• Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology（PHIVOLCS）

Indonesia

• Ministry of Public Works and Housing （PUPR)

• National Disaster Management Authority（BNPB）

• Directorate General of Water

Resources, Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR)

• Indonesian Agency for

Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics（BMKG）

• Indonesian Agency for

Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics（BMKG）

Vietnam• Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development , Vietnam Disaster Management Authority （VNDMA）

• Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development , Vietnam Disaster Management Authority（VNDMA）

• Ministry of Transport （MOT）

• Vietnam Academy of Science and

Technology (VAST)

• Ministry of Natural Resource and

Environment , Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration（VNMHA）

Myanmar

• Ministry of Construction（MoC）

• Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement（MSWRR）,

Department of Disaster

Management (DDM)

• Irrigation and Water Utilization

Management Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation（IWUMD)

• Directorate of Water Resources

and Improvement of River Systems, Ministry of Transport and Communication（DWIR)

• Department of Meteorology and Hydrology（DMH）

• Department of Meteorology and Hydrology（DMH）

Thailand• Ministry of Interior, Department of

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation（DDPM）

• Thai Meteorological Department（TMD）

• Ministry of Natural Resources

and Meteorology, Department of Water Resources

• Royal Irrigation Department（RID）

Cambodia

• Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT）



• Ministry of Water Resources and

Meteorology, Department of Meteorology (MOWRAM）

• Department of Meteorology and

Hydrology(DMH)

• Ministry of Public Works and Transport （MPWT）

• Ministry of Public Works and Transport （MPWT）

Laos• Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environment, Department of Disaster Management and

Climate Change

Bangladesh

• Ministry of Housing and Public

Works, Public Works Department (PWD)

• Ministry of Disaster Management

and Relief, Department of Disaster Management （DDM）

• Ministry of Defence，

Bangladesh Meteorological Department （ BMD ）

• Bangladesh Water Development

Board

• India Meteorological Department （ IMD ）

• Central Public Works Department（CPWD）

• Central Water Commission（CWC）

India• National Disaster Management

Authority（NDMA）

Fiji

• Ministry of Rural and Maritime

Development and Disaster Management, National Disaster Management Office（NDMO）

• Ministry of Infrastructure and

Meteorological Services, Fiji Meteorological Service （FMS）

• Ministry of Waterways and

Environment

• Ministry of Infrastructure and

Meteorological Services

• Mineral Resource Department

Vanuatu• National Disaster Management

Office （NDMO）

• Public Works Department,

Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Utilities（MIPU）

• Public Works Department,

Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Utilities（MIPU）

• Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department（VMGD）

• Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department（VMGD）

This map is based on a UN map and modified by JICA. The depiction, use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on this map do not necessarily

imply official endorsement or acceptance by JICA.

• Ministry of Defence, Department

of Meteorology (DOM)

• Ministry of Highways, Road Development Authority（RDA）

• Ministry of Irrigation and Water

Resources Management, Department of Irrigation (ID)

• Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, Sri Lanka Land

Reclamation Development Corporation (SLLRDC)

Sri Lanka• Ministry of Defence, Disaster

Management Centre（DMC）

Disaster management related agency

in each country that cooperated in the past

as of June, 2021

Oceania

• Pacific Community（SPC)

• Ministry for Energy, Water

Resources and Irrigation（MoEWRI）

• Department of Hydrology and Meteorology（DHM）

Nepal• National Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Authority（NDRRMA）

• Federal Flood Commission（FFC）

• Pakistan Meteorological Department（PMD）

Pakistan

• National Disaster Management Authority（NDMA）

• National Center for Hydrology

and Meteorology, Department of Engineering Services

Bhutan• Ministry of Home and Cultural

Affaird, Department of Disaster

Maldives• Ministry of National Planning and

Infrastructure（MNPI)

• Ministry of Environment and

Energy

• National Agency for Meteorology

and Environment Monitoring （NAMEM）

• Ministry of Construction and Urban Development（MCUD）

• National Emergency Management Agency（NEMA）

Mongolia• National Emergency

Management Agency（NEMA）

• National Emergency Management Agency（NEMA）

Colombia

• National Unit for Disaster Risk Management （UNGRD）

• Meteorology and Environmental（IDEAM）

• National Unit for Disaster Risk M

anagement and Institute of Hydrology (UNGRD）

• Colombian Geological Service（SGC）

• National Unit for Disaster Risk Management （UNGRD）Ecuador

• Ministry of Urban Development and Housing（MIDUVI）

• Investigation Institute Geological and Energy（IIGE）

• National Service of Risk

Management and Emergency（SNGRE）

• Geophysical Institute, National Polytechnic School（IG-EPN）

• Geophysical Institute, National Polytechnic School（IG-EPN）

• National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology（INAMHI)

Brazil

• Ministry of Cities（MC）

• Ministry of Regional Development

• The Ministry of Science,

Technology, Innovation and Communications （MCTIC）

Chile

• Ministry of public Works (MOP)

• Ministry of the Interior and Public

Security, National Emergency Bureau（ONEMI）

• Ministry of public Works (MOP)

Peru• Japan-Peru Center for

Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation of the National

University of Engineering (CISMID)

Costa Rica

• Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements（MIVAH）

• National Commission for Risk

Prevention and Disaster Response（CNE）

• National Meteorological Institute （IMN ）

• National Commission for Risk

Prevention and Disaster Response（CNE）

Guatemala

• National Coordination for Disaster Reduction（CONRED）

• National Institute for Seismology,

Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology（INSIVUMEH ）

• National Institute for Seismology,

Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology（INSIVUMEH ）

Nicaragua

• Co-Directorate of the National

System for Prevention Mitigation and Attention of Disasters (CD-

SINAPRED)

• Nicaraguan Institute of Territorial Studies（INETER）

El Salvador

• Vice-Ministry of Housing and Urban Development（VMVDU）

• General Directorate for Civil Protection（DGPC）

• Vice-Ministry of Housing and Urban Development（VMVDU）

• Ministry of Environment and

Natural Resources (MARN)

Mexico

• National Center for Prevention of Disasters （CENAPRED）

• National Center for Prevention of Disasters （CENAPRED）

Honduras

• The Permanent Contingency Commission（COPECO）

• National Meteorological Service（SMN）

Bolivia

• Ministry of Public Works,

Services and Housing

Guyana

• Civil Defense Commission (CDC)

Panama• General Direction of the National

System of Civil Protection（SINAPROC）

Belize• National Emergency

Management Organization (NEMO)

Caribbean Countries

Dominican Republic• Earthquake Assessment Office,

Infrastructure and Buildings, President's Office

Cuba

• High Command for National Civil

Defence

Jamaica• Office of Disaster Preparedness

and Emergency Management（ODPEM）

Haiti

• Ministry of Public Works

Saint Lucia

• Ministry of Infrastructure, Ports,

Energy and Labors

• National Emergency

Management Organization(NEMO)

Barbados

• Department of Emergency

Management (DEM)

Grenada

• National Disaster Management

Agency(NADMA)

Dominica

• Office of Disaster

Management(ODM)



as of December, 2020






：Volcano related agency

Legend



Saint Vincent• National Emergency

Management Organization（NEMO）

Regional organizations

Central America Region

• The Coordination Center for the

Prevention of Disasters in Central America and the Dominican Republic （CEPREDENAC）

Caribbean Region

• Caribbean Disaster Emergency

Management Agency(CDEMA)

Trinidad and Tobago

• Office of Disaster Preparedness

and Management (ODPM)

• Central America Tsunami

Advisory Center (CATAC)

Iran

• National Disaster Management Organization（NDMO）

Turkey• Disaster and Emergency

Management Presidency（AFAD）

Tunisia

• Ministry of Agriculture, Water

Resources and Fisheries

• Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Land Transport（MPI）

• Mauritius Meteorological Services（MMS）

Mauritius• National Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Centre（NDRRMC）

South Africa

• Department of Science and Technology（DST）

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Roads Authority

Kenya

• Water Resources Management Authority（WRMA）

Cabo Verde

• National Agency for Civil

Protection

Cameroon

• Institute of Geological and Mining

Research (IRGM)

Zambia

• Zambian Disaster Management in

the office of the President

Seychelles• Department of Environment,

Ministry of Home Affairs, Environment and Transport

Senegal• Ministry of Environment,

Protection of Nature, Reservoir and Artificial Lake

Mozambique• National Institute for Disaster

Management （INGC）• Post Cyclone Idai Reconstruction

Cabinet（PCIRC）



as of June, 2021






：Volcano related agency

Legend



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Procedures


Time

Disaster Risk Assessment

Potential Damage/

Disaster Risk

Today

High Layer Disaster Risk

(Low frequency but high intensity)

FuturePast


Quantify disaster risks with

hazard intensity and

frequency.

Damage

Potential

Estimation

Middle Layer Disaster Risk

Low Layer Disaster Risk

(High frequency but moderate intensity)

e.g. Floods Return Period

and the flooded area

Far-Mid Western Nepal Scenario EQ (x1/1)

Western Nepal Scenario EQ (x1/1)

Central Nepal South Scenario EQ (x1/3)




e.g. Earthquake Return Period

and the estimated damage

Corresponding to Step 1 of the “8 steps”

Time

Current Reduction Level Analysis

Potential Damage/

Disaster Risk

Today


FuturePast

Position current DRR level

Position DRR status of

country/region/city based on the

current structural DRR measures.




frequency.



High DRR

Stage

Middle

DRR Stage

Low DRR

Stage Reduced/PreventedRisk

Corresponding to Step 2 of the “8 steps”

Time

Target Risk Level Setting

Potential Damage/

Disaster Risk

Intensive

Hazard

Extensive

Hazard

Today


FuturePast

Intensive Risk Threshold is

determined by each country.

Position current DRR level

Position DRR status of

country/region/city based on the

current structural DRR measures.

Set Intensive Risk Threshold

Set the long-term DRR target to

be attained with structural DRR

measures.




frequency.



High DRR

Stage

Middle

DRR Stage

Low DRR

Stage

DRR progress

(Reduced Disaster Risk)

DRR Progress S-curve

Structural DRR

measures have been

almost saturated and

more residual risk

reduction with non-

structural DRR

measures is needed.

⇒Accelerating

the Structural DRR

investment by

Public.

Time

⇒ Fundamental risk

reduction with the

Structural DRR Measures

by Public is imperative.

Developed Stage : To deal with such intensive risk, not only additional structural measures such as multilayered structural measures and resilient critical infrastructure, but also non-structural measures such as early warning system and social capital enhancement is necessary.

Structural Measures have

not been well

implemented and there

is a huge amount of

Extensive risk.

Structural DRR

measures have been

initiated with long-

term MP.

★These 3 Stages are the process that any country goes through.

Low DRR

Stage

Middle DRR

StageHigh DRR

Stage

⇒Mobilizing all

stakeholders is

also necessary.

Time

S-curve; Differences in curves by the current Stage

01概論：①Risk分析 ②Position Plot & Target Set

Intensive

Hazard

Extensive

Hazard

Today10

years

20years

30years

30years

20years

10years FuturePast

Country B

Country A

Country C

Reduced

Extensive

Risk

High DRR

Stage

Middle

DRR Stage

Low DRR

Stage

Potential Damage/

Disaster Risk

Time

Formulation of DRR Roadmap to reach the long-term target

Intensive

Hazard

Extensive

Hazard

Today10

years

20years

30years

30years

20years

10years FuturePast

Country X

1990

High DRR

Stage

Middle

DRR Stage

Low DRR

Stage

Understand the past DRR

effort results referring to

existing plans

Draw the roadmap/MP to attain

the Structural DRR target

Potential Damage/

Disaster Risk

Country X

2021

Reduced

Extensive

Risk

Corresponding to Step 3 and 4 of the “8 steps”

Time

Formulation of DRR Roadmap to reach the long-term target

Today10

years

20years

30years

30years

20years

10years FuturePast

Country X

1990 Reduced

Extensive

Risk

High DRR

Stage

Middle

DRR Stage

Low DRR

Stage

②Nonstructural DRR measure can

be employed to deal with the

current residual risk temporally.

Potential Damage/

Disaster Risk①Structural DRR measure should

be expedited as the first priority.P

ub

lic Resp

on

sibility

Priva

te S

ecto

r

CSO

, NG

O

Intensive

Hazard

Extensive

Hazard

Residual

Extensive

Risk

Country X

2021





of overall DRR

institutions

Corresponding to Step 5 and 6 of the “8 steps”

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Procedures


To facilitate DRR investment

To promote DRR investment and urban resiliency, JICA is conducting the following researching projects;

• To identify DRR investment project for flood and earthquake disaster

• To review Japanese experience on DRR measures, to study how we can adapt to the other countries

• To review and upgrade JICA’s idea on practical method for developing local DRR strategies/plans, “8 steps”

HELP16

02フィリピン防災概観：防災投資に際して重要なこと

Practical method i) to understand the risk and current countermeasures, ii) to identify residual risk, iii) to list and prioritize DRR measures (following “S” curve)

Examples of DRR investment projects (Philippines)

To facilitate DRR investment, JICA has taken the following approach in the Philippines;

● Minimizing Residual Risk• Flood management projects in Metro Manila

● Managing Residual Risk• Preparation of Local DRR plan

HELP16

02フィリピン防災概観：防災投資に際して重要なこと





of overall DRR

institutions

8 Steps

Overarching Integration

Tool =

Pasig Marikina

River Channel

Improvement

Project I and II

Pasig Marikina

River Channel

Improvement

Project IV

Construction of Mangahan

Flood Way

(Completed in 1988)

Installation of Rosario Weir

(Completed in 1988)

Installation and rehabilitation

of flood control operation

and warning system

(Completed in 1993)

Metro Manila Flood

Control Project-West of

Mangahan (Completed in

2007)

Pasig Marikina

River Channel

Improvement

Project III

KAMANAVA Area Flood

Control & Drainage System

Improvement Project

(Completed in 2012)

[Whole Metro Manila Area]

Construction of pumping

station, Improvement of

drainage channel

(Completed in1988)

Major Flood Management Project supported by JICA in Metro Manila, Philippines

02フィリピン防災概観：協力歴史～メテオマニラでの治水事業～

HELP16

Effect of Ex-ante Investment on Flood Management

- case of Manila, 2020 -

02フィリピン防災概観：協力歴史～パッシグマリキナの成功事例～

Implementation of Manggahan Floodway and Pasig-Marikina River ChannelImprovement Project (phase Ⅱ, Ⅲ) significantly reduced damage from flooding during Typhoon Ulysses on November 11 - 12, 2020.

Flood control projects prevented river flooding at central Manila

Rough Estimate Results with these projects

Rough Estimate Resultswithout these projects

preliminary report

Damage caused by flooding :About 62,785 million PHP(1,300 million USD)People affected by flooding :About 1 million

Damage caused by flooding : About 9,811 million PHP

(200 million USD) People affected by flooding : About 0.03 million

HELP16

Overall Goal:

The project outcome is replicated in the Philippines for the purpose of reducing disaster human casualties and economic losses under NDRRMC’s initiative.

Project Purpose:

Planning, implementation and monitoring system of RDRRMPs/LDRRMPs is developed for the purpose of reducing disaster human casualties and economic losses with the necessary technical support by National DRRM system centered upon NDRRMC.

1

2

CP: Office of Civil DefenseDuration: 2019.9 ～2024.11 (will be extended due to Covid 19)

Pilot site①R-4A Laguna Province

/Clamba City②R-7 Bohol Province

/Tubigon Municipality

Local DRRM Plan :

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Capacity Enhancement Project Phase2

04地方防災計画

LDRRMP化

Local DRRM Plan :

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Capacity Enhancement Project Phase2

Hazard maps / Case of Calamba City

The Comprehensive Land Use Plan of

the City of Calamba 2015-2025

flood exposure map

Rain Induced landslide exposure

map

Earthquake induced landslide

exposure map

Ground rapture exposure map

Liquefaction exposure map

are includedHazard Map

Land cover

Zoning

STAGE1

Disaster Risk Profile

STAGE2

Establish DRRM

roadmap based on

situational analysis

STAGE3

Identification of

DRRM Measures

How LDRRMP

will be

established

Thank you

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Dr. Kozo NAGAMI

Disaster Risk Reduction Group Director

practical methods for drr investment acceleration through

Documents