Practicing the A, B, C’s

Albert Ellis and REBT

Albert Ellis and REBT

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

(a.k.a. Cognitive Behavior Therapy) PhD in Clinical Psychology form

Columbia 1947 Broke with psychoanalysis New approach to change client’s self-

defeating beliefs and behaviors. Reduce irrational beliefs. “I must be perfect” “Everyone must love me.”1913-2007

Dating experiment

As teenager Ellis was extremely shy around women.

Wanted to change behavior. Forced himself to talk to 100

women in one month at Bronx Botanical Gardens.

No dates but lost his fear of rejection.

Basics of REBT

Humanistic approach: individuals have the capacity to create their own self-enhancing and self-defeating emotions.

Happiness is the goal: an individual’s belief system affects the level of happiness and self-actualization

Source of unhappiness: people inadvertently create personality and emotional disturbances through their irrational beliefs.

ABC Model

A. Activating event (thought or image) B. Beliefs about the event C. Beliefs will lead to emotional and/or

behavioral Consequences

Belief leads to consequence

A. Someone zips into the parking space you had your eye on.

B. What are some possible beliefs? C. What are the consequences of those

beliefs?

Another example

A. Your best friend hasn’t returned your phone calls for several days.

B. You think ____________. C. What is the consequence of that belief?

Consequence

A. You and your partner have a fight. B. You think “ I never do anything right.” C. You feel (or do) ______________.

Alternative belief

A. You and your partner have a fight. B. You think she (he) was in an awful mood. C. You feel (or do) ______________.

Another alternative belief

A. You and your partner have a fight. B. I can always clear up misunderstandings. C. You feel (or do) ______________.

The ABC Model at work

ABC model helps people understand the connection between belief and consequence.

Individuals are influenced by what they tell themselves (what they believe to be true).

Most people begin only seeing that the consequence stems from the activating event.

For example: I yelled at the jerk who stole my parking place.

Don’t stop to consider or challenge their belief.

Rationality is the key

We all have the potential to think rationally. Emotional disturbances comes from irrational

thinking. REBT theory holds that, if you think more

rationally in the face of negative events, you will have less emotional distress.

Rationality is the key to achieving happiness.

Ways of Thinking

Rational Empirically consistent

with reality, testable Logical Flexible Preferential: expresses

a desire not a demand

Irrational Inconsistent with reality,

lacks empirical validity Illogical Dogmatic, nonflexible Demanding: states

demand rather than a desire. Ellis calls this “musturbation”

Handling negative emotions

Appropriate Sadness (I lost something

I cared about) Remorse (I’m sorry) Concern (I need to take

care of this)

Inappropriate Depression (I’m no

good, worthless) Guilt (I’ve sinned) Anxiety (I’ll never

be able to handle this)

Adversity may lead to negative emotions.Some negative emotions are more rational than others.

Three REBT insights

Beliefs, not events, cause disturbance. We remain disturbed by adhering to irrational beliefs.

We perpetuate these beliefs by using them repeatedly. We make the same connections again and again, thereby strengthening our irrational beliefs.

We will have to work hard to restructure the beliefs that create unhappiness.

REBT Techniques

Homework: Clients are asked to complete homework assignments, keeping track of ABC connections.

Emotive Techniques: try out techniques through role playing, group sessions, using emotive imagery, laughter.

Behavioral Techniques: relaxation exercise, distraction, rewards.

Homework assignment

Until next class, work the A, B, C’s. Adversity: describe situation being as

objective as possible. Belief: how did you interpret the adversity.

Separate thoughts and feelings. Beliefs can be evaluated. Emotions must be accepted.

Consequences: what you did

Next step

A. Smell cigarette smoke B. I could start again and control it. C. Bum a cigarette D. Stop (Distraction or Disputation)

Doing the “D”

Distraction: think about something else. Think Stop sign or snap wrist band

Dispuation: argument with self. Remember negative consequences Find good evidence Come up with alternatives Consider the implications Decatastrophize

Active disputation

Therapist engaging client by asking questions. Why is ______ so terrible or awful? Is there another way you can think about this? What is preventing you from doing so? Why must you have it this way? What is the worst that could happen if you give

up this belief? What is the best that could happen?

Tom and Mr. Jones

A. Tom not cast by good friend, Mr. Jones to be in community theater play.

B. Many: all negative C. No longer friends. No contact. D. Suggest possibilities to avoid

pessimistic consequence. E. Suggest more positive outcome.

Last step: Energize

Act on the energy created by resolution Release the burden of carrying around

negative thoughts and feelings

When not to use optimism

If your goal is to plan for a risky and uncertain future

Where the cost of failure is high. Be careful is using optimism in cases of

counseling others when the future is dim. Important to focus on the changeable and

specific.

Reinhold Neibuhr (1932)

God give me the serenity to accept things which cannot be changed.

Give me the courage to change things which must be changed.

And the wisdom to distinguish one from the other.