Pre-AP Fall Exam ReviewWORK ON YOUR REVIEWS

• You need to have a review on your desk.• Keep a book on your desk.• This review does not cover every question. • Use book & notes for additional assistance additional assistance

DECEMBER 17-21, 2018

Tue: 4th & 6th, Wed: 2nd & 5th, Thu: 3rd & 8th, Fri: 1st & 7th FROM THE ADMINISTRATION:

"You must leave campus right after school Thursday and Friday"

1. This Thursday and Friday, campus will close at 1:45 PM.

2. 2. All students must be picked up immediately after school.

3. 3. All students must be off campus by 1:45 PM.

4. 4. There will be no tutoring or after school meetings

Neolithic Revolution• Occurred in the Middle East 10,000 years ago.

• People saw they could obtain food by planting seeds.

• People began to change from hunters and gatherers to producers of food.

• People learned to domesticate animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle.

• People no longer wanted to wander in search of food and could now establish settlements with permanent homes creating urban growth.

Mesopotamia• The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; invented the

sailboat, irrigation, the wheel, calendar and bronze.

Egypt• Developed along the Nile River in North Africa; Egyptian society was

ruled by a powerful pharaoh; built pyramids.

Theocracy• A society governed by religious leaders; for example modern day Iran.

River Valley Civilizations• Fertile soil came about due to periodic floods.

• Farmers were able to grow a surplus of food.

• They were located near rivers due to their mild climates and rich soil.

• Irrigation led to the ability to produce a surplus of food.

• Because of the high crop production due to irrigation technology, more people were able to pursue activities outside of farming, like building tools.

Hammurabi’s Code• Developed by the Babylonians, it is the earliest known written law code.

• It promoted justice but treated social classes differently.

Rome• Roman civilization absorbed Greek learning and ruled much of Western

Europe and the Mediterranean world.

• Known for their engineering skills, laws, republican system government, and the spread of Christianity.

Civilization• A form of human culture in which some people live in cities, have

complex social institutions, use some form of writing and reading and are skilled at using science and technology.

Hinduism• Religion in India

• Believes in many gods and goddesses

• Believes in reincarnation

• Believes that a persons behavior in life determines his or her form or caste in the next life.

Buddhism• Bagan in India around 500 B.C.

• Siddhartha Gautama. Known as the Buddha.

• He was rich, a prince and set off in search of truth.

• Beliefs:

• Self denial and meditation.

• One must give up selfish desires to find true peace and harmony: Eightfold Path.

• Believe in reincarnation.

Christianity• A religion that arose in the Middle East

• Religion based upon the teachings of Jesus, who preached forgiveness, mercy and sympathy for the poor.

• Christians believe Jesus was the son of God, who sacrificed himself to save mankind.

• Holy Book is the Bible

Judaism• Holy Book is the Torah

• Monotheistic Religion

• Judaism was the first major religion to believe in one God.

Islam• Holy book is the Quran

• Followers of Islam are known as Muslims

• They believe in one god, whom they call Allah

• Their spiritual founder is Muhammad, who began his teachings in Makkah (Mecca)

• Majority religion practiced in Northern Africa in 1000 A.D.

Monotheism• Belief in one god.

• Religions that are monotheistic- Judiasm, Christianity, and Islam

Democracy• Democracy-Citizens participate in their own government.

• Practiced in Greece and Rome

Athens• Introduced democracy to its citizens

• Built the Parthenon

• Socrates and Plato resided here

Polytheism• Religion that believes in more than one god

Republic• A republic is a government of elected represenatives

Oligarchy• A government in which power is in the hands of a few people

Women of Sparta• They held great freedom and power in the home

• They upheld strict Spartan values

• They were well educated and trained physically

Song Dynasty • Introduced compass which helped sailors and paper money

• Greatly increased farm production

• Population saw an increase in wealth

• Introduced the use of gunpowder in war

Caste System• Caste lines were based on birth

• Created hereditary social classes

• People did not have the ability to change social classes

• People were not permitted to marry outside their caste

Chinese Inventions• Paper Currency

• Gunpowder

• Fireworks

• Compass

Mohammed• He was the founder of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century

• A great controversy arose after he died as to who would succeed him.

The Gold-Salt Trade• The trade encouraged the growth of a series of prosperous kingdoms in

West Africa:

• Ghana

• Mali

• Songhai

• Islam also diffused as a result of Muslims traveling to the kingdoms of Africa

Holy Books• Christianity-Bible

• Judaism-Torah

• Islam-Quran

• Confucianism-Analects

Sunni and Shia• Sunni-A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the

Umayyad's as the true rulers of Islam

• Shia-A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam

• Their original dispute came about from who would succeed Mohammed.

Caliphates• The offices or dominion of a caliph (successor of Muhammad as spiritual

and temporary leader of the Muslims)

• As a result of the caliphates, scholars made important breakthroughs in literature, art, science, architecture, and mathematics.

The Power of the Catholic Church• The papacy (office of the pope) began to influence rulers

• The Catholic Church became the largest land owners in Western Europe as a result of nobles leaving their land

Manorialism• Economic system of feudal Europe, consisting of the lord’s house and his

serfs.

• Each manor produced its own food, clothing and shelter.

• Farmers gave service to powerful landowners in exchange for their protection.

After Rome Fell• Roads and other infrastructure began to fail

• Chaos ensued

• People feared for their lives resulting in many moving to the rural outskirts

• Learning was only occurring in churches

• Western Europe faced frequent warfare and invasions

• Most leaders could not read and write

• Cities were abandoned

• Knowledge and skills of the ancient world was lost

Medieval Europe Ended as a result of… • The Black Death

• The decline of the church’s power

Magna Carta• King John of England guaranteed free men the right to a trial by jury and

also agreed that consent by a council of nobles would be needed for any new taxes.

• It limited the power of the monarch.

The Black Death• A disease carried on ships from Asia to Europe that killed millions of

people and helped to end serfdom in Europe

• It created labor shortages in towns

• Landowners attracted workers by offering them their freedom from serfdom

The Crusades• The desire was to recapture the “Holy Land” from Muslim Control

• Europeans had greater exposure to new ideas and products, such as the use of zero in Mathematics, and to foreign products, such as silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfumes, cotton, cloth, raisins and glass mirrors.

Hundred Years War• War between England and France over succession to the French Throne.

• It strengthen royal power and brought an end to feudalism.

• The monarchs power increased as they used new ways to battle in war.

Byzantine Empire• Eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of Rome

• It’s capital was at Constantinople

• It developed Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Justinian Code