PRE-SPANISH LIFE AND CULTURE Clothing Malay influenced but still depends on the environment. Male: jacket (re d for chief, blue for lower ranking officers/black), bahag. Female: they wore ba ro or camisa ( a sort of jacket with sleeve), saya, Bisayans: patadyong, a piece of white or red cloth called tapis. No shoes! Wore putong (cloth wrapped around t he head) Ornaments Amulets (kalumbiga), pendants, gold rings, earrings, leglets and bracelets. Tattoos Bisayan pintados. The Houses Made of bamboo, wood and nipa palm. Has haligi. Usually above ground, ground floors has fowls enclosed. Has g allery (batalon) where household work was done. Sala was also a place to sleep in. Silid was a place where mats, pillows and baskets of rice were kept. Bagobos and other Mindanao tribes live on treetops. The Social Classes There are three class es: nobles, freemen, dependents Nobles are refererred to as: Gat or Lakan Depend ents: aliping namamhay and aliping sagigilid. Bisayans: tumataban (work for his master when told to do so), tumarampok (one day a week), ayuey (three days a wee k) Womens Position Equal to men. Mariage Customs Marry their own class. Illegitim ate children were not given the right to inherit from Dowry by male (bigay kaya) . Panghimuyat for the parents. Mixed Marriage Marriage of different social class . Division of children to two classes. Government

Baranggay (30-100 families). From balangay. chief provide protection, people giv es tribute, taxes (buwis) Alliances between baranggays exist against common enem ies. Sanduguan or blood compact Law-Making and Deciding Cases Made by chief and el ders Trial by Ordeal Letting suspects do stuff (trials) to determine who is guil ty. Religious Beliefs Life after death Maykapal or bathala Minor deities (ex. go ds of rivers, stones, trees, etc.) Burial Morotal (women), maglahi (men), laraw (chief) Facing rivers, seas or any bodies of water. Education No formal schools They were taught religion and syllabary at home by mothers Economy Rice, coconut , sugarcane, cotton, banana, hemp, orange and many kinds of fruits and vegetable s were raised. Kaingin Agriculture, fishing, mining, shipbuilding, poultry, stoc k raising, lumbering and weaving. Boats: banca, lapis, caracoa, viney, parau, vi nta Philippine Language 100+ languages/dialects comparable to Austronesians. Wri ting system: Alibata and Baybayin Literature Oral transfer Epics, songs. Hudhud, Alim, Ramayan, Biag ni Lam-ang, Handiong Hele, uyayi, kundiman Music and Dance Kudyapi-stringed, cymbal Duel, war, long Arts Tools and weapons Potteries, bulol, m anunggol

SPANISH COLONIZATION

The crusades led to the admiration of the east. Venice became the center of trad e. Later on the Spanish, Portuguese and other countries as rivals. Trade routes: Silk Road 3 ways. Early Voyages Prince Henry and the Portuguese -West Africa Bart holomeo (P) -Cape of good hope- Calicut, India 1478 Christopher Columbus (S) -Ge noa, Italy -North America, 1492 Amerigo Vespucci (S) -Italian -explored America, called new world, America Division of the World Discoveries of Spain and Portugal - rivalries To avoid war, Pope Alexander VI made a papal bull Pope Alexander VI (Spanish: Borja, Italianized: Borgia) Issued a papal bull dividing the world int o two (1493) Cape Verde, Azore, south and west belongs to Spain; Portugal takes Africa. Another bull declares an imaginary line from North to South at 100 West o f Azores. The pope nullified the 2nd bull as a Spanish citizen so the King of Po rtugal protested. King of Portugal and Spains Treaty of Tordesillas 370 leagues w est of Cape Verde, line North-South Lands discovered would be turned over No tra ding to lands that belonged to the other Magellan (Ferdinand Magellan) Portugues e, served Spain Met with King Charles I, 1518

Moloccas/Malacca (Spice Islands) belonged to Spain. Impressed the King let Magel lan lead an expedition to Malacca from west. Trinidad (flagship), Concepcion, Vi ctoria, Santiago, San Antonio- ships South America: Brazil, Tip; Marianas; Samar March 16, 1521/March 17, 1521 Seen the mountains of Samar, landed to Homonhon t o rest. Proceeded to Limasawa (contested as Masau) The First Mass Easter Sunday (March 31) Fr. Pedro de Valderama A large cross was planted overlooking the sea. Battle of Mactan April 8- guided by Kulambo to harbor Cebu Rajah Humabon- Magel lan Blood Compact Enrique- slave (Pinoy) April 15- mass in Cebu Humabon-Carlos, wife-Juana April 28- Magellan sailed to Mactan. Raja Sula sought the help of Mag ellan against LapuLapu at Mactan. Magellan died Victoria and Trinidad sailed Imp ortance of the Expedition of Magellan The expedition was the greatest single voy age ever known to man (Pacific-Atlantic) Led to other expeditions to the Philipp ines Villalobos Expedition Victoria returned commanded by Sebastian del Cano Many failed expeditions happened Treaty of Zaragoza (April 22, 1529)- Portugal won p ossession over Moluccas after paying 350,000 gold ducats (US$ 800,000 today). An imaginary line was made 297 leagues east of Moluccas. Ruy Lopez de Villaloboswith six ships sailed for Pacific on November 1, 1542, they reached Mindanao on February 1543. Native refused to help the Spaniards so they were faced with star vation. Villalobos ordered his men to plant corn to save them, but it failed. Vi llalobos then ordered Bernardo de la Torre to Tandaya (Samar) to get some food. Makandala, the chieftain helped de la Torre. In Villalobos happiness, he named Sa mar and Leyte as Felipinas in honor of King Philip II. Legazpis Expedition 1556- th is expeditions purpose is to survey the trade in spices and to try to discover a new route from the Oriental islands to Mexico Four ships, Miguel Lopez de Legazp i headed the expedition with Fr. Andres de Urdaneta as the pilot. The expedition started to sail from Mexican port on November 21, 1564. Feb. 1565, The expediti on reached Cebu. Legazpi then sailed to Leyte & Samar, where he had blood compac ts with the chieftains March 1565, he sailed to Camiguin, Butuan then to Bohol New Route to Mexico

After settling in Cebu, Legazpi decided that over of the ships (San Pedro) shoul d return to Mexico. Piloted by Urdaneta, San Pedro sailed June 1, 1565. They rea ched California and traced their way to Mexico. The route they discovered was fo llowed by the Manila Galleons for many years. First Settlement in Cebu April 27, Legazpi came to cebu

Cebuanos were hostile to them because of the doings of Spaniards during Magellans time. Eventually, Rajah Tupas and Legazpi came to an agreement. Tupas gave a pi ece of Land for the Spaniards to settle. Lands developed into known fort San Ped ro. Settlement in Panay 1569, they moved to Panay upon the news of Panay having plenty of food. The second Spanish settlement was abolished . Legazpi won the he arts of the people of Panay. Augustian friars converted some natives to Christia n Panay become the home base of Legazpi for several years. Expedition to Manila Panay as homebase, Legazpi sent small expeditions to other islands of the Bisayan group, Masbate, Burias and Ticao. The same expedition mad e their way to Southern Luzon and reached Albay. Juan Salcedo, Legazspis younger grandson. Led a small expedition to the North with a few Spanish Soldier and abo ut 500 Bisayans. He claimed Ilim & Lubang (near Mindoro). He returned to Panay a fter reaching the outer rim of Manila bay. He then reported to his grandfather t hat Manila was a prosperous Muslim Kingdom. May 8, 1570 an expiditoin left Panay for Mindoro then to Manila Bay . the expedition was divided into two: one led b y Martin de Goiti; another by Salcedo. Manila or Maynila was a muslim Kingdom ru led by Rajah Sulayman. The Kingdom was South of Pasig River (of now Fort Santiag o) one Spanish fire started the war with Sulayman. The Manila people, fled and l eft Manila to the hands of the enemy. Goiti then left Manila for Panay to render a report Founding Manila With the news about Manila, Legazpi went to Manila wit h the suggestion of Fr. Diego de Herrera

Legazpi was made the governor general or captain general as ordered by the King of Spain. He was the first governor general of the Philippines. Legazpi ordered his men to construct houses in the ruined city of Manila. On June 24, 1571, he d eclared Manila as Capital. Legazpi then ordered for the explorations of other pa rts of the archipelago. Legazpi then died on August 20 1572 SPANISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHILIPPINES (Positive and Negative) The Central Governm ent Authorities responsible for the application of laws in the Philippines. Phil lipines adapt the laws passed by the King of Spain in the other colonies, such a s in Mexico and Spanish American. The government only has executive and judiciar y powers because legislative powers was solely from the King of Spain. The Audie ncia Exercised the Judicial power. It was established 1584 to give justice to th e aggrieved people. It was then opposed and stopped at 1590 but was re-establish ed at 1598. Local Government Below the central government is the provincialgover nment lead by alcalde mayor. Gobernadorcillos head towns, and cabeza de barranga ys lead sectors of town. First Cities The first cities in the Philippines are Ce bu and Manila with the latter as capital city. Catholic Faith Augustinian friars accompanied Legazpi . As they conquered lands., the friars converted the people . Introduction to Printing At first, most religious marks were hand written, Domin icans introduced the art of printing in the Philipppines through the use of wood blocks. Th first book printed were The Christian Doctrine in Tagalog and Chines e (1593) Forced Labor/ Polo Filipinos were required to render services to the st ate and church. In the other Spanish colonies laborers were paid wages and human e laws protect them, though these laws were supposed to be implemented in the Ph ilippines, the Spaniards did not follow .

Encomienda The encomienda was a reward system to the Spaniards who helped in the conquest and settlement of the Philippines. The encomiendero is assigned an are a which he has authority over to collect taxes and tributes. In exchange, the en comiendero protects his subjects and teaches them the Christian deoctrine. There are three kinds of encomienda: (1) Royal encomienda, (2) ecclestial encomienda and (3) private encomienda. Galleon Trade THE Galleon trade was the origin of th e Global Trade in the Philippines, though Philippines was already trading with t heir neighboring countries. The route discovered by Urdaneta became the Trade ro ute of the Manila Galleon Opening to foreign Trade 1789, partial opening of Mani la to foreign trade 1834, manila completely opened to foreign trade Changes in Clothing Filipino makes began to wear barong lalaki or barong tagalon g and wore trousers/ pants instead of bahag. Also they wore the comfortable Cami sa chino Filipinas still wore saya and tapis but they already wore camisa in a S panish way. They learned to wear slippers and shoes, but as for the poor Filipinos they were barefooted. Houses House constructions improved. Spanish architects introduced type of house called the Autillean (Rectangular or Square type of house made of strong materials like hard wood). The roof was mad e of nipa or tiles (red). Language 330 years of Spanish occupation affected and influence the Filipino language/ dialects assimilated Spanish words into their o wn. Spanish Calle Uno, dos, tres Mesa Tagalog Kalye Uno, dos, tres Mesa