EU environmental policy and enlargement: challenges

and opportunities

EU Delegation to the Republic of Serbia

DG Environment

Increased awareness about the ecological problem of economic development

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm,

1972)

Report of the Club of Rome on “the limits of growth”

Eco-movement in Western Europe

Summit Conference of Head of State and Government (Paris, 1972) opened the way

Pressure of public opinion, political will at high-level and absence of deep-rooted national policies

A common environmental policy in the EU: The birth

Common market of pollution Risk of distortion of competition

(avoid environmental dumping) Common environmental problems

require common solutions Trans-boundary aspects of

environmental protection The European Institutions are better

placed to regulate based on long-term strategies and programmes

A common environmental policy

Why?

Legal base

- Single Act (1987); Maastricht Treaty

- Lisbon Treaty

- 300 Directives, Regulations, Decision and ECJ

case law = the ACQUIS

- 80% of Member State ENV Law is EU Law

Public Consent

- 70 % of EU citizens rank environmental

protection as priority

EU environmental policy Legal Base and Public Consent

Principle of precautionary and preventive action (eg: Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic

Environmental Impact Assessment)

Principle of Public Participation and Information

Principle “polluter pays” It refers to expenditure and charges, in order to avoid

transfer of costs

(Eg: Environmental Liability Directive with regard to prevention and remedying environmental damage, Environmental Crime Directive on the protection of environment through criminal law)

A common environmental policy The main principles – Horizontal legislation

EU’s 6th Environmental Action Program (2002 – 2012)

focuses on 4 priority issues

Tackling climate change by reducing GHG according to the

objectives of Kyoto Protocol

Nature and biodiversity by protecting and restoring the structure

and functioning of natural systems

Environment and health by achieving a quality of environment which

does not endanger human health

Sustainable management of natural resource by decoupling

resource use from economic growth

EU’s 7th Environmental Action Program under review

A common environmental policy: The 6th EAP

Sustainable use and management of

natural resources & waste

6th EAP

Climate change

Nature & biodiversity

Soil

Environment, health & quality of life

Urban environment

Air Pesticides

Resources Recycling

Marine environment

6th EAP: overview

8 sectors

Horizontal

Air quality

Water quality

Waste management

Nature protection

Industrial pollution control

Chemicals

Noise

(some are not covered by this presentation i.e. soil, spatial

planning, fiscal instruments)

EU environmental policies The sectors

EU Environmental Policies

AIR SECTOR

Air Pollution causes 500,000 premature death p.a. in the EU alone and € billions in damage to public health, water, soil, ecosystem and infrastructure.

SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM

Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone

CAFE policy targets for 2020

Fight against air pollution

Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC defines the management objectives and principles of a common strategy on air quality objectives for ambient air. Establishes Limit Values for the Main Pollutants

i.e. particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen

dioxide (NO2), Benzene and lead and its compounds;

Separate legislation for pollutants such as VOC, sulphur in fuels , heavy metals etc.

National Emmission Ceilings Directive 2001/81/EC (under review). Caps total emmissions for 4 established pollutants for member states

EU environmental policies Air sector

How EU air quality legislation works

Mobile Sources

IED incl. the 4 below

stationary sources

National emissions ceilings

IPPC LCP’s

Road Non-road Fuels Quality

CAFE Directive

Incl. 1st-3rd

1St Daughter

2nd Daughter

3rd Daughter

Exchange Information

4th Daughter

Immission

(concentration) Emissions

Incineration VOC’s

How EU air quality legislation works

How EU air quality legislation works

Transport emissions of air pollutants for EEA 31 (acidifying substances, ozone precursors and particulates), 1990-2005

Changes in loss of life expectancy in the EU in 2000 and in the interim objective in

2020

2000 Strategy in 2020

Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

CO2 -21%

EU's Energy & Climate Change Package foresees to reach by 2020

- 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels;

- Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable

resources to 20%; - A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency.

SO2 -32 %

NOx -12 %

PM -7 %.

from the baseline of kyoto treaty

Air Quality - Climate Change links

Quality objectives for European waters

Water plays the essential role in the natural ecological balance

and is oxygen for life, industry, fishing, recreational activities etc.

Objective: Good ecological and chemical status of all Community waters by 2015. Only 50% will achieve this status

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC

Establishes management principles with ri

river basin management plans at the center.

Calls for cost covering water pricing which

includes cost of wastewater treatment.

EU environmental policies The water sector

Water quality and Control of discharges into the

aquatic environment regulated for/by

Water Quality Standards Directive Surface Waters

Drinking Water, Bathing Water, Fish Water, Shellfish Water

Directives

Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC

Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EC

Dangerous Substances to Water Directive

2006/11/EC prohibits or restricts the discharge of

toxic substances

Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC protects waters against pollution

caused by nitrates from agricultural sources

EU environmental policies The water sector

Efforts to combat sea pollution

- Sea pollution is very dangerous because of the consequences

for fundamental biological and ecological balance

Marine Strategy Directive 2008/56/EC establishes a framework for UE action in the field of marine environmental policy (prevention of risk, mutual assistance, compensation for damage in accordance with polluter-pays principle etc.)

EU environmental policies The water sector

Fight against industrial pollution

Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial

Emissions. Regulates approx. 50,000 potentially

polluting installations ranging from

cement plants to large pig farms

- Introduces concept of Integrated Permitting i.e. one permit

for emissions into water, air, soil and other media and use of

Best Available Technology (BAT).

- Introduces minimum compulsory inspection cycles

EU environmental policies Industrial emissions

Prevention of industrial hazards

Seveso Directive 96/82/EC and its updates Seveso II and

Seveso III on the control of major-accident hazards involving

dangerous substances. Regulates approx. 10,000 installations

producing, using or storing chemicals, explosives and other

hazardous substances

Requires definition of prevention policies for each

establishment, safety reports to identify accident

hazards, external emergency plans for approval by

by competent authority. Strong focus on public information.

EU environmental policies Prevention of Accidents and Preparedness

Voluntary instruments

EMAS regulation (EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme )

management tool for companies and other organisations to evaluate, report and improve their environmental performance.

EU Ecolabel helps identify products and services that have a reduced

environmental impact throughout their life cycle, from the extraction of raw material through to production, use and disposal

Green Public Procurement process whereby public authorities seek to procure goods,

services and works with a reduced environmental impact throughout their life cycle when compared to goods, services and works with the same primary function that would otherwise be procured.”

EU environmental policies Environmental governance

EU environmental policies Waste management

Growth of waste: Between 1994 and 2005, EU

domestic waste increased by 19.4%.

Toxic substances contained in waste (3 billions tons/year in EU) are

hazardous for man and environment, as they can pollute water and appear

in food chain; recycled waste help overcome Europe’s scarcity in raw materials

The EU is aiming for a significant cut in the amount of rubbish generated,

through new waste prevention initiatives, better use of resources, and

encouraging a shift to more sustainable consumption patterns.

Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC

Landfills Directive 1999/31/EC aims at reducing he

adverse effects of waste disposal in landfills

Shipments of Waste Regulation (EC) 1013/2006

Management of waste – specific rules for

disposals

Packaging Waste 94/62/EC

Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EC on the protection of the

environment and in particular of the soil, when sewage

sludge is used in agriculture

PCB/PCT Directive 96/59/EC on disposal of polychlorinated

biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls

RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC,

WEE Directive 2002/96/EC

and ELVs Directive 2000/53/EC

EU environmental policies Waste management

EU Waste Hierarchy – The Principle

Some Targets in EU Waste Legislation

Min. recovery Min. recycling Collection rate

Packaging 2008 60% 55%

Cars 2015 95% 85% 100%

Electronics

2006

2019

70%

85%

50%

Min. 4 kg per inhabitant per year

20 kg per inhabitant year

Batteries

2011

50% - 75%

(efficiency)

2012

25%

2016

45%

Tyres 2006 0 landfill of tyres

2006 reduction to 75% of the 1995 level

Bio waste diverted from landfills 2009 reduction to 50% of the 1995 level

2016 reduction to 35% of the 1995 level

New targets 2015 Separate collection: at least paper/metal/plastic/glass

(WFD) 2020 50% household waste

2020 70% construction and demolition waste

EU Waste Hierarchy - Implementation (2008)

Prevention of chemical hazards

Good safeguards in EU law regarding special purpose

chemicals but little knowledge about > 100,000 chemical

substances in every day products

New Approach since 2006 rests on two pillars

REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorization,

Restriction of Chemicals

CLP - Classification, Labelling and Packaging Directive

introduced in 2008.

EU environmental policies Chemicals

Prevention of chemical hazards

REACH

- 30,000 chemicals already in use registered by 2018

- No data – No Market

- Progressive substitution of dangerous chemicals

- Limitation of vertebrate animal testing

CLP

- Same hazards should be described and labelled in the same

way all around the world.

EU environmental policies Chemicals

Protection of flora and fauna

60% of the Earth’s ecosystem services have been degraded in the

last 50 years. In the EU, 88% of fish stocks are fished beyond

maximum sustainable yields. 38% of bird species are threatened.

According to economists, each year we lose 3% of GDP due to the loss of

biodiversity. That costs the EU €450 billion year after year. Compared to

these figures, investing €5.8 billion per year in Natura 2000 is a bargain

EU's Concept - Protection of natural habitats and species - with the Natura

2000 network of protected areas at the centre (at present 18% of EU land

area)

EU environmental policies Nature protection

Main Legal Acts

Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC provides for the establishment of a

European ecological network of special conservation areas “Natura

2000”

Wild Birds Directive 2009/147/EEC (codification of the previous

79/406) provides for the conservation of wild birds

CITES Regulation EC/338/97 implement the Convention on

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna but

covers a wider field (4 classes of species, various degrees of

protection, from monitoring to total ban)

FLEGT Regulation 2173/2005 establishing a license scheme for

imports of timber

Seals Regulation (EC) 1007/2009

Zoo Directive 1999/22/EC on keeping wild animals in zoo

EU environmental policies Nature protection

Efforts to combat noise pollution

- Serious direct as well as indirect health effects, for example

damage to hearing or sleep and later mental disorder, as well as

increasing blood pressure

Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise

EU environmental policies Noise

Enlargement process: the main stages

. .

.

Application for Membership

Opinion of the Commission

Serbia - Candidate Status 1/03/2012

Opening of Accession Negotiations

Accession Negotiations

Signature of Accession Treaty

Ratification of Accession Treaty

Accession

.

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

COMPARATIVE INDICATORS (Base Years for Data, 2006-2010)

Definition of Units Serbia EU 27 Serbia

as % EU27

GENERAL

Population Million 7.5 502.5 1.49%

GDP/Capita € 4,528 23,296 19.44%

Inflation Dinars/€ 6% 2% n/a

Household Income €/HH 5,208 19,000 27.41%

HH Expenditure on Utilities * % 16.10% 18.30% 87.98%

Expenditure on Environment % of GDP 0.40% 1.76% 22.73%

ENVIRONMENTAL

Drinking Water Supply % of Population Served 77% 93% 82.80%

Purified % of Population Served 68% 100% 68.00%

Urban Wastewater Collected % of Population Served 62% 93% 66.67%

Treated % of WasteWater Treated 10% 87% 11.49%

Municipal Solid Waste Collected % of Population Served 60% 99% 60.61%

Compliant Treatment (Lfill/Incin) % of MSW 12.45% 99% 12.58%

Recycled % of MSW 4% 43.50% 9.20%

Energy Intensity Kg Oil/€ . of GDP 225 167.00 134.73%

Emmissions Nox Kg/Capita 27.73 20.59 134.71%

Emmissions SO2 Kg/Capita 65.33 11.62 562.35%

Emmissions CO2 Tons/Capita 5.13 9.90 51.82%

* According to the 2010 EU survey, EU 27 HH expenditure on Hous ing and Uti l i ties amounts to 33,1% and this does not di fferentiate

between Hous ing costs "per se" and Uti l i ties . In a 2006 survey, Hous ing costs are estimated at 14,8% of HHI. In this Table we have

made a "best project estimate" for only uti l i ties combining these two sources .

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Serbia: Summary of the Cost Benefit Analysis of Applying the Acquis (2012)

COST-BENEFIT RESULTS OF APPLYING THE ACQUIS

Based on Medium Range Benefits and EAS Project Cost Assessment expressed in € million

BENEFITS

COSTS

WATER 7.891 5.552

WASTE 2.705 2.796

AIR & INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 14.737 1.992

ALL OTHER NOT MONETISED 244

TOTAL BENEFITS 25.333 10.584

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

TOTAL CST 98 385 540 713 851 884 944 1.037 1.135 1.286 1.366 1.217 1.060 957 958 933 924 896 892 876

MAXIMUM AFFORDABILITY 0 16 43 83 150 228 318 421 511 612 696 788 865 948 1.012 1.079 1.151 1.227 1.307 1.393

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

€M

ILLI

ON

AFFORDABILITY, TOTAL COSTS

TPs BG CY CZ EE HU LT LV MA PL RO SI SK

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

2009 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2009 2007

Sulp. content fuel 2011 2006

Inciner. W. (old) 2005

Inciner. W. (new) 2008 2006

Shipment Waste 2009 2007 2011

Packaging 2014 2005 2005 2005 2006 2007 2009 2007 2013 2007 2007

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

2008 2008

Landfills 2014 2009 2004 2012 2017

Asbestos 2004

Urban Water Waste Treatment Directive (UWWTD)

2014 2012 2010 2010 2015 2009 2015 2007 2015 2018 2015 2015

Disch. Dang. S. 2007 2007 2009 2006

Drinking Water 2013 2015 2005 2015

Birds 2008

Large Combustion Plants (LCP) (old)

2004 2005 2007

Large Combustion Plants (LCP) (new)

2014 2007 2015 2015 2017 2017

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)

2011 2010 2010 2015 2011 2011

Examples of transition periods

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Serbia : Time Schedule to Achieve Strategic Goals NEAS

TIMELINE GOALS

SHORT TERM MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 -

2025

2025 -

2030

Transposition

Full cost-recovery tariffs

Reformed PUCs

Secured co-financing

Reformed institutions

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Since 2000 approx. € 700 million in grants

(CARDS, IPA)

Approx. 30 % of EU Grant Assistance

Improved legislation, administrative

capacity and better water, air and waste

management for > 1.000,000 citizens

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Breakdown of EU Assistance according to sectors

(ongoing and future)

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Example: Air protection

Air quality does not meet Serbian = EU air quality standards in Serbia's 8

agglomerations (cities and towns)

Sources of pollution are thermo power plants, district heating plants, traffic

and others.

EU supports air protection legislation, air quality monitoring, air quality

assessment and development of cleaner air plans. Examples - Belgrade,

Novi Sad and Bor.

EU investment focuses on the power sector clean up in locations such as Obrenovac

By 2013 - 65% of Serbian Thermal Power Plants will meet EU standards as regards Particulate Matter - the single most health damaging air pollutant.

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Example: Water Supply and Protection

Drinking water quality is still problematic in parts of rural Serbia. Use of

septic tanks (groundwater pollution) and surface water pollution is one of

several reasons why some drinking water schemes do not meet Serbian =

EU/WHO micro biological standards.

EU assistance is funding drinking water schemes, waste water collection

and wastewater treatment plants in locations such as Petrovac na Mlavi,

Indija, Sabac and Subotica.

500,000 citizens benefit from completed EU projects. Planned projects for an additional 800,000 people.

Environmental Policies EU Assistance to Serbia

Example : Waste Management

70% of household waste is collected, 15 % landfilled to EU standard

3000 wild dumpsites await closure

Average recycling of household waste is 7%- 8%

Hazardous waste management system in early stages of development

EU assistance supports amongst others regional waste

management schemes including construction of landfills, collection equipment, waste separation lines and promotes now

also waste separation at source.

Waste Management schemes have been completed in Uzice, Pirot,

Sremski - Mitrovica serving close to 700,000 citizens

Resources include all material and natural resources, from food, timber,

and biodiversity in the widest sense,

to energy, metals, soil, water,

minerals, our atmosphere and land.

Resource Efficiency is about:

Sustainable management and use of

resources throughout their life cycle

Producing more value with less

material and consuming differently,

within our planet’s natural limits.

EnvironmentEnvironment

The Life-cycle

SourceSource SinkSink

Extraction:Extraction:

16 tons16 tons

Disposal:Disposal:

6 tons6 tons

Growing Growing

technospheretechnosphereTo physical stock: To physical stock:

10 tons10 tons

Threats to ecosystem services !Threats to ecosystem services !

A common environmental policy Towards a resource efficient economy

Further information

General

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/

Environment for Europeans

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/news/efe/index_en.htm

DG Environment

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/index_en.htm