professor isam shahrour summer course « smart and sustainable city » chapter 2 “sustainable...
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This lecture presents the Sustainable City Concept. It includes a historical overview of the sustainable development concept, the sustainability indicators, the local government organization and the application of the sustainability approach to the City.TRANSCRIPT
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Sustainable and Smart City : AUST Summer Course
Chapter 2 : Sustainable City
Professor Isam SHAHROUR Isam.shahrour@univ-‐lille1.fr
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Sustainable City: A city that contributes to sustainable development
InternaDonal concern and priority since about 40 years
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Q1 : What is Sustainability ?
Q3 : What are the city challenges regarding sustainability ?
3 QuesDons
Q2: What are the city sustainability indicators ?
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Sustainable development Dmeline
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Sustainable development Dmeline
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1996 – Habitat Agenda Istanbul
Sustainable development Dmeline
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Sustainable development Dmeline
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Sustainable development in France Grenelle 1: 2009 Grenelle 2: 2010
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Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generaDons to meet their own needs.
What is “Sustainable development” ? Report “Our Common Future” (1987) of the World Commission on Environment and Development (General Assembly of the UN)
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Two key concepts: • The concept of 'needs', in par?cular the essen?al needs of the world's poor, to which priority should be given.
• The idea of limita?ons imposed by the state of technology and social organiza?on on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs
Sustainable development
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Sustainability
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A sustainable city : A city designed, built, and managed in a manner where ci?zens meet their own needs without endangering the well-‐being of the natural world or the living condi?ons of other people, now or in the future”
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• A0 : Agenda 21 • A1 Sustainable Development and 2 -‐ 2 Educa?on -‐
YouTube. • A2 Social Policies for Sustainable Development -‐
YouTube • A3 Jaime Lerner_ Sing a song of sustainable ci?es -‐
YouTube copie.flv
VIDEOS
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Sustainable development 1. Environment : -‐ PreservaDon of natural resources: Water, Energy, Construc?on material, Other materials PolluDon reducDon: Air, Water, Soils
Waste treatment & recycling Solid waste, Water sewage, demoli?on materials, industrial wastes,…
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1. Environment : -‐ Land protecDon
Agriculture area, Green space, Drainage space (water infiltra?on,..) QuesDon : Intense city ?
Sustainable development
-‐ Natural disaster -‐ Protec?on, Emergency, Resilience
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Sustainable City
• Social exclusion, minority, social mixity • Children, women, • Social aid • Services expenses modula?on (housing, transport, educa?on, health,..)
• Old people services
2. Social • Poverty • Housing • Health, Educa?on
• Governance par?cipa?on
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Sustainable City
3. Economy • Economic development (Jobs, income increase….)
• Cost saving • Economic transi?on : from old industry to modern economy
• Research and innova?on • Digital integra?on • A\rac?veness & compe??veness
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Q1 : What is Sustainability ?
Q3 : What are the city challenges regarding sustainability ?
3 QuesDons
Q2: What are the city sustainability indicators ?
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Indicators are needed for: • Observa?on, • Analysis, Understanding • Planning, Control
“We can not control what we do not measure”
Indicator : some thing that indicates the state or level of something (Oxford Dictionary)
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Indicators of sustainable development are crucial for: • Crea?ng a “concrete defini?on” of sustainability.
• Elabora?on of strategy with goals to be achieved and means to be mobilized.
• Tracking progress towards goal. • In case of a gap between goal and realiza?on, readjus?ng the strategy.
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In 1995 the Commission on Sustainable Development of United Na?ons (CSD) proposed a set of indicators for SD
1995 : « Blue Book » :134 indicators for sustainable development
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2001 : « Blue Book » Second Edi?on :134 indicators were reduced to 58
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New set of indicators 14 themes :
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In France : Grenelle de l’environnement 2009 : Grernelle 1 2010 : Grenelles 2
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Grenelle 1 : 13 areas of SD
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United Kingdom
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13 indictors
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Q1 : What is Sustainability ?
Q3 : What are the city challenges regarding sustainability ?
3 QuesDons
Q2: What are the city sustainability indicators ?
• City structure and organisaDon • Local government & competency • Unsustainable expansion • Funding of the city sustainable development
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3.1 City structure and organisa?on
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The City : CiDzen & acDvity
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The City : buildings (habitaDon, services and work)
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The City : infrastructures
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• Water (drinking and sewage) • Energy (gas, electricity, hea?ng) • Telecommunica?ons
Urban Networks: the vein of the city
• Buried (invisible, ...) • Mixed (old and new, some more than 150 years old) • Huge investment and opera?ng costs • high interdependency
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Urban Networks in Jakarta were designed for one million In 2011, the city has more than 18 million
Networks may be undersized:
In some ciDes, water leakage could reach 40%
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3.2 City organizaDon Local government & competency
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The City: part of larger enDDes : Metropolis, Department, Region, State, Great region,…
CITY State
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Local gouvernement in France
• Municipality : 36 700 (in 1884) • Department : 101 (in 1871) • Region : 22 (in 1982) 2015 : Reduc?on to 12
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Local gouvernement In France
Intercommunalités (Federa?on of Ci?es)
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Local gouvernement In France
Intercommunalités (Federa?on of Ci?es)
• Communautés Urbaines (> 250 000 ) (in 1966) (nombre 15)
• Communautés d’aggloméra?ons (>15 000 ) • Communauté de communes
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ResponsibiliDes & Competency Region Department City State
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Lebanon Municipality (Baladiya): 661 Elected Municipality Council (8 to 24) Beirut : 16 elected + 8 nominated Federa?on of municipali?es : 50
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Lebanon : The government Decentralized Services
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Lebanon : Decentralized Services (government)
20
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Government (decentralized services): • Civil registra?on • Public order, • Energy distribu?on, • urban transport, road, • health, sports and recrea?on, • Economic development, • trading ac?vi?es
Lebanon Competency
Municipality and Federa?on of municipali?es • Local issues
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• Mainly old ci?es • Constructed in the 15th -‐ 20th • Largely expanded la\er • Related to the industrial and economic
development • Large construc?on programs aser the 2nd
world war (Europe)
3.3 Unsustainable expansion Developed countries
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80% (France)
Poor quality buildings
3.3 Unsustainable expansion Developed countries
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Today : Inadequate Infrastructures
• Rapid city expansion • Unsustainable urbaniza?on • Mixed : old (more than 150 years), new … • Lack of maintenance • Lack of investment • Increase quality demand • Responsibility (??)
3.3 Unsustainable expansion Developed countries
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Barriers : -‐ Need for huge investment (crisis context) -‐ Lack of major innova?ons in urban
infrastructures -‐ Socio-‐economic model (role of the private
sector, taxes, social model,....) -‐ Cultural change, -‐ Governance (responsibility,….)
3.3 Unsustainable expansion Developed countries
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• Huge expansion of urban areas (Related to job and services demands) • Slums • Lack of buildings & infrastructures • Poor quality construc?on • Poor basic infrastructure (drinking water,
sanita?on, energy, roads) • Urban planning ?
2. Unsustainable expansion 2.2 Low income countries
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• Urban planning • Lack of funding • Lack of qualifica?on(technology, management,…) • Corrup?on
3.3 Unsustainable expansion Low income countries
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Huge need for : • buildings & Infrastructures, • Basic services (educa?on, health) • Economic development (jobs,…) • Qualifica?ons (building capacity) QuesDon of • Investment (huge) • Interna?onal aid (interna?onal concern) • Governance : transparency, corrup?on, • Building capacity
3.3 Unsustainable expansion Low income countries
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3.4 Funding of sustainable development of the city
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Pubic funding : State, Region, City
3.4 Funding of sustainable development
Private – sector Green industry
CiDzen charges for roads, tunnels, city access, parking, waste treatment,..
Public -‐ Private –sector c partnership
Taxes Greenhouse gas taxes,..
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A6 The failings of our city A7 Urban Design for Successful Ci?es Alexandros Washburn
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