Aeronautical Crash Prevention System through RF Communication

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of B.Tech in Electronics and communications.

BY

Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report Aeronautical Crash Prevention System through RF Communication entitled that is being submitted by J. Srikanth Reddy and G. Anvesh Reddy in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communications Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date:Internal Guide:

External guide:Ms N Sumalatha

Mr S. Srinivasa Rao

Designation: Lecturer

Designation: Asst Professor

Head of Department:Prof S. Srinivas Rao SirDesignation: professor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Prabhu G. Benakop , Director, Auroras Technological and Research Institute for allowing us to pursue our project in Idea Labs and for supporting us in taking guidance from a renowned institution where we could truly gain a hands-on experience of doing the chosen project.

It is our great privilege to acknowledge our indebtedness to Professor S.Srinivas Rao Sir. Head, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, ATRI , for his scholarly guidance and constructive advice, which helped in the successful accomplishment of the main project. Our sincere thanks to Mrs. Archana Ghule, Project Heads for her support and valuable suggestions.

We thank our internal project guide Ms N Sumalatha, for sparing her precious time. We express our gratitude for guiding us throughout the course of the main project and helping us in bringing this report in its final form.

We also thank people who have directly or indirectly have help in making of project and report feasible. This action is vote of thanks gratitude towards all who have contributed in their own special way towards the completion of this project.

J.SRIKANTH REDDY 07841A0484

G.ANVESH REDDY 07D91A04B2

ABSTRACT

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various fields like industrial automation, home appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc. Now more than ever, embedded systems designers are recognizing the value of wireless. From home light switches and entertainment systems to industrial controls to remote monitoring and communications, wireless is permeating an increasing variety of applications that might once have been thought of as either standalone or otherwise happily tethered to a wire of some sort.

The main aim of this project is to prevent the collision among air flights. Many methods have to be followed to prevent the collision between the flights, but here RF technology is used. The microcontroller provides some additional features for future enhancement. This project consists of two major units 1) Transmitter Unit and 2) Receiver Unit.

The RF transmitter consists of an encoder which takes parallel data from micro controller and transmits serial data. And receiver system containing the decoder converts the serial data into parallel data and fetches it to the micro controller unit. Then the data can be processed by the controller presented in the Receiver unit, and drives the motors in the opposite direction. All the status about transmitter end is displayed in LCD. The controller also initiates the Buzzer. This unit is placed in the Flight.

Contents of the ThesisContents

Page NoCERTIFICATE

ivACKNOWLEDGEMENT

vABSTRACT

viCHAPTER 1: Introduction to project

1

CHAPTER 2: Literature Survey

3

CHAPTER 3: Block Diagram and Circuit Diagram

5

CHAPTER 4: Theoretical Analysis 9

4.1 Embedded Micro Controller and Hard ware

9

4.1.1Introduction

94.1.2Features of Micro Controller

104.1.3Pin Diagram & Port Description

12 4.2 Introduction to Embedded C

15 4.3 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433

19

4.3.1 Overview

19

4.3.2. Features

20

4.3.3. Applications

20

4.3.4 Specification

21

4.3.5. Pin Description

21

4.3.6. Operation

21

4.4 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433

224.4.1 Overview

23

4.4.2. Features

23

4.4.3. Applications

23

4.4.4 Specification

24

4.4.5. Pin Description

24

4.4.6. Operation

24

4.5 Decoders

26

4.5.1 General Description

26

4.5.2 Features

27

4.5 3 Applications

27

4.5.4 Pin Description

28

4.5.5 Pin Assignment

284.6 Encoders

4.6.1 General Description

294.6.2 Features

294.6.3 Applications

304.6.4 Pin Assignment

30

4.6.5 Pin Description 31

4.7 Liquid Crystal Display

31

4.8 Power Supply Design

34

4.9 Electromagnetic Relays

38 4.10 ULN2803

39

Source code

41

RESULTS

48CONCLUSION

50Bibliography

51List of Figures

Figures

Page No

Fig 3.1 Transmitter Section

5Fig 3.2 Receiver section

6Fig 3.3 Schematic of transmitter

7Fig 3.4 Schematic of receiver

8Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram of 89C52

11Fig. 4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C52

12

Fig 4.3 STT 433 overview diagram

20Fig 4.4 overview diagram of STR_433

22Fig 4.5 pin assignment of decoder

28Fig 4.6 pin assignment of encoder

30Fig 4.7 LCD

31

Fig 4.8 Block diagram of RPS

35 Fig 4.9 Bridge rectifier

36

Fig 4.10 Smoothing wave form

37Fig 4.11 Relays

39Fig4.12 Pin Assignment of ULN2803

40Fig i transmitter section

48

Fig ii receiver section

48Fig iii shows receiving the transmitted data

49

Fig iv shows when aero bus found

49

Fig v shows no aero bus found

49List of Tables

Tables

Page NoTable 4.1 specification of STT 433

21Table 4.2 pin description of STT 433

21Table 4.3 specification of STR 433

24Table 4.4 pin description of STR 433

24Table 4.5 pin description of decoder

28Table 4.6 pin description of encoder

31Table 4.7 pin assignment of LCD

34 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONThe main aim of this project is to prevent the collision among air flights. Many methods have to be followed to prevent the collision between the flights, but here RF technology is used. The microcontroller provides some additional features for future enhancement. This project consists of two major units 1) Transmitter Unit and 2) Receiver Unit.

The RF transmitter consists of an encoder which takes parallel data from micro controller and transmits serial data. And receiver system containing the decoder converts the serial data into parallel data and fetches it to the micro controller unit. Then the data can be processed by the controller presented in the Receiver unit, and drives the motors in the opposite direction. All the status about transmitter end is displayed in LCD. The controller also initiates the Buzzer. This unit is placed in the Flight.

The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place.

Coming to the question of why to use AT89C52 of all the 8-bit microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be because it has 8 Kb on chip flash memory which is just sufficient for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in flash technology in todays market place and hence using AT 89C52 is the optimal solution.In this project we are using 318 decoders. The decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired with the 318 series of encoders. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number of address and data format should be selected The programmable address/ data is transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger type or a DATA trigger type further enhances the application flexibility of the 318 series of encoders.

CHAPTER 2Literature Survey Embedded systems do a very specific task; they cannot be programmed to do different things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low. Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high temperatures and humidity.An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various fields like industrial automation, home appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc. Now more than ever, embedded systems designers are recognizing the value of wireless. From home light switches and entertainment systems to industrial controls to remote monitoring and communications, wireless is permeating an increasing variety of applications that might once have been thought of as either standalone or otherwise happily tethered to a wire of some sort.

Why RF? Bluetooth range is very low ,but we want somewhat higher range AF communication is point to point, but we want to detect objects which are travelling all the sides of main object

Satellite range is very high, it can detect objects at long distance also .so it is also of no use

But with RF we can rectify the above three problems.

CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM:

BASE STATION (AIRPORT)

AIRCRAFT

Transmitter section:

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

RF technology is made technology is used for many applications like process control, energy metering, security system, remote applications etc.

In our project we will be using RF technology for exchange of information between Aircraft (Transmitter) and base station (Receiver). In transmitter side there are different sensors used for measuring Aircraft vibration, Engine temperature, and Collision detector. So as to check that there is no abnormal rise in engine temperature or unwanted vibration that is taking place in the aircraft that may lead to an accident to avoid that. We will be transmitting information to airport so as to make an emergency landing or if required to take any necessary action.

In base station, pre recorded messages will be stored in Audio Memory Section (9600). Depending upon signal received at receiver section particular message will be played back at airport.CHAPTER 4Theoretical Analysis

4.1 EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER AND HARDWARE4.1.1 Introduction A micro controller (also MCU or C) is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Micro controllers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

It emphasizes high integration, in contrast to a microprocessor, which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general-purpose microprocessor, the micro controller integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, Flash memory for permanent data storage, peripherals, and input/output interfaces. At clock speeds of as little as 32 KHz, micro controllers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical applications. They consume relatively little power (milli watts or even microwatts), and will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or interrupt. Power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and peripherals disabled) may be just nano watts, making them ideal for low power and long lasting battery applications.

4.1.2 The Major Features of AT89S52 Microcontroller:3.2.9 MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

3.2.9.1 Features

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

4.0V to 5.5V Operating voltage.

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

256 * 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Eight Interrupt Sources

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

Power-off Flag

Fast Programming Time

Flexible ISP Programming

3.2.9.2 Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

3.2.9.3 Pin Description

Fig 3.10 VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.3.2.9.4 Block Diagram

Fig 3.11

The89S52has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual function' meaning that they can be used for two different functions. The first one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software. Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit variable called 'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/Output pin. There are two different memory types:RAMandEEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to store variable during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the program itself, that's why it is often referred to as the 'program memory'. It is clear that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the heart of the micro controllers. It is the CPU that will Read the program from the FLASH memory and Execute it by interacting with the different peripherals.

3.2.9.5 8051 Instruction Set

i. Arithmetic Operations

Mnemonic Description

SizeCycles

ADD A,Rn Add register to Accumulator (ACC).

11

ADD A,direct Add direct byte to ACC.

2 1

ADD A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC

.

11

ADD A,#data Add immediate data to ACC

.

21

ADDC A,Rn Add register to ACC with carry

.11

ADDC A,direct Add direct byte to ACC with carry. 2 1

ADDC A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC with carry. 11

ADDC A,#data Add immediate data to ACC with carry. 21

SUBB A,Rn Subtract register from ACC with borrow.

11

SUBB A,direct Subtract direct byte from ACC with borrow 21

SUBB A,@Ri Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow.11

SUBB A,#data Subtract immediate data from ACC with borrow.21

INC A

Increment ACC.

11

INC Rn Increment register.

11

INC direct Increment direct byte.

21

INC @Ri Increment indirect RAM.

11

DEC A

Decrement ACC.

11

DEC Rn Decrement register.

11

DEC direct Decrement direct byte.

21

DEC @Ri Decrement indirect RAM.

11

INC DPTR Increment data pointer.

12

MUL AB Multiply A and B Result: A