Propounders and Interpreters of Theory

CEA 213

Propounders and Interpreters of Theory

• Handout on educational philosophy• Chapter 3 of textbook provides an

introduction to learning theory.• Learning theory literature falls into two

general types: Propounders and Interpreters.

Propounders of Interpreters of Theory

• Propounders are single minded and create a comprehensive, coherent, and internally consistent system of ideas about learning.

• Interpreters reconcile chaos and bring order to learning theory by identifying categories or domains within theory.

Propounders & Interpreters

• Similar to the difference between visionary leaders (Where are we headed?) and

• Pragmatic managers (How can we get there?).

An abundance of Learning theories

• Proponents have produced an abundance of learning theories.

• Interpreters have not fully agreed upon a way to order theories

• A simple division is :1. Behavioral learning theories2. Cognitive learning theories3. Additional learning theories

Seeking order in learning theory

• Elemental learning theories visualize learning as a mechanistic process. They break learning into specific smaller steps and measure progress quantitatively.

• Holistic learning theories visualize learning as an organic process. They assess learning as a holistic process involving multiple factors and measure progress qualitatively.

Elemental learning theory [based on animal studies]

• Thorndike (1898) Animal Intelligence – specific responses are connected to specific stimuli

• Pavlov (1849-1936) Learning is a conditioned response

• Guthrie (1886-1959) learners select stimuli• B. F. Skinner - Reinforcement is the key• Hull – intervening variables determine /

explain response to stimuli

Holistic learning theories

• John Dewey – 1896 – critiqued elemental learning theory

• Tolman (1886-1959) purposive behavior with an emphasis on human purpose

• Behavior was seen as the result of the interplay of a wide variety of forces, not just a simple stimuli – response pattern.

• Piaget – learning is a process of human development

A Key Proponent: Tyler (1950)

• Basic principles of curriculum and instruction• Builds on Thorndike’s belief that learning

consisted of building up connections between specific stimuli and specific responses

• Set educational objectives plan & complete educational exercises evaluate learning

A Key Proponent: Friere (1970)

• Learning occurs within socially constructed social order which positions some to learn and oppressively selects some to fail.

• Those who fail can learn if they become conscious of the social oppression in which they live and if they see learning as a way out.

• He developed a “consciousness raising” approach to literacy education.

A Key Proponent: Mezirow (1981)

• Transformative learning occurs that radically changes the perspectives of the learner, transforming him or her into a different person.

• Transformative learning can be planned and facilitated.