pt 2 snj s2

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GENETICS OF ANIMAL (GENETIKA HEWAN):

1. Genetic materials

2. Genetic materials on population3.Biotechnology

1. Genetic material

1. Introduction

2. CellBiology

3. Mendelism

4. Hybrid

5. Extension of Mendel Law

6. Sex lingkage

7. Pedigree analysis

8. Bunch Gen & Crossing over

9. Genetic Materials Order Changes

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History Theory of Inheritance :

Gene (basic units of biological)

Genetics Heridity

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) teori pewarisan gen

Thales (500 SM) air materi biologi generasi spontan

Redi (1621-1697) & Spallanzani (1739-1799); Leeuwenhoekm.h. dpt berasal dr benda mati abiogenesis

Pasteur (1822-1895) & Tyndall (1820-1893) biogenesis

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Offspring miniature of living things

praformasi-isme (preformationism)

Wolf (1738-1794) jar. embrional tumbuh organ

Von Baer (1792-1876) epigenesis

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) bentukan kecil (darah)

menuju ke organ kelamin gemmules (in gamet)

teori pangenesis

+ Weisman (1834-1914) t germplasm

Lamarck (1744-1829) teori evolusi (1809)

+ Darwin (buku The Origin of Species )

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Phenotype and Genotype

Appearance of an individual who appears outwardly

P = G + E

PerformanceGenetics

Environment

P : 1. Quantitative traits (Sifat kuantitatif)

2. Qualitative traits (Sifat kualitatif)

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GENETIC MATERIALS

2. CellBiology : - Cytoplasm

- Nucleus

- Chromosome (structure & type)

- Cell divison (mitosis & meiosis)

- Breeding (gametogenesis & Fertilization)

- Gene (Gen Eukariosit & Mechanism of gene action)- Deoxyribonucleat (protein synthesis & Codon)

3. Mendelism : - Mendel Experiments

- Autosomal gene inheritance: - Naming genes

- Gene expression

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Lanjutan Materi Genetik

4. Hybrid (Combination, Method, Chi-square)

5. Extension of Mendel Law (gen interaction and Epystasis,Multiple alleles, Codominance, Gene Lethal, Multiple gene,

Inheritance of skin and fur)

6. Sex Linkage (Ways, failed to severance, sex chromatin)

7. Pedigree analysis8. Bunch Gen & Crossing over: - linkage gene

- crossing over

- Gene mapping

9. Genetic Materials Order Changes :

- Gene Mutation

- Chromosome Mutation

- Per Number of Chromosomes

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2. GENETIC MATERIALS IN POPULATION

Population genetic:- Probability Theory

- The concept of gene and genotype frequency:

* Gene frequency

* The Law of Hardy-Weinberg

- Gene frequency disorders: Mutation, Migration &

Selection

- Genetic Drift

- Cross-In & Heterosis

Weighting of Genetic Material

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Weighting of Genetic Material

- Genetic Weight : * Popu lat ion mean

* Gene effec t

* B reeding value* Dom inance Deviasion

- Variance: * VP

* VG

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3. Biotechnology

A. Cloning : - Embryo Splitting

- Nuclear transfer

B. Genetic Engineering

C. Gene Mapping

Pemanfaatan Bioteknologi ~ Pemuliaan Ternak ?

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WEIGHTING OF GENETIC MATERIAL

(Pembobotan Materi Genetik)A. Genetic Weight (Bobot Genetik)

Genetic composition Gen freq. & genotype freq.

(population)

Population difference Certain parameters

(Quantitative) (Size / unit in metric)

Locus two allele A1 and A2

genetic weight

A1A1 + aA2A2 - a

A1A2 - d (heterosigot)

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Simulation of Genetic following weight :

Genotype : A2A2 A1A2 A1A1

Genetic weight : - a 0 d +a

No domination d = 0

A1 > A2 d (positif)

A2 > A1 d (negatif)

Full dominance d = +a / -aOver dominance d = > +a / -a

d/a The size of the power domination

(Ukuran kekuatan dominasi)

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a. Population Mean

Gene frequency A1 p & A2 q

A1A1 ,A1A2 dan A2A2 ; p2 , 2pq dan q2

M = ap2 + 2 pqd aq2 , (p + q) = 1

homosigot heterosigot

d = 0 M = a ( 1 2q )

d = a M = a ( 1 2q2 )

M = a ( p q ) + 2 pqd

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Rerata bobot ayam walik (frizzle) umur 12 mg, sbb:

(Average weight of chicken frizzle at 12 weeks:)

Ayam walik (frizzle), FF = 515,66 g Ayam setengah walik (mild frizzle), Ff = 504,00 g

Ayam tidak walik (not frizzle), ff = 457,90 g

Jawab (Answer) :

Titik tengah = (515,66 + 457,9) / 2 = 486,78

(Midpoint)

457,9 486,78 504,0 515,66

ff -a d Ff +a FF

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Freq. of F-gene = 0.436, and Freq. of f-gene = 0.564

Effect of gene F of the average population is:

M = a ( p q ) + 2 pqd

= (28.88)(0.436-0.564) + 2 (0.436)(0.564)(17.22)= 4.77

Absolute value = 4.77 + 486.78 = 491.55

The power domination = 17.22 / 28.22 d/a

= 0.596 < 1 (dom. Not full)

Genotip

(Genotype)

Bobot Genetik

(Genetic weight)

Nilai

(Value)

FF a 515.66-486.78=28.88

Ff d 504.00-486.78=17.22

ff -a 457.90-486.78=-28.88

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b. Pengaruh Gen (Gene effect)

A1

Population (A1 and A2) ?

A deviation from the mean of the population (whichaccept gene from one parent), while genes from other

elders Random

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-Effect of gene A1, as follow:

pa + qd [a(p-q) + 2 pqd] = q[a + d(q-p)] = 1

- Effect of gene A2, is:

2 = -p[a + d(q-p)]

So: = 1 -2 = a + d (q p)

1 = q[a+d(q-p)] 1 = q, 2 = -p[a+d(q-p)] 2 = -p,

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Examples on Frizzle chicken, then the amount of each

gene substitution is:

1 = q[a+d(q-p)]

= (0,564)[28,88+17,22(0,564-0,436] = 17,53

2 = -p[a+d(q-p)]

=-(0,436)[28,88+17,22(0,564-0,436]=-13,55

The amount of gene substitution:

= a + d (q p)

= 28,88 + 17,22(0,564-0,436) = 31,08

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NILAI PEMULIAAN (Breeding Value)

The concept of genetic effects Pass on the gene composition

(not genotype)

?

The mean weight of genetic

Breeding Value (BV) : The value of an individual, which is measured / judged on

average value of the child. (BV= 2 x 1)


BV : 21 1 +2 22

2q (q-p) -2p

Example of Frizzle Chicken A1A1 = 35,06 A1A2 = 3,98 A2A2 = -27,10

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BV Gene, Full Dominance ?P = (1-q)

(d-a)

Homosigot resesif -2ap(1+q)

Heterosigot 2aq2

Po = NPo = (NPs + NPd)

Po dan NPo nilai fenotip dan NP anakNPs dan NPd NP dari masing-masing tetuanya

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DEVIASI DOMINAN (Dominance Deviation)

BV ~ Nilai Aditif

DD Deviation from the weight of genetic susceptibility to BV


DD : -2q2 d 2 pqd -2p2d

Epystasis G = A + D + 1

G = A + D

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Tugas (Homework):

Diketahui:

Rerata bobot Sapi Potong umur 2 tahun, sbb:

(Average weight of beef cattle at 2 years):

Sapi Potong Merah (Red), RR = 325 kg

Sapi Potong Mahoni (Mahoni), Rr= 314 kg Sapi Potong coklat (brown), rr = 277 kgg

Frekuensi gen R = 0.6 dan r=0.4

Hitung:

1) Rerata populasi (mean) ?2) Gene effect ?

3) Breeding value ?

4) Dominance Deviation ?

pt 2 snj s2

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