Public Policy Research ForumPublic Policy Research Forum

Informing Policy: Informing Policy: Realizing the Potential and Benefits of Realizing the Potential and Benefits of

Public Policy Research in Hong KongPublic Policy Research in Hong Kong  

(B) Equality and Opportunity(B) Equality and Opportunity

Roads to Success in Hong Kong among Roads to Success in Hong Kong among New Arrivals from the Chinese MainlandNew Arrivals from the Chinese Mainland

  K.K. LeungK.K. Leung

Department of Applied Social StudiesDepartment of Applied Social Studies

Number of One-way Permit Holders Number of One-way Permit Holders 1983 - 20081983 - 2008

Source: Security Bureau & Home Affairs Department and Immigration Department, HKSAR Government

1974: “Touch Base” Policy1974: “Touch Base” Policy

1980: Repatriated immediately after arrested1980: Repatriated immediately after arrested

1983: 75 persons a day – One-way Permit Scheme1983: 75 persons a day – One-way Permit Scheme

1993: 105 persons a day1993: 105 persons a day

1995: 150 persons a day1995: 150 persons a day

2003: Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents & Professionals and Capital Investment Entrant Scheme2003: Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents & Professionals and Capital Investment Entrant Scheme

Im/migration Policy in Hong Im/migration Policy in Hong KongKong

Source: Census & Statistics Department, HKSAR Government

Note: Of the One-way Permit daily quota of 150 since 1995, 60 (40%) for Note: Of the One-way Permit daily quota of 150 since 1995, 60 (40%) for childrenchildren born in the mainland of HK permanent residents with Certificate of Entitlement & born in the mainland of HK permanent residents with Certificate of Entitlement & 30 (20%) for mainland residents separated from their 30 (20%) for mainland residents separated from their spousesspouses in HK for 10 years or more in HK for 10 years or more

Equal Opportunities & Social DiscriminationEqual Opportunities & Social Discrimination

Persons from the MainlandPersons from the MainlandHaving Resided (PMRs)Having Resided (PMRs)

in Hong Kongin Hong Kong

Needs of PMRsfor 3 Years & Less

November 2002 – May 2003

Needs of PMRsfor Less than 7 Years

October – December 2005

Number of PMRs 107,000 241,000

Worked inthe Mainland 70.7% 67.3%

Hong Kong 40.0% 47.9%

Perceived Discrimination 21.8% no data*

* 26.5%* 26.5%, , K.K. Leung, S.H. Ng, W.C. Chan, C.K. Cheung & S.F. Fung, ”Roads to Success in Hong Kong among New Arrivals from the Chinese Mainland”, CityU, 2007.

Statistics on Difficulties and Service Needs Statistics on Difficulties and Service Needs of New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - of New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 -

2009*2009*

SituationSituation(%)(%)

20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009

DifficultieDifficultiess

in in adaptingadapting

77.577.5 78.078.0 75.775.7 67.967.9 79.379.3 79.979.9 81.781.7 77.477.4 80.480.4

Source: “Statistics on New Arrivals from the Mainland”, Home Affairs Department & Immigration Department, HKSAR Government

SupportinSupportingg

serviceserviceneededneeded

84.784.7 83.983.9 82.082.0 71.771.7 85.085.0 86.486.4 86.486.4 83.683.6 86.086.0

* 1* 1stst quarter of 2009 quarter of 2009

Statistics on Main Difficulties Encountered Statistics on Main Difficulties Encountered by New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - by New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 -

2009*2009*

Main Main Difficulties Difficulties

(%)(%)20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009

WorkWork 53.253.2 50.850.8 49.949.9 52.252.2 54.354.3 52.152.1 59.759.7 52.152.1 54.054.0

Living Living environmentenvironment

44.244.2 39.639.6 38.438.4 21.621.6 33.733.7 32.032.0 23.223.2 30.030.0 31.831.8

Family Family financefinance

27.027.0 29.129.1 31.831.8 31.231.2 30.030.0 26.026.0 20.020.0 20.220.2 22.322.3

LanguageLanguage 15.015.0 17.417.4 16.216.2 13.913.9 12.712.7 19.519.5 25.725.7 26.626.6 27.027.0

* 1* 1stst quarter of 2009 quarter of 2009

Source: “Statistics on New Arrivals from the Mainland”, Home Affairs Department & Immigration Department, HKSAR Government

Statistics on Mostly Needed Supporting Services of Statistics on Mostly Needed Supporting Services of New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - 2009*New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - 2009*

Mostly Needed Mostly Needed Supporting Supporting

Services (%)Services (%)20012001 20022002 20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009

Assistance in Assistance in seeking seeking

employmentemployment58.358.3 55.755.7 54.354.3 56.956.9 60.260.2 59.559.5 64.464.4 58.258.2 62.362.3

Career Career trainingtraining

32.132.1 31.631.6 31.031.0 38.238.2 42.842.8 40.140.1 41.041.0 34.634.6 35.035.0

Application Application for public for public housinghousing

45.745.7 38.238.2 34.034.0 21.621.6 35.935.9 36.136.1 27.927.9 35.035.0 34.834.8

English courseEnglish course 24.724.7 29.529.5 29.529.5 23.423.4 30.730.7 30.130.1 31.931.9 33.933.9 35.635.6

* 1* 1stst quarter of 2009 quarter of 2009

Source: “Statistics on New Arrivals from the Mainland”, Home Affairs Department & Immigration Department, HKSAR Government

Survey ResearchSurvey Research

““Roads to Success in Hong Kong among Recent Roads to Success in Hong Kong among Recent Immigrants from the Chinese Mainland”, funded by Immigrants from the Chinese Mainland”, funded by RGCRGC

Survey Survey samplessamples in 2005: in 2005: 2,8462,846 = 1,390 students + = 1,390 students + 1,091 younger adults + 365 older adults1,091 younger adults + 365 older adults

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire: : 8282 questions covering questions covering 55 main areas: main areas:

profileprofile: personal/social characteristics: personal/social characteristics

capitalcapital: human, social, cultural, and financial: human, social, cultural, and financial

successsuccess: psychological adjustment, social integration, and : psychological adjustment, social integration, and achievementachievement

social experiencesocial experience: social services received and : social services received and discrimination experienceddiscrimination experienced

migration policy supportmigration policy support

Personal/Social Personal/Social CharacteristicsCharacteristics

SexSex AgeAge Marital statusMarital status ReligionReligion PartisanshipPartisanship Place of origin Place of origin Arrival timeArrival time

CapitalCapital

Human Human Social Social CulturalCultural FinancialFinancial

Social experienceSocial experience

Social service Social service receptionreception Social discriminationSocial discrimination

SuccessSuccess

Psychological adjustmentPsychological adjustment Social integrationSocial integration AchievementAchievement

Support for the migration Support for the migration policypolicy

FrameworkFramework

Standardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingStandardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and BehaviourNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

Standardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingStandardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and BehaviourNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

*: *: p p < .05; **: < .05; **: pp < .01; ***: < .01; ***: pp < .001 < .001

Standardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingStandardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and BehaviourNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

*: *: p p < .05; **: < .05; **: pp < .01; ***: < .01; ***: pp < .001 < .001

Standardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingStandardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and BehaviourNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

*: *: p p < .05; **: < .05; **: pp < .01; ***: < .01; ***: pp < .001 < .001

Standardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingStandardized Regression Coefficients for PredictingNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and BehaviourNew Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

Access, Activation, Reproduction and Access, Activation, Reproduction and Accumulation of CapitalAccumulation of Capital

AccessAccess

cultural capital, financial capital, human cultural capital, financial capital, human capital and social capital capital and social capital accessed accessed byby new new arrivals at their arrival in Hong Kongarrivals at their arrival in Hong Kong

ActivationActivation

making use of the access to making use of the access to trigger off trigger off the the four forms of capital after their arrival in four forms of capital after their arrival in Hong KongHong Kong

ReproductionReproduction

recreatingrecreating the four forms of capital after the four forms of capital after their activationtheir activation

AccumulationAccumulation

capitalizingcapitalizing on the activation and on the activation and reproduction of capital to engender success reproduction of capital to engender success including psychological adjustment, social including psychological adjustment, social integration and achievementintegration and achievement

AccumulationAccumulation

ModelModel

AccessAccess

ReproductioReproductionn

ActivationActivation

CapitalCapital

Informing PolicyInforming Policy

For facilitating new arrivals’ success in Hong For facilitating new arrivals’ success in Hong Kong, Kong, policypolicy can ensure the following: can ensure the following:

1. 1. integratingintegrating new arrivals as earlier as new arrivals as earlier as possible once they arrive in Hong Kong;possible once they arrive in Hong Kong;

2. 2. promoting promoting socialsocial capital and capital and culturalcultural capital of new arrivals in general; capital of new arrivals in general;

specifically:specifically:

2.1 helping new arrivals with less social 2.1 helping new arrivals with less social capital and cultural capital capital and cultural capital at the time at the time

of arrival of arrival in Hongin Hong Kong;Kong;

2.22.2 enhancing new arrivals’ enhancing new arrivals’ socialsocial capital capital and and culturalcultural capital after their capital after their

arrival;arrival;

Informing PolicyInforming Policy

3. 3. eliminating eliminating social social discriminationdiscrimination against against new arrivals in general;new arrivals in general;

4. 4. offering offering equal opportunities equal opportunities to them in to them in gaining access to various forms of gaining access to various forms of

capital; capital;

5. 5. sustaining a sustaining a supportive context supportive context for new for new arrivals to gain access to, activate, arrivals to gain access to, activate,

reproduce, and accumulate their capital reproduce, and accumulate their capital acquired before.acquired before.

Informing PolicyInforming Policy

Thank YouThank You