pumping station design
TRANSCRIPT
Pumping Station DesignSecond Edition
Editor-in-Chief ROBERT L. SANKS, Ph.D., PEConsulting Engineer and Professor Emeritus Montana State University Bozeman, Montana
Co-EditorsGEORGE TCHOBANOGLOUS, Ph.D., PE Consulting Engineer and Professor Emeritus University of California at Davis Davis, California
BAYARD E. BOSSERMAN II, PEPrincipal Engineer Boyle Engineering Corporation Newport Beach, California
GARR M. JONES, PESenior Vice President, Design Brown and Caldwell Consultants Walnut Creek, California
1 ^ 1U T T E R W Q R T H |g|E I N E M A N N
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DisclaimerAll ideas, recommendations, methods, techniques, principles, training, or subjects mentioned are for information and educational purposes only. Because of the intangible and external influences that may bear on the use of these ideas and suggestions in any application and the absolute necessity for a totally integrated planning effort, the authors and publisher make no promises and accept no responsibility for the manner in which any of the information provided or contained herein may be applied, nor for the adverse effects that may result therefrom.
Copyright 1998 by Butterworth-Heinemann -^2 A member of the Reed Elsevier group
All rights reserved. Except for Chapter 1, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pumping station design / editor-in-chief, Robert L. Sanks. 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-7506-9483-1 (alk. paper) 1. Pumping stationsDesign and construction. 2. Water treatment plants. 3. Sewage disposal plants. I. Sanks, Robert L. TD485.P86 1998 628' .29dc21
97-15436 CIP
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth-Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax:781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann business books available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Printed in the United States of America
To the Memory of
Mary Clement Sanks June 11,1920-October 24, 1994 Musician of impressive accomplishments, organizer and director of the Annual Chamber Music Festival (1971-1994) for nearly 200 players from North America and Europe, inspiring teacher, enthusiastic chamber music player, and indefatigable worker. On the piano, she could switch keys or leave out a beat or a phrase to match others' mistakes so smoothly that the audience was unaware of a mishap. Generosity, kindliness, compassion, and service to others characterized her life. She once taught a university course for two students after hours for no compensation. A gentle, unassuming lady, she was loved by all who knew her. Without her patient typing throughout many revisions for seven years, Pumping Station Design could not have been written at all. She was also our ultimate authority on grammar and clarity. If she, a non-engineer, could not understand something, it was recast until she could. She had much to do with the book's quality and readability. It is altogether fitting that our profession should know how much it owes to this one dynamic, dedicated musician.
Contents
List of Examples .............................................................................................. xv Locator for Equations, Figures, and Tables ................................................. xvii Preface to the Second Edition ........................................................................ xxi Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... xxii Preface to the First Edition ............................................................................ xxiii Authors and Contributors .............................................................................. xxv 1. Introduction .................................................................................................1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 Authors and Contributors ............................................................................ Responsibilities of Project Engineers ......................................................... Units ............................................................................................................ Standards and Codes ................................................................................... Manufacturers' Recommendations .............................................................. Safety .......................................................................................................... How to Utilize This Book ........................................................................... How to Select Consulting Engineering Firms ............................................. Value Engineering ...................................................................................... Ensuring Quality and Economy .................................................................. Avoiding Litigation ..................................................................................... Library ........................................................................................................ Operator Training ........................................................................................ References ...................................................................................................
11 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
vii
viii2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9
ContentsAbbreviations .............................................................................................. Definitions .................................................................................................. Symbols ...................................................................................................... Supplementary Reading .............................................................................. Fundamentals of Hydraulics ....................................................................... Friction Losses in Pipe ................................................................................ Pipe Tables .................................................................................................. Headlosses in Pipe Fittings ......................................................................... Friction Losses in Open Channel Flow ....................................................... Energy in Pressurized Pipe Flow ................................................................ Energy in Open Channel Flow .................................................................... Unbalanced Hydraulic Forces ..................................................................... Field Measurement of Friction Coefficient ................................................. Flow of Sludges .......................................................................................... Unsteady Flow ............................................................................................ Model Studies ............................................................................................. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ....................................................... References ................................................................................................... Selection of Exposed Pipe .......................................................................... Selection of Buried Piping .......................................................................... Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) ............................................................................... Steel Pipe .................................................................................................... Plastic Pipe .................................................................................................. Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP) ..................................................................... Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe (RCPP) ............................................... Design of Piping ......................................................................................... 11 17 23 23 33 35 40 43 43 45 47 51 53 62 62 63 66 66 70 78 84 85 88 90 90 91
2. Nomenclature .............................................................................................. 11
3. Flow in Conduits ......................................................................................... 33
3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 5-1
4. Piping ........................................................................................................... 69
Special Piping and Plumbing ...................................................................... 102 References ................................................................................................... 105 Supplementary Reading .............................................................................. 106 Designing for Quality ................................................................................. 107
5. Valves ........................................................................................................... 107
Contents5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 8-1
ix
Isolation Valves .......................................................................................... 110 Sluice Gates, Shear Gates, Flap Valves, and Stop Plates ........................... 119 Check Valves .............................................................................................. 121 Control Valves ............................................................................................ 126 Valve Actuators .......................................................................................... 130 Air and Vacuum Valves .............................................................................. 132 Materials of Construction ........................................................................... 134 Installation of Valves .................................................................................. 135 Corrosion Protection ................................................................................... 136 References ................................................................................................... 136 Introduction ................................................................................................. 139 Nomenclature .............................................................................................. 140 Methods of Analysis ................................................................................... 140 Surge Concepts in Frictionless Flow .......................................................... 141 Slow Closure of Valves .............................................................................. 145 Surge Concepts in Flow with Friction ........................................................ 148 Column Separation ...................................................................................... 149 Criteria for Conducting Transient Analysis ................................................ 150 References ................................................................................................... 151 Overview of Hydraulic Transient Control Strategies .................................. 153 Control of Pumps ........................................................................................ 160 Control Tanks ............................................................................................. 161 Valves for Transient Control ...................................................................... 162 Containment of Transients .......................................................................... 164 Surge Control for Water Pumping Stations ................................................ 164 Surge Control for Raw Sewage Pumping Stations ..................................... 169 Pipeline Design ........................................................................................... 170 Computer Analysis ...................................................................................... 172 Transients in Distribution Systems ............................................................. 176 References ................................................................................................... 177 Definitions and Code References ................................................................ 179
6. Fundamentals of Hydraulic Transients .................................................... 139
7. Control of Hydraulic Transients ............................................................... 153
8. Electrical Fundamentals and Power System Principles .......................... 179
x
Contents8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 Electrical Fundamentals .............................................................................. 180 Power and Control System Elements .......................................................... 187 Standby Generators and Auxiliaries ........................................................... 203 Grounding ................................................................................................... 205 Lighting and Power Outlets ........................................................................ 208 Electrical Circuit Diagrams ......................................................................... 211 Power and Control System Practices .......................................................... 214 Reference .................................................................................................... 217 Supplementary Reading .............................................................................. 217 Final Construction Drawings ...................................................................... 219 Specifications .............................................................................................. 221 Contacting Utilities ..................................................................................... 222 Construction Information to Utilities .......................................................... 223 Load Estimation .......................................................................................... 223 Overcurrent Protection and Conductor Sizing ............................................ 226 Lighting ....................................................................................................... 232 Power Factor ............................................................................................... 234 Engine-Generator Sizing ............................................................................. 235 Short Circuit Current Calculations .............................................................. 237 Harmonics ................................................................................................... 239 Construction Service ................................................................................... 239 References ................................................................................................... 240 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps ........................................................... 241 Pump Application Terminology, Equations, and Performance Curves ......................................................................................................... 241 Pump Operating Characteristics ................................................................. 248 Cavitation .................................................................................................... 255 Pump Characteristic Curves ........................................................................ 262 Pump Operating Ranges ............................................................................. 265 Elementary Pump System Analysis ............................................................ 266 Practical Pumping System H-Q Curve Analysis ......................................... 271 Complex Pumping System H-Q Curves ..................................................... 276
9. Electrical Design ......................................................................................... 219
10. Performance of Centrifugal Pumps ........................................................ 241
10-10 References ................................................................................................... 276
Contents11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9
xi
11. Types of Pumps ......................................................................................... 277General Classifications of Pumps ............................................................... 277 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps ........................................................... 282 Construction of Centrifugal Pumps ............................................................. 283 Overhung-Impeller Pumps .......................................................................... 292 Impeller-between-Bearings Pumps ............................................................. 300 Classification of Vertical Pumps ................................................................. 301 Construction of Vertical Pumps .................................................................. 302 Types of Vertical Pumps ............................................................................. 307 Positive-Displacement Pumps .................................................................... 309
11-10 Special Pumps ............................................................................................. 312 11-11 Summary of Typical Pump Applications .................................................... 314 11-12 References ................................................................................................... 315 11-13 Supplementary Reading .............................................................................. 315
12. Pumps: Selection, Installation, and Intakes ........................................... 31712-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 Initial Screening .......................................................................................... 317 Final Selection ............................................................................................ 320 Illustrative Examples .................................................................................. 321 Summary and General Considerations in Pump Selection ......................... 337 Installation .................................................................................................. 340 Pump Intake Basins: an Appraisal .............................................................. 350 Pump Intake Basin Design .......................................................................... Caveat ............................................................................................................. Trench-Type Sumps for Solids-Bearing Waters ............................................ Controls for V/S Pumping .............................................................................. Cleaning Trench-Type Sumps ........................................................................ Rectangular Sumps for Clean Waters ............................................................. Active Storage Volume for C/S Pumping ...................................................... Approach Pipe ................................................................................................ Examples of the Design of Pump Sumps ....................................................... Critique of Example 12-3 ............................................................................... Critique of Example 12-4 ............................................................................... Critique of Example 12-5 ............................................................................... Round Sumps for Small Lift Stations ............................................................. Sumps for Large Pumps ................................................................................. 356 360 360 363 364 369 370 370 374 379 387 396 397 399
xii
Contents12-8 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 References ................................................................................................... 399 General ........................................................................................................ 401 Applications of Motors ............................................................................... 403 Fundamentals .............................................................................................. 405 Types of Motors for Pump Drivers ............................................................. 407 Characteristics of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors .................................... 410 Motor Speed ................................................................................................ 410 Motor Voltage ............................................................................................. 411 Enclosures ................................................................................................... 412 Insulation .................................................................................................... 413
13. Electric Motors .......................................................................................... 401
13-10 Service Factors for Squirrel-Cage Motors .................................................. 414 13-11 Motor Starting Frequency ........................................................................... 417 13-12 Miscellaneous Motor Features .................................................................... 418 13-13 Specifying Pumping Unit Drivers ............................................................... 420 13-14 Need for Engine-Generators ....................................................................... 421 13-15 Design Checklist ......................................................................................... 421 13-16 References ................................................................................................... 422
14. Engines ....................................................................................................... 42314-1 14-2 14-3 14-4 14-5 14-6 14-7 14-8 Selecting an Engine Drive .......................................................................... 423 Duty Cycle .................................................................................................. 424 Fuel for Engines .......................................................................................... 425 Aspiration .................................................................................................... 428 Types of Engines ......................................................................................... 428 Application Criteria .................................................................................... 428 Starting Methods ......................................................................................... 430 Cooling Methods ......................................................................................... 430
14-9 Controls ....................................................................................................... 430 14-10 Governors for Engine Control .................................................................... 431 14-11 Accessories for Engines .............................................................................. 431 14-12 Combustion Air ........................................................................................... 432 14-13 Exhaust Silencing ........................................................................................ 435 14-14 Pollution Control ......................................................................................... 435 14-15 Vibration Isolation ...................................................................................... 436
Contents
xiii
14-16 Lubrication Oil Storage and Supply ............................................................ 437 14-17 Fuel Oil Storage and Supply ....................................................................... 437 14-18 Gaseous Fuel Storage and Supply ............................................................... 437 14-19 Service Piping ............................................................................................. 437 14-20 Building Envelope ...................................................................................... 438 14-21 Ventilation .................................................................................................. 439 14-22 Maintenance ................................................................................................ 439
15. Variable-Speed Pumping ......................................................................... 44315-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6 15-7 15-8 15-9 Variable Speed versus Constant Speed ....................................................... 444 Design Considerations ................................................................................ 445 Theory of Variable-Speed Pumping ........................................................... 446 Pump Selection ........................................................................................... 450 Variable- and Constant-Speed Pumps in Simultaneous Operation ............. 454 Special Design Considerations ................................................................... 457 Analysis of Variable-Speed Booster Pumping ............................................ 458 Minimum Discharge Rate ........................................................................... 462 Operations in Booster Pumping .................................................................. 465
15-10 Simultaneous Operation of V/S and C/S Booster Pumps ........................... 466 15-11 Adjustable-and Variable-Speed Drives ....................................................... 467 15-12 References ................................................................................................... 483
16. Pump-Driver Specifications ..................................................................... 48516-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 16-6 16-7 16-8 16-9 Comparison of Two Approaches to Writing Specifications ....................... 485 Methods for Specifying Quality of Equipment ........................................... 486 Nonrestrictive Specifications ...................................................................... 486 Operating Conditions .................................................................................. 487 Mass Elastic Systems and Critical Speeds .................................................. 488 Pump Testing .............................................................................................. 488 Shipping Major Pumping Units .................................................................. 492 Submittals ................................................................................................... 492 Information to Be Provided ........................................................................ 492
16-10 Seals ............................................................................................................ 492 16-11 Pump Shafts ................................................................................................ 493 16-12 Pump Shaft Bearings ................................................................................... 493 16-13 Vertical Drive Shafts ................................................................................... 493
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Contents
16-14 Electric Motors ........................................................................................... 493 16-15 Optimum Efficiency .................................................................................... 493 16-16 References ................................................................................................... 494
17. System Design for Wastewater Pumping ................................................ 49517-1 17-2 17-3 17-4 17-5 17-6 17-7 17-8 18-1 18-2 18-3 18-4 18-5 18-6 18-7 18-8 19-1 19-2 19-3 19-4 19-5 19-6 20-1 20-2 20-3 20-4 20-5 Organization and Control of the Process .................................................... 495 Preliminary Engineering ............................................................................. 496 Detailed Layout ........................................................................................... 499 Detailed Design ........................................................................................... 503 Examples of Large Lift Stations ................................................................. 504 Examples of Medium-Size Lift Stations ..................................................... 514 Examples of Small Lift Stations ................................................................. 522 References ................................................................................................... 528 Types of Water Pumping Stations .............................................................. 529 Pumping Station Flow and Pressure Requirements .................................... 529 Raw Water Pumping from Rivers and Lakes .............................................. 533 Raw Water Pumping from Aqueducts ........................................................ 544 Well Pumps with Elevated Tanks ............................................................... 551 Booster Pumping Stations ........................................................................... 560 References ................................................................................................... 571 Suggested Reading ...................................................................................... 571 Hydraulic Design ........................................................................................ 574 Types of Pumps .......................................................................................... 581 Pumping System Design ............................................................................. 585 Piping System Design ................................................................................. 595 Long-Distance Pumping ............................................................................. 599 References ................................................................................................... 599 Reliability .................................................................................................... 601 Instrument Selection ................................................................................... 602 Level Measurements ................................................................................... 605 Pressure Measurements ............................................................................... 610 Flow Measurements in Pipes ...................................................................... 612
18. System Design for Water Pumping ......................................................... 529
19. System Design for Sludge Pumping ........................................................ 573
20. Instrumentation and Control Devices ..................................................... 601
Contents20-6 20-7 20-8 20-9
xv
Open Channel Flow Measurement .............................................................. 618 Chlorine Residual Measurement ................................................................. 619 Utility and Environmental Measurements .................................................. 620 Pumping Unit Monitors .............................................................................. 622
20-10 Control Equipment ...................................................................................... 623 20-11 Control Logic .............................................................................................. 624 20-12 Altitude Valves ........................................................................................... 625 20-13 Monitoring and Data Acquisition ............................................................... 626 20-14 Design Considerations ................................................................................ 627 20-15 References ................................................................................................... 628 20-16 Supplementary Reading .............................................................................. 628
21. Instrumentation and Control Applications ............................................ 62921-1 21-2 21-3 21-4 21-5 21-6 21-7 22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 22-5 22-6 22-7 22-8 22-9 Process and Instrumentation Diagrams ....................................................... 629 Well Pump with Hydropneumatic Tank ..................................................... 630 Booster Stations .......................................................................................... 631 High-Service Pumping Station ................................................................... 632 Small Wastewater Lift Station .................................................................... 633 Moderately Sized Lift Station ..................................................................... 635 Large Wastewater Pumping Station ............................................................ 636 Problems of Vibration and Noise ................................................................ 641 Avoiding Vibration Problems ..................................................................... 643 Troubleshooting Excessive Vibration ......................................................... 650 Introduction to Vibration and Noise Calculations ...................................... 659 Vibration and Noise Characteristics ........................................................... 662 Applicable Codes ........................................................................................ 665 Equipment Vibration ................................................................................... 669 Vibration Isolation Theory .......................................................................... 669 Vibration Isolators ...................................................................................... 672
22. Vibration and Noise .................................................................................. 641
22-10 Piping Vibration .......................................................................................... 675 22-11 Vibration of Drive Shafts ............................................................................ 685 22-12 Vibration of Structures ................................................................................ 689 22-13 Noise ........................................................................................................... 691 22-14 Reducing Exterior Noise ............................................................................. 701
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Contents
22-15 References ................................................................................................... 703
23. Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling ........................................................... 70523-1 23-2 23-3 23-4 23-5 23-6 23-7 23-8 23-9 Need for Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning ................................. 705 HVAC Design Criteria ................................................................................ 708 Odor Control ............................................................................................... 710 Dry Well Design Guidelines ....................................................................... 714 Energy Use and Conservation ..................................................................... 716 Corrosion Protection ................................................................................... 718 Sequence of Design Steps ........................................................................... 718 Ventilating System Design ......................................................................... 720 Design of Heating Systems ......................................................................... 728
23-10 Design of Building Cooling Systems .......................................................... 732 23-11 Design of Refrigerated Cooling Systems .................................................... 734 23-12 References ................................................................................................... 737 23-13 Supplementary Reading .............................................................................. 737
24. Designing for Easy Operation and Maintenance ................................... 73924-1 24-2 24-3 24-4 24-5 24-6 24-7 24-8 24-9 Site Selection .............................................................................................. 739 Landscaping ................................................................................................ 739 Hydraulics ................................................................................................... 740 Mechanical Considerations ......................................................................... 741 Electrical Considerations ............................................................................ 742 Architectural Considerations ...................................................................... 743 Standby Facilities ........................................................................................ 743 Specifications .............................................................................................. 743 Operators' Preferences ................................................................................ 744
24-10 Survey of Two Thousand Wastewater Pumping Stations ........................... 752 24-11 References ................................................................................................... 760
25. Summary of Design Considerations ........................................................ 76125-1 25-2 25-3 25-4 25-5 25-6 Need for Pumping Stations ......................................................................... 762 Site Selection .............................................................................................. 763 Architectural and Environmental Considerations ....................................... 765 Future Expansion ........................................................................................ 769 Hydraulic Constraints ................................................................................. 770 Types of Pumping Stations ......................................................................... 771
Contents25-7 25-8
xvii
Power, Drivers, and Standby ...................................................................... 782 Station Auxiliaries ...................................................................................... 788
25-9 Instruments and Control .............................................................................. 791 25-10 Structural Design ........................................................................................ 792 25-11 Concrete Protection: Coatings and Linings ................................................ 800 25-12 Force Main Design ...................................................................................... 801 25-13 References ................................................................................................... 802
26. Pumping Station Design Examples ......................................................... 80326-1 26-2 26-3 26-4 26-5 27-1 27-2 27-3 27-4 27-5 27-6 27-7 27-8 27-9 Redesigned Clyde Wastewater Pumping Station ........................................ 804 Redesigned Kirkland Wastewater Pumping Station ................................... 810 Jameson Canyon Raw Water Pumping Station ........................................... 816 Albany Combined Sewer Overflow Pumping Station (CSO PS 88) .......... 819 References ................................................................................................... 823 General ........................................................................................................ 827 Site .............................................................................................................. 828 Environmental ............................................................................................. 828 Safety .......................................................................................................... 828 Hydraulics ................................................................................................... 829 Pumps .......................................................................................................... 830 Valves ......................................................................................................... 833 Mechanical .................................................................................................. 835 Electrical ..................................................................................................... 836
27. Avoiding Blunders .................................................................................... 827
27-10 Structural-Architectural .............................................................................. 837 27-11 Specifications .............................................................................................. 837 27-12 Economics ................................................................................................... 838 27-13 The Future and Remodeling ........................................................................ 838 27-14 Illustrative Examples .................................................................................. 838 27-15 Design Reviews .......................................................................................... 838 27-16 Operations ................................................................................................... 840 27-17 References ................................................................................................... 840
28. Contract Documents ................................................................................. 84128-1 28-2 General ........................................................................................................ 841 Contractual or Legal Documents ................................................................ 842
xviii28-3 28-4 28-5 28-6 28-7 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6
ContentsTechnical Specifications ............................................................................. 844 Source Material ........................................................................................... 845 Specifying Quality ...................................................................................... 847 Submittal Requirements .............................................................................. 848 References ................................................................................................... 848 Cost Indexes ................................................................................................ 851 Cost Curves ................................................................................................. 853 Maintenance and Energy ............................................................................. 857 Interest Formulas ........................................................................................ 860 Cost Estimates ............................................................................................. 862 References ................................................................................................... 877 Base SI Units ..................................................................................... 879 Derived SI Units and Physical Quantities .......................................... 880 Physical Constants ............................................................................. 881 SI Prefixes .......................................................................................... 881 Conversion Factors ............................................................................ 881 Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units) ....................................................... 883 Atmospheric Pressure (U.S. Customary Units) ................................. 883 Physical Properties of Water (SI Units) ............................................. 884 Physical Properties of Water (U.S. Customary Units) ....................... 884
29. Costs ........................................................................................................... 851
Appendix A. Physical Data ............................................................................ 879Table A-1 Table A-2 Table A-3 Table A-4 Table A-5 Table A-6 Table A-7 Table A-8 Table A-9
Table A-10 Physical Properties of Pipe Materials ................................................ 885 Table A-11 Equivalent Weights and Measures ..................................................... 885 A-1 References ......................................................................................... 887
Appendix B. Data for Flow in Pipes, Fittings, and Valves .......................... 889Table B-1 Table B-2 Table B-3 Table B-4 Table B-5 Fig. B-1 Mortar-lined Class 53 Ductile Iron Pipe (SI Units) ........................... 890 Mortar-lined Class 53 Ductile Iron Pipe (U.S. Customary Units) ................................................................................................. 890 Standard Weight Steel Pipe (SI Units) .............................................. 892 Standard Weight Steel Pipe (U.S. Customary Units) ........................ 894 Probable Coefficients of Pipe Friction for Design ............................. 896 Moody Diagram for Determining in the Darcy-Weisbach Formula .............................................................................................. 897
ContentsTable B-6 Table B-7 Fig. B-2 Fig. B-3 Fig. B-4 Fig. B-5 Table B-8 Table B-9 B-1 B-2
xix
Recommended Energy Loss Coefficients, K, for Flanged Pipe Fittings ............................................................................................... 898 Recommended Energy Loss Coefficients, K, for Valves Fully Open ................................................................................................... 899 Headlosses for Mueller Swing Check Valves with Springloaded Levers ..................................................................................... 900 Headlosses for Mueller Swing Check Valves with Counterweighted Levers .................................................................... 900 Geometric Properties of Partly Full Pipes ......................................... 901 Hydraulic Elements of Circular Pipes as Open Channels .................. 902 Comparison of Computed Values of Velocity, Depth, Area, and Flow in Open Channels ..................................................................... 903 Velocities Required to Scour Air Pockets from Pipelines ................. 904 References ......................................................................................... 905 Supplementary Reading ..................................................................... 905
Appendix C. Typical Specifications for Pumps and Drivers ...................... 907 Appendix D. Common Blunders .................................................................... 921D-1 D-2 D-3 Figure 27-1 .................................................................................................. 921 Figure 27-2 .................................................................................................. 921 References ................................................................................................... 922
Appendix E. Codes, Specifications, and Standards ..................................... 923 Appendix F. Publishers .................................................................................. 931F-1 F-2 F-3 G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7 H-1 Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 931 Addresses of Publishers .............................................................................. 932 Reference .................................................................................................... 936 Civil Design Checklist ................................................................................ 937 Structural/Geotechnical/Architectural Design Checklist ............................ 938 Electrical Design Checklist ......................................................................... 938 Instrumentation and Control Checklist ....................................................... 939 Cross-Connection Control .......................................................................... 939 Mechanical Design Checklist ..................................................................... 940 References ................................................................................................... 942 Pre-Visit Check ........................................................................................... 944
Appendix G. Checklist for Project Reviews ................................................. 937
Appendix H. Start-Up ..................................................................................... 943
xx
ContentsH-2 H-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 H-7 H-8 H-9 Pre-Start-Up Check ..................................................................................... 944 Electrical Systems ....................................................................................... 946 Simplified Operational Checks for Small Stations ..................................... 950 Well Pumps ................................................................................................. 951 Chlorination ................................................................................................ 953 Complex Drives .......................................................................................... 953 Control Panel and Electrical Systems ......................................................... 953 Bubbler Systems ......................................................................................... 954
H-10 Vacuum Priming Systems ........................................................................... 954 H-11 Compressed Air Systems ............................................................................ 956 H-12 Hydropneumatic Tank Systems .................................................................. 957 H-13 Main Pumps, Final Pre-Start-Up Checks .................................................... 958 H-14 Wet Well and Testing of Main Pumps ........................................................ 958 H-15 Cleaning Wet Wells .................................................................................... 959 H-16 References ................................................................................................... 960
Appendix I. Addenda ...................................................................................... 961I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5 Fire Safety in Pumping Stations ................................................................. 961 Application-Engineered Equipment ............................................................ 961 Air-Vacuum Valves for Wastewater Service .............................................. 962 Machine Foundations and Installation ........................................................ 962 References ................................................................................................... 963
Index ................................................................................................................. 965
List of Examples3-1 Designing Pipe with the Pipe Tables ................................................................... 3-2 Design of a Sewer Pipe ........................................................................................ 3-3 Venturi Meter in a Pipe ....................................................................................... 3-4 Venturi Flume in a Channel ................................................................................. 3-5 Unbalanced Forces on a Wye .............................................................................. 4-1 Design of Tie Rods for a Sleeve Pipe Coupling .................................................. 4-2 Hanger Rod Sizing and Spacing .......................................................................... 41 44 46 49 51 92 97
5-1 Energy Penalties for Three Valves ...................................................................... 109 6-1 Effect of Pipe on Wave Speed and Pressure ........................................................ 144 6-2 Seating a Valve .................................................................................................... 147 7-1 Determination of Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness ............................................... 171 9-1 Electrical Load Estimation .................................................................................. 224 9-2 Branch Circuit Calculations for Pump Motors .................................................... 227 9-3 Branch Circuit Calculations for Sump Pump ...................................................... 228 9-4 Lighting and Small Power Transformers ............................................................. 230 9-5 Heating and Ventilating Electrical Equipment .................................................... 230 9-6 Service Circuit Transformer, Protection, and Conductors ................................... 231 9-7 Lighting a Small Pumping Station ....................................................................... 233 9-8 Power Factor Relationship ................................................................................... 234 9-9 Capacitor Sizing .................................................................................................. 234 9-10 Size of the Engine-Generator Set ........................................................................ 236 10-1 Evaluation of Pump Performance ........................................................................ 246 10-2 Application of Affinity Laws .............................................................................. 250 10-3 Effect of Changes in Impeller Diameter and Speed ............................................ 253 10-4 Use of Specific Speed in Pump Selection ............................................................ 255 10-5 Calculation of Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) ........................... 259 10-6 Determination of NPSHi and NPSHA .................................................................. 261 10-7 Estimating the Size of the Pump Required .......................................................... 263 10-8 Application of a Variable-Speed Pump ............................................................... 269 12-1 Sump Pumping System ........................................................................................ 322 12-2 Selecting Pumps for a Water Booster Pumping Station ...................................... 328 12-3 Design of Typical Pumping Station Wet Well for C/S Wastewater Pumps ........ 375
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List of Examples
12-4 Design of a Trench-Type Wet Well for V/S Wastewater Pumps ........................ 381 12-5 Design of a Trench-Type Wet Well for C/S Wastewater Pumps ........................ 387 13-1 Motors for a Sewage Lift Station ........................................................................ 415 17-1 Duwamish Pumping Station ................................................................................ 505 17-2 Interbay Pumping Station .................................................................................... 508 17-3 West Point Influent Pumping Station .................................................................. 510 17-4 Kirkland Pumping Station ................................................................................... 514 17-5 North Mercer Island Pumping Station ................................................................. 517 17-6 Sunset Pumping Station ....................................................................................... 520 17-7 Vallby Pumping Station ....................................................................................... 523 17-8 Clyde Pumping Station ........................................................................................ 525 17-9 Black Diamond Pumping Station ........................................................................ 527 18-1 Flow Requirements in a Small Town .................................................................. 530 18-2 Raw Water River Intakes and Pumping Stations ................................................. 538 18-3 Raw Water Pumping from an Aqueduct .............................................................. 544 18-4 Design of a Deep Well Pumping Station ............................................................. 553 18-5 Small Distribution System Booster without Reservoir ........................................ 563 19-1 Design of a Vortex Pump System for Sludge ...................................................... 587 19-2 Design of a Plunger Pump Installation ................................................................ 594 22-1 Vibration Isolation of a Centrifugal Pump .......................................................... 673 22-2 Pipe Vibration with a Variable-Speed Centrifugal Pump .................................... 678 22-3 Dynamic Pressure from a Plunger Pump ............................................................. 684 22-4 Torsional Vibration in a Shaft ............................................................................. 688 22-5 Vibration of a Floor ............................................................................................. 690 22-6 Reducing the Sound Level at a Pumping Station ................................................ 698 22-7 Reducing Exterior Noise from a Pumping Station .............................................. 702 23-1 Design of a Ventilating System ........................................................................... 722 23-2 Design of a Heating System ................................................................................ 729 23-3 Design of an Evaporative Cooling System .......................................................... 733 23-4 Design of a Refrigerated Cooling System ........................................................... 736 26-1 Redesigned Clyde Wastewater Pumping Station ................................................ 804 26-2 Redesigned Kirkland Wastewater Pumping Station ............................................ 810 26-3 Jameson Canyon Raw Water Pumping Station ................................................... 816 26-4 Albany Combined Sewer Overflow Pumping Station (CSO PS 88) ................... 819 29-1 Life-Cycle Cost Comparison of Three Alternative Wastewater Pumping Stations ................................................................................................................ 864
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FiguresNo. 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-23 5-1 5-2 Page 34 35 36 46 48 48 51 52 58 59 62 65 71 71 72 72 77 78 80 81 81 81 82 82 83 86 95 96 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 113 114 No. 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14 8-1 Page 114 115 116 117 117 118 119 120 120 122 125 128 129 133 142 143 146 146 147 149 149 150 154 155 157 158 158 158 159 159 167 168 168 173 174 177 181 No. 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-14 8-15 8-16 8-17 8-18 8-19 8-20 8-21 8-22 8-23 8-24 8-25 8-26 8-27 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 Page 181 182 182 183 184 184 184 185 185 186 188 189 192 194 197 197 198 199 206 207 209 211 212 212 214 215 226 229 229 235 238 242 243 244 245 248 249 No. 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15 10-16 10-17 10-18 10-19 10-20 10-21 10-22 10-23 10-24 10-25 10-26 10-27 10-28 10-29 10-30 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9 11-10 11-11 11-12 11-13 Page 252 256 256 257 257 258 259 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 268 270 270 271 272 272 274 275 275 278 279 280 280 280 281 281 282 282 283 284 285 286 No. 11-14 11-15 11-16 11-17 11-18 11-19 11-20 11-21 11-22 11-23 11-24 11-25 11-26 11-27 11-28 11-29 11-30 11-31 11-32 11-33 11-34 11-35 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8 12-9 12-10 12-11 12-12 12-13 12-14 12-15 Page 287 288 291 293 294 295 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 308 309 311 312 313 314 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 326 327 329 331 332 333 333 334 No. 12-16 12-17 12-18 12-19 12-20 12-21 12-22 12-23 12-24 12-25 12-26 12-27 12-28 12-29 12-30 12-31 12-32 12-33 12-34 12-35 12-36 12-37 12-38 12-39 12-40 12-41 12-42 12-43 12-44 12-45 12-46 12-47 12-48 12-49 12-50 12-51 12-52 Page 335 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 353 354 355 356 357 358 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 369 370 376 377 378 378 380 383 384 384 386 388 389
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TablesNo. 1-1 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 Page 2 23 25 27 28 30 32 57 60 70 73 74 74 74 75 76 76 78 78 79 80 83 92 96 No. 4-16 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 6-1 6-2 6-3 7-1 7-2 7-3 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 9-1 10-1 10-2 11-1 Page 103 108 111 124 128 131 141 144 144 165 170 171 193 195 196 201 202 215 216 216 233 254 261 314 No. Page 12-1 362 12-2 372 12-3 373 13-1 404 13-2 413 14-1 429 14-2 431 14-3 432 14-4 433 14-5 436 14-6 436 14-7 437 14-8 440 14-9 440 14-10 441 15-1 456 15-2 468 15-3 469 16-1 487 19-1 583 20-1 606 20-2 607 20-3 611 20-4 613 No. Page 20-5 621 20-6 624 20-7 627 21-1 637 22-1 653 22-2 664 22-3 665 22-4 667 22-5 668 22-6 668 22-7 677 22-8 686 22-9 686 22-10 692 22-11 693 22-12 693 22-13 696 22-14 697 23-1 710 23-2 711 23-3 714 23-4 714 23-5 719 25-1 767 No. Page 25-2 768 25-3 774 25-4 776 25-5 778 25-6 780 25-7 781 25-8 781 25-9 782 25-10 783 25-11 786 25-12 799 26-1 806 26-2 811 26-3 811 26-4 812 26-5 814 26-6 820 26-7 821 26-8 822 27-1 840 29-1 871 29-2 872 29-3 872 29-4 873 No. 29-5 29-6 29-7 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 Page 875 876 876 879 880 881 881 881 883 883 884 884 885 885 890 890 892 894 896 898 899 903 904
Preface to the Second Edition
The reception of the first edition of this work by the engineering profession has indeed been gratifying. It seems to have become the standard reference for pumping station designers, and many have said it is the only reference they constantly use. In 1989, it received the "Excellence" award from the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers. Each year a single engineering book is awarded this signal honor a sort of Pulitzer Prize for engineering. Matching that high standard with this second edition has been a challenge. Fortunately, most of the coeditors of the first edition again gave generously of their time, knowledge, and experience. Timothy Thor took the previous draftsman's place with equal artistry. Several experienced and competent authors and contributors joined the group to fill the omissions in the first edition. The absence of Mary Sanks to type and polish the manuscript left a gap that slowed the work and increased its difficulty. This second edition is an improvement over the previous one in two major ways. First, every chapter has been examined and revised in some degree to reflect the best modern practice. Some changes are subtlea word here and there, but many chapters were extensively rewritten. Second, a number of subjects, missing in the first edition, have been added. These include: (1) interviews with operators and supervisors of 15 utilities (that together manage 2700 pumping stations) to discover how to make operation better and maintenance easier and less expensive; (2) guidelines for troubleshooting existing vibration problems; (3) a straightforward explanation of how to avoid vibration problems in new stations; (4) objective, site-specific considerations in recommending whether large submersible pumps should be located in wet wells or dry pits; (5) directions for easily removing large submersible pumps from wet wells; (6) a comparison of life-
cycle costs of constant-speed and variable-speed pumping stations; and (7) advice to utilities on how to choose a consulting engineering firm. The eighth difference between the two editions is the addition of guidelines and worked examples for the design of modern pump intake basins for small to large pumping stationsespecially self-cleaning basins for wastewater. In the first edition, wet wells for solidsbearing waters were limited to the few examples of Seattle Metronow King County (Washington) Department of Metropolitan Servicespumping stations presented in Chapter 17. Other literature contained little of significance about this important subject, so a four-year period of development and research was immediately begun to improve the selfcleaning properties of the trench-type wet well and to develop guidelines for design. As a result, the selfcleaning properties were enhanced manyfold (as much as 50 or more), and the trench-type wet well, previously limited to variable-speed pumping, was adapted to constant-speed pumpingessentially made possible by the use of the sloping approach pipe described in Chapter 12. The inclusion of the results of this research and development is the most important improvement in the second edition. Although the research was begun for the express purpose of improving this book, it was partly responsible for the appointment of the Committee on Pump Intake Design by the Hydraulic Institute. Following nearly three years of work by the committee, the standards for wet well design were extensively revised, and, at this writing, the draft is being circulated for public review as a step leading to approval by the American National Standards Institute. The trenchtype wet well is included in the proposed new standards for both solids-bearing and clean waters. Other types are also allowed if provisions are made for cleaning those for solids -bearing waters. The new
proposed standards are in consonance with the presentations in Chapters 12, 17, 26, and 29. The research has, furthermore, led to the construction of several successful trench-type wet wells, and more are being planned or constructed.
The co-editors join me in hoping that you find the second edition even more useful than the first. Suggestions for further improvements (other topics, elimination of errors, etc.) to make future printings or editions ever more valuable are welcome.
Acknowledgments
The co-editors, authors, and contributors have generously donated their time and effort to this second edition pro bono. All deserve the utmost appreciation from every reader. It seems unfair to single out specific contributions, but several have been extraordinary. They and their authors include: the concepts that make the trench-type pump sump adaptable to constant-speed pumpingGarr Jones; the hydraulics of sloping approach pipesWilliam Wheeler; the practical discourse added to vibrations William Marscher; the survey of opinions held by operators of Seattle Metro pumping stationsGary Isaac; the report on modern trends in the operation of 2700 pumping stations B. E. Bosserman; and the comparative cost analyses of constant- speed and variable-speed pumping Stefan Abelin and Marc Pritchard. The presentation of trench-type sumps is based on surveys of many existing pumping stations and on research carried out by model studies at ENSR Laboratory (Redmond, WA) under the direction of Charles Sweeney and at Montana State University (Bozeman, MT) by Robert Sanks and by studies of a full-sized sump at Fairbanks Morse Corp. built by Virgil Beaty and tested by Beaty, Jones, and Sanks. Funds for the work were provided by a grant from the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency augmented by funds from Fairbanks Morse Pump Corp. (Kansas City, KS), The Gorman-Rupp Co. (Mansfield, OH), ITT Flygt AB (Solna, Sweden), and the Department of Civil Engineering and the Foundation of Montana State University (Bozeman, MT). Seattle Metro (now King County, Washington, Department of Metropolitan Services), the City of Steilacoom, the Town of Black Diamond (WA), G. A. Dodson & Associates (CA), and ITT Flygt AB (Sweden) arranged for investigative surveys of self-cleaning pumping stations. Calculations in Chapter 12 were checked by Ned Paschke. All editors read, corrected, and finally approved every change made for the second edition. Hope Steele edited the manuscript. Brian Smith of Argosy was the manager for the conversion of manuscript into page proof. The staff of ButterworthHeinemann was both encouraging and patient. Thank you all.
Robert L. Sanks Bozeman, Montana January 1998
Preface to the First Edition
This book, Pumping Station Design, is unique in the following ways. It was written by consultants for consultants so as to be of the greatest practical use for designers. Each author is an expert whose writing is based mostly on personal experience. Little of it was obtained from, or based on, the existing literature. To make the book more usable and understandable, over 370 illustrations are included together with 59 design examples. Most design examples and all formulas are given in both SI and U.S. customary units. The book is complete enough for the novice and advanced enough to be useful to experienced designers and to those who direct or may be associated with design (such as utility managers, city engineers, or equipment suppliers). It is the only text available that deals comprehensively with the entire subject of how to design pumping stations. Finally, the book is unique in the number and expertise of its authors and contributors and in the meticulous care exercised during the seven years of its preparation (as described in the following paragraphs) to make it as easy to read as possible. The first eleven chapters contain the fundamentals essential for effective design and include hydraulics, piping, water hammer, electricity, and theory and descriptions of pumps. The middle third is devoted to system design, including pump and driver selection and general piping layouts for water, wastewater, and sludge pumping. The last ten chapters contain supporting disciplines and subjects such as instrumentation and design, heating and ventilating, noise and vibration, comparisons of types of pumping stations and pumps, blunder avoidance, contract documents, detailing, and cost analyses. The appendices contain useful physical data, lists of codes and specifications, design checks, start-up checks, and addresses of all publishers given in the references. The tables of flow and headloss in pipes are compiled in a useful form
not heretofore published. All of the work is extensively cross-referenced. Perhaps never before has such a large, talented group of professionals been gathered to produce a book. The 132 expert contributors to this text provide broad and encompassing viewpoints gained from an aggregate of 20 centuries of practical experience. Each author was selected on the basis of specialized knowledge, past performance, experience, and commitment to the profession. Each produced one or more chapters (or parts thereof) based on detailed outlines suggested by the editorial board and improved by author and board as the rest of the book was developed. The other contributors, also selected on the basis of experience and competence, helped in the peer reviews and by supplying information. Typically, I rewrote (or at least heavily edited) each chapter to conform to a uniform style and then sent it to from three to seven peer reviewers whose collected comments would be rephrased and given to the author with my own comments added. Following the author's reply, a second rough draft would be prepared and sent to author and reviewers. The returned comments would be recast into a third draft and again sent to the author. The fourth draft, usually called "final draft one," was sent to the co-editors. George Tchobanoglous checked every chapter for construction, clarity, and style. Garr M. Jones checked every chapter for practicality and good design practice. The other coeditors reviewed selected chapters for completeness and accuracy. Improvements, integration with other chapters, and nuances of wording often required as many as four subsequent "final drafts" until the chapter satisfied author, reviewers, and editors a process that has taken seven years. As the book neared completion, new material was added and various subjects were sometimes shuffled between chapters for more logical presentation and cross-referencing. Alterations
and improvements were continued through February 1989. Some idea of the effort taken can be appreciated by realizing that over 50,000 pages of review drafts have been distilled into this book. The result is considered to represent the state of the art (as of early 1989)practical, authoritative, and essentially timeless. Consulting firms will find that this book can sharply reduce the time for an inexperienced engineer to become a competent pumping station designer. Project leaders will find the comprehensiveness, the checklists, and the list of blunders to be of great help. Utility managers will discover that selective reading of a few chapters will provide insights for directives that can produce better pumping stations for lower overall costs of construction, maintenance, and repair. The work on this book was begun with a conference on pumping station design and a detailed proceedings outline, which served as a first approximation for the textbook to follow. Proceedings authors were selected on the basis of their experience records and were assigned chapters (or sections thereof) in strict adherence to the outline. The resulting Proceedings, published in 1981 in 4 volumes (1576 pages), are still available and valuable as an adjunct tools for design [out of print in 1996EdJ. Although the purpose of the conference was to make this new material immediately available to the profession, it also enabled us to find a group of experts and to gather resources for this book. What prompted this project was the lack of a complete textbook about pumping station design in the United States (or in the English language insofar as we knew.) Of course, there were many books about pumps and pumping machinery and a few short manuals for designing pumping stations but, there was no comprehensive, authoritative text or reference book dealing specifically with the design of all phases of water and wastewater pumping stations. Indeed, the literature about pumping station design has been fragmented, often superficial, sometimes wrong, and generally incomplete. One expert stated that 95 percent of all pumping stations he has seen contain serious design mistakes and that they occur in every category; if so there was a need for a book written by practicing engineers for consultants and other involved in decision making. Knowledge about the subject has been largely confined to consulting engineers, a few large public utilities, and to equipment manufacturers, so
the overall purpose of this project was to gather, codify, and preserve the knowledge (much of which has never been printed) for the benefit of the public and the profession. Carl W. Reh was the first co-editor appointed and, until his death in 1983, my chief proponent and supporter. The other co-editors, George Tchobanoglous, Donald Newton, B. E. Bosserman II, and Garr M. Jones (in order of appointment) have made this work possible. As technical advisor, Earle C. Smith provided much invaluable guidance and critiqued a large part of the work. All the authors and contributors have given a great deal of time to the project with no thought of reward beyond a desire to be of service to the profession. Several consulting firms made extraordinary contributions of time, effort, and finances to the project, as follows: Greeley and Hansen Engineers, Chicago six authors, including one editor, wrote four chapters, a part of another, and two appendices; Brown and Caldwell Consultants, Walnut Creek, California three authors, including one editor, wrote six chapters and one appendix; Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach and Bakersfield, California two authors, including one editor, produced five chapters and one appendix. Several firms, listed in Chapter 29, contributed cost data, an onerous task. Sincere appreciation is extended to all for this help, and, indeed, the engineering profession is indebted to all the contributing firms and personnel. Mary C. Sanks patiently typed draft after draft and checked grammar, readability, punctuation, and spelling, and she assisted with galley and page proofs. Edimir Rocumback, student in architecture, drafted most of the figures. The entire project was made possible by the financial support of Montana State University. Officers directly involved included Theodore T. Williams, formerly Head, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics; Byron J. Bennett, formerly Dean, College of Engineering; and Lawrence T. Kain, formerly Administrator of Grants and Contracts.
Robert L. Sanks
Bozeman, Montana March 1989
Authors and Contributors
*STEFAN M. ABELIN Systems Engineering Manager ITT Flygt Corporation Trumbull, Connecticut APPIAH AMIRTHARAJAH, PhD, PE Professor of Civil Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia *CARL N. ANDERSON, MS, PE Consultant Oakland, California NICHOLAS J. ARHONTES Collection Facilities O&M Manager County Sanitation Districts of Orange County Fountain Valley, California RUSSELL H. BABCOCK, PE Consulting Engineer Westwood, Massachusetts MICHAEL L. BAHM Pump Maintenance Supervisor Department of Public Works Wastewater Treatment Division City of Baton Rouge, Louisiana V I R G I L J . BEATY (retired) Formerly, Vice President, Engineering Fairbanks Morse Pump Corp. Kansas City, Kansas *ROBERTS. BENFELL, PE Chief Instrumentation Engineer Brown and Caldwell Consultants Seattle, Washington HARRISON C. BICKNELL, PE Product Application Engineer General Electric Co. Schenectady, New York
DONALD R. BJORK, MSEE, PE Consultant Bozeman, Montana CHARLES T. BLANCHARD CPC Corporation Sturbridge, Massachusetts KIRK BLANCHARD, PE Manager of Manufacturing Flygt Corporation Trumbull, Connecticut *BAYARD E. BOSSERMAN II, PE Principal Engineer Boyle Engineering Corporation Newport Beach, California PAT H. BOUTHILLIER, PEng Professor of Civil Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada E. ROBERT BOUWKAMP, PE Formerly, Electrical Design Engineer Williams & Works, Inc. Grand Rapids, Michigan MEAD BRADNER Consultant Formerly, Applications Engineer Foxboro Company Foxboro, Massachusetts ROBERT H. BROTHERTON, PE Director of Public Works & Utilities City of Dunedin, Florida Formerly, Associate Envirodyne Engineers Knoxville, Tennessee GEORGE R. BROWER, ScD, PE Vice President Barge, Sumner, and Cannon, Inc. Knoxville, Tennessee Formerly, Professor University of Arkansas
* Asterisk denotes chapter author.
ROLAND S. BURLINGAME, PE (deceased) Formerly, Senior Vice President Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. Walnut Creek, California FREDRIC C. BURTON, BCE, LS, PE (retired) Formerly, Manager of International Operations Flygt Corporation Norwalk, Connecticut CASI CADRECHA Western Regional Marketing Manager Golden-Anderson Mars, Pennsylvania Formerly, Manager Valve Division Willamette Iron and Steel Co. GEOFFREY A. CARTHEW Vice President and Office Manager Brown and Caldwell Consultants Walnut Creek, California A. L. CHARBONNEAU, PEng Consulting Hydraulic Engineer Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada *JOHN E. CONNELL, PE (transferred) Formerly, Senior Environmental Engineer Christian, Spring, Sielbach and Associates Billings, Montana HARRY E. COVEY, PE Chief Engineer The Metropolitan District Hartford, Connecticut PATRICK J. CREEGAN, MCE, CE, SE, GE, PE Vice President-Technical Manager Water Storage and Conveyance Projects Engineering-Science, Inc. Berkeley, California ROGERJ. CRONIN, PE Partner Greeley and Hansen Engineers Richmond, Virginia ALFRED B. CUNNINGHAM, PhD Professor of Civil Engineering Montana State University Bozeman, Montana RODNEY L. CUSWORTH Formerly, President Mono Group, Inc. Bensenville, Illinois ROBERTA. DAFFERJR., PE Project Manager and Senior Engineer Burns and McDonnell Kansas City, Missouri KUNDAN DESAI, MS Zimpro/Passavant Inc. Birmingham, Alabama
MICHAELA. DEVINE Engine Division Caterpillar, Inc. Peoria, Illinois JOHANNES DEWAAL, PE Formerly, Principal Associate Clinton Bogert Associates Fort Lee, New Jersey JOHN L. DICMAS, PE (deceased) Consulting Mechanical Engineer Arcadia, California *GARY S. DODSON, PE President G. S. Dodson & Associates Walnut Creek, California RICKA. DONALDSON District Manager Parco Engineering Corporation Medfield, Massachusetts *JAMES C. DOWELL, PE Partner Wilson & Company, Engineers & Architects Phoenix, Arizona RONALD W. DUNCAN Senior Application Engineer MagneTek Louis Allis Drives and Systems Division of MagneTek New Berlin, Wisconsin *DAVID L. EISENHAUER, PE (retired) Formerly, Manager Engineering Standards Department Brown and Caldwell Consultants Walnut Creek, California RAYMOND L. ELLIOTT, PE (retired) Formerly, Director of Plan Review Williams & Works, Inc. Grand Rapids, Michigan EDWARDJ. ESFANDI Senior Engineer Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts Compton, California FRED A. FAIRBANKS, PE (transferred) Formerly, President Fairway Engineering San Bernardino, California *ERIK B. FISKE, MSEE, PE (retired) Formerly, Director of Engineering Byron Jackson Pump Division BW/IP International, Inc. Los Angeles, California MAX FREY, PE Consultant Formerly, Vice President of Engineering Cornell Pump Company Portland, Oregon
*GEORGE FRYE, BS (deceased) Formerly, Chief Engineer Yeomans Brothers Company Specialist Greeley and Hansen Engineers Chicago, Illinois RAY A. GALL, MSME Senior Development Engineer Spicer Universal Joint Division Dana Corporation Toledo, Ohio PAUL R. GALLO Vice President, Engineering Rodney Hunt Company Orange, Massachusetts *RICHARD O. GARBUS, MSME, MBA, PE (deceased) Formerly, Senior Consulting Engineer Fairbanks Morse Pump Corporation Kansas City, Kansas VICTOR G. GEREZ, PhD Head Department of Electrical Engineering Montana State University Bozeman, Montana JAMESG. GIBBSJR., PE Partner Wilson & Company, Engineers & Architects Albuquerque, New Mexico HAROLD D. GILMAN, BA, MA Associate Greeley and Hansen Engineers Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ROBERTC. GLOVER, PE President Fluid Kinetics Corporation Ventura, California HOWARD N. GODAT, PE President Howard Godat & Associates, Inc. Olympia, Washington *MAYO GOTTLIEBSON, BS, PE (deceased) Formerly, President Dyna Systems Company, Inc. Dublin, Ohio WILLIAM F. H. GROSS President The Pitometer Associates, Inc. Chicago, Illinois L. V GUTIERREZ, JR., DEng, PE Public Works Engineer City of Chandler, Arizona F