python repot

7/31/2019 Python Repot

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157/F Nilgunj road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114

A

Report on

PYTHON

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

14THAPRIL 2012


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157/F Nilgunj road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114

A

Report on

Python

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

By

Nurul Amin (Roll no:09143001021)

Satyaki Chattejee (Roll no:09143001022)

Students

Computer Science and Engineering

14th

APRIL 2012


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PREFACE

Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose

design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to

combine "remarkable power with very clear syntax and its standard

library is large and comprehensive.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, primarily but not

limited to object-oriented, imperative and, to a lesser extent, functional

programming styles. It features a fully dynamic type system and

automatic memory management, similar to that of Scheme, Ruby, Perl,

and Tcl. Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a

scripting language, but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting

contexts. Using third-party tools, Python code can be packaged into

standalone executable programs. Python interpreters are available for

many operating systems.

The main idea behind writing this report is to make readers understand

what exactly Python programming language does and what are its

future scopes.However our report also has some limitation we have notgone in details that how do we actually code in python and all. Mainly

we focus on the various advantages that python provides us.


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Acknowledgement

First of all we would like to thank all our faculty

members who helped is completing this report

successfully. Our friends, family members alsoencouraged us a lot in completing this.

And special thanks for Mandira madam, Rajib sir and

Debraj sir

For completion our report.


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CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgement

Summary

INTRODUCTION

History

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

Appendix

List of reference

Bibliography

Index


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SUMMARY

The basic idea behind writing this report is to

increase our technical knowledge and get

updated about the latest features of

technology. With the help of python we can

achieve many jobs easily. Python has a lot of

features which makes it more interesting and

hence there are a lot of advantages for us.

So lets start exploring it in details.


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Introduction

Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming

language whose design philosophy emphasizes code

readability. Python claims to combine "remarkable

power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is

large and comprehensive.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms,

primarily but not limited to object-oriented, imperative

and, to a lesser extent, functional programming styles. It

features a fully dynamic type system and automatic

memory management, similar to that of Scheme, Ruby,

Perl, and Tcl. Like other dynamic languages, Python is

often used as a scripting language, but is also used in a

wide range of non-scripting contexts. Using third-party

tools, Python code can be packaged into standalone

executable programs. Python interpreters are available

for many operating systems.

The reference implementation of Python (CPython) is

free and open source software and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its

alternative implementations. CPython is managed by the

non-profit Python Software Foundation.


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HISTORY

Python was conceived in the late 1980s and its

implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido

van Rossum (in picture) at CWI in the Netherlands as a

successor to the ABC language(itself inspired by SETL) capable

of exception handling and

interfacing with the Amoeba

operating system. Van Rossum

is Python's principal author,

and his continuing central role

in deciding the direction ofPython is reflected in the title

given to him by the Python

community, Benevolent

Dictator for Life (BDFL).

Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many

major new features including a full garbage collector andsupport for Unicode. However, the most important

change was to the development process itself, with a

shift to a more transparent and community-backed

process. Python 3.0 (also called Python 3000 or py3k), a

major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on

3 December 2008 after a long period of testing. Many of

its major features have been back ported to the


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backwards-compatible Python 2.6 and 2.7. Python has

been awarded a TIOBE Programming Language of the

Year award twice (2007, 2010), which is given to the

language with the greatest growth in popularity over thecourse of a year, as measured by the TIOBE index.

Programming Philosophy

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Ratherthan forcing programmers to adopt a particular style of

programming, it permits several styles: object-oriented

programming and structured programming are fully supported,

and there are a number of language features which support

functional programming and aspect-oriented programming

(including by metaprogramming and by magic methods). Many

other paradigms are supported using extensions, such as

pyDBC and Contracts for Python which allow design bycontract.

Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference

counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory

management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name

resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable

names during program execution.

Rather than requiring all desired functionality to be built intothe language's core, Python was designed to be highly

extensible. New built-in modules can be easily written in C, C+

+ or Cython. Python can also be used as an extension language

for existing modules and applications that need a

programmable interface. This design of a small core language

with a large standard library and an easily extensible

interpreter was intended by Van Rossum from the very start


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because of his frustrations with ABC (which espoused the

opposite mindset).

The design of Python offers only limited support for functional

programming in the Lisp tradition. However, Python's designphilosophy exhibits significant similarities to those of

minimalistic Lisp-family languages, such as Scheme.[citation

needed] The language has map(), reduce() and filter()

functions, and the list comprehensions added in Python 2.0

have since been extended with comprehensions for dictionaries

and sets, as well as generator expressions. The standard library

has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement

functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.

While offering choice in coding methodology, the Python

philosophy rejects exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of

a sparser, less-cluttered grammar. Python's developers

expressly promote a particular "culture" or ideology based on

what they want the language to be, favoring language forms

they see as "beautiful", "explicit" and "simple". As Alex Martelli

put it in his Python Cookbook (2nd ed., p. 230): "To describesomething as clever is NOT considered a compliment in the

Python culture." Python's philosophy rejects the Perl "there is

more than one way to do it" approach to language design in

favor of "there should be oneand preferably only one

obvious way to do it".

Python's developers eschew premature optimization, and

moreover, reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython whichwould offer a marginal increase in speed at the cost of clarity.

When speed is important, Python programmers tend to try

using a JIT compiler such as Psyco or using an alternative

language implementation such as PyPy. When pure Python

code is not fast enough, time-critical functions can be rewritten

in "closer to the metal" languages such as C, or by translating

(a dialect of) Python code to C code using tools like Cython.


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The core philosophy of the language is summarized by the

document "PEP 20 (The Zen of Python)".

Name and neologisms

An important goal of the Python developers is making Python

fun to use. This is reflected in the origin of the name (derived

from the television series Monty Python's Flying Circus), in the

common practice of using Monty Python references in example

code, and in an occasionally playful approach to tutorials and

reference materials. For example, the metasyntactic variables

often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, instead of

the traditional foo and bar.

A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic,

which can have a wide range of meanings related to program

style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python

idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the language.

Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is

pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms, that its

use meshes well with the rest of the language.


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In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to

write C++ (or Lisp, Perl, or Java) code in Pythonthat is,

provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic

translation of forms from another language. The concept of

pythonicity is tightly bound to Python's minimalist philosophy of

readability and avoiding the "there's more than one way to do

it" approach. Unreadable code or incomprehensible idioms are

unpythonic.

Users and admirers of Pythonmost especially those

considered knowledgeable or experiencedare often referred

to as Pythonists, Pythonistas, and Pythoneers.

The prefix Py can be used to show that something is related to

Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python

applications or libraries include Pygame, a binding of SDL to

Python (commonly used to create games); PyS60, an

implementation for the Symbian S60 operating system; PyQt

and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK, respectively, to Python; and

PyPy, a Python implementation written in Python. The prefix is

also used outside of naming software packages: the majorPython conference is named PyCon.

Usage

Python is often used as a scripting language for web

applications, e.g. via mod_wsgi for the Apache web server. With

Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has been

developed to facilitate these applications. Web application

frameworks like Django, Pylons, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado,

Flask and Zope support developers in the design and

maintenance of complex applications. Libraries like NumPy,

SciPy and Matplotlib allow Python to be used effectively in

scientific computing.

Python has been successfully embedded in a number of

software products as a scripting language, including in finite


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element method software such as Abaqus, 3D animation

packages such as Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini,

Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage, the visual effects

compositor Nuke, and 2D imaging programs like GIMP,

Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro. GNU GDB uses Python as

a pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++

containers. ESRI is now promoting Python as the best choice for

writing scripts in ArcGIS. It has even been used in several video

games, and has been adopted as first of the three available

programming languages in Google App Engine, the other two

being Java and Go.

Thanks to being a scripting language with module architecture,syntax simplicity and rich text processing tools, Python is often

used for Natural language processing tasks. Python has also

been used in Artificial Intelligence tasks.

For many operating systems, Python is a standard component;

it ships with most Linux distributions, FreeBSD, NetBSD,

OpenBSD and with OS X and can be used from the terminal. A

number of Linux distributions use installers written in Python:Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and

Fedora use the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in

its package management system, Portage and the standard

tool to access it, emerge. Pardus uses it for administration and

during system boot.

Python has also seen extensive use in the information security

industry, including exploit development.

Among the users of Python are YouTube and the original

BitTorrent client. Large organizations that make use of Python

include Google, Yahoo!, CERN, NASA, ILM, and ITA. Most of the

Sugar software for the One Laptop per Child XO, now developed

at Sugar Labs, is written in Python.


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In addition to standard desktop Python IDEs, there are also

browser-based IDEs, such as NCLab and Sage, intended for

developing science and math-related Python programs.

As of April 2012, Python ranks at position 8 in the TIOBEProgramming Community Index.

Syntax

Python is intended to be a highly readable language. It is

designed to have an uncluttered visual layout, frequently usingEnglish keywords where other languages use punctuation.


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Python requires less boilerplate than traditional manifestly

typed structured languages such as C or Pascal, and has a

smaller number of syntactic exceptions and special cases than

either of these.[54] For a detailed description of the differences

between 2.x and 3.x versions, see History of Python.

The simplicity of Python is demonstrated by its version of the

classic "Hello world" program:

print("Hello world")

STATEMENTS

Python's statements include (among others):


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The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code,

along with else and elif (a contraction of else-if).

The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object,

capturing each element to a local variable for use by theattached block.

The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as

its condition is true.

The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its

attached code block to be caught and handled by except

clauses; it also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block willalways be run regardless of how the block exits.

The class statement, which executes a block of code and

attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-

oriented programming.

The def statement, which defines a function or method.

The with statement (from Python 2.5), which encloses a codeblock within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock

before the block of code is run, and releasing the lock

afterwards).

The pass statement, which serves as a NOP and can be used in

place of a code block.

The assert statement, used during debugging to check for

conditions that ought to apply.

The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator

function. (From Python 2.5, yield is also an operator. This form

is used to implement coroutines see below.)

Each statement has its own semantics: for example, the def

statement does not execute its block immediately, unlike most

other statements.


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Python does not support first-class continuations, and

according to Guido van Rossum it never will. However, better

support for coroutine-like functionality is provided in 2.5, by

extending Python's generators. Prior to 2.5, generators were

lazy iterators; information was passed unidirectionally out of

the generator. As of Python 2.5, it is possible to pass

information back into a generator function.


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TYPING

Python uses duck typing and has typed objects but untyped

variable names. Type constraints are not checked at compiletime; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that

the given object is not of a suitable type. Despite being

dynamically typed, Python is strongly typed, forbidding

operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a

number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make

sense of them.

Python allows programmers to define their own types using

classes, which are most often used for object-oriented

programming. New instances of classes are constructed by

calling the class (for example, SpamClass() or EggsClass()), and

the classes themselves are instances of the metaclass type

(itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and

reflection.

Prior to version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes: "old-style"

and "new-style". Old-style classes were eliminated in Python

3.0, making all classes new-style. In versions between 2.2 and

3.0, both kinds of classes could be used. The syntax of both

styles is the same, the difference being whether the class

object is inherited from, directly or indirectly (all new-style

classes inherit from object and are instances of type).


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Implementation

CPython

The mainstream Python implementation, named CPython, is

written in C meeting the C89 standard. CPython compiles

Python programs into intermediate bytecode, which are then

executed by the virtual machine. It is distributed with a large

standard library written in a mixture of C and Python. CPython

ships in versions for many platforms, including MicrosoftWindows and most modern Unix-like systems. CPython was

intended from almost its very conception to be cross-platform;

its use and development on esoteric platforms such as

Amoeba, alongside more conventional ones like Unix and Mac

OS, has greatly helped in this regard.

Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that

implements microthreads; it does not use the C memory stack.

It can be expected to run on approximately the same platforms

that CPython runs on.

Google started a project called Unladen Swallow in 2009 with

the aims of increasing the speed of the Python interpreter by 5

times by using the LLVM and improving its multithreading

ability to scale to thousands of cores.Later the project lost

Google's backing and its main developers. As of 1 February

2012, the project hasn't achieved its goal; the modified

interpreter is only about 2 times faster.

Alternative implementations

Jython compiles the Python program into Java byte code, which

can then be executed by every Java Virtual Machine

implementation. This also enables the use of Java class library

functions from the Python program. IronPython follows a similarapproach in order to run Python programs on the .NET Common


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Language Runtime. PyPy is a fast self-hosting implementation

of Python, written in Python, that can output several types of

bytecode, object code and intermediate languages. There also

exist compilers to high-level object languages, with either

unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a

language similar to Python as the source language. PyPy is of

this type, compiling RPython to several languages; other

examples include Pyjamas compiling to JavaScript; Shed Skin

compiling to C++; and Cython and Pyrex compiling to C.

Development

Python's development is conducted largely through the Python

Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process. PEPs are standardized

design documents providing general information related to

Python, including proposals, descriptions, design rationales,

and explanations for language features. Outstanding PEPs are

reviewed and commented upon by Van Rossum, the Python

project's Benevolent Dictator for Life (leader / language

architect). CPython's developers also communicate over a

mailing list, python-dev, which is the primary forum for

discussion about the language's development; specific issues

are discussed in the Roundup bug tracker maintained at

python.org. Development takes place at the self-hosted

hg.python.org.

CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by

which part of the version number is incremented:

backwards-incompatible versions, where code is expected to

break and must be manually ported. The first part of the

version number is incremented. These releases happen

infrequentlyfor example, version 3.0 was released 8 years

after 2.0.

major or "feature" releases, which are largely compatible but

introduce new features. The second part of the version numberis incremented. These releases are scheduled to occur roughly


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every 18 months, and each major version is supported by

bugfixes for several years after its release.

bugfix releases, which introduce no new features but fix bugs.

The third and final part of the version number is incremented.These releases are made whenever a sufficient number of bugs

have been fixed upstream since the last release, or roughly

every 3 months. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in

bugfix releases.

A number of alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also

released as previews and for testing before the final release is

made. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, thisis often pushed back if the code is not ready. The development

team monitor the state of the code by running the large unit

test suite during development, and using the BuildBot

continuous integration system.

Influence on other Languages

Python's design and philosophy have influenced severalprogramming languages, including:

Pyrex and its derivative Cython are code translators that are

targeted at writing fast C extensions for the CPython

interpreter. The language is mostly Python with syntax

extensions for C and C++ features. Both languages produce

compilable C code as output.

Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object

model. However, Boo uses static typing and is closely

integrated with the .NET Framework.

Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax. Cobra's

"Acknowledgements" document lists Python first among

languages that influenced it. However, Cobra directly supports

design-by-contract, unit tests and optional static typing.


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ECMAScript borrowed iterators, generators, and list

comprehensions from Python.

Go is described as incorporating the "development speed of

working in a dynamic language like Python".

Groovy was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design

philosophy to Java.

Karel the Robot is a popular educational programming

language created in 1981 at the Stanford University by R.E.

Pattis. The original syntax was close to Pascal, but a new

edition in NCLab has a syntax very similar to Python.

OCaml has an optional syntax, called twt (The Whitespace

Thing), inspired by Python and Haskell.

Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, has said: "I wanted a

scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more

object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my

own language."

Alore programming language, a new language with optional

typing with python syntax

Python's development practices have also been emulated by

other languages. The practice of requiring a document

describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change

to the language (in Python's case, a PEP) is also used in Tcl and

Erlang because of Python's influence.

Conclusion


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Python language has a huge scope. We can learn Python

programming language and improve out technical skill. It has

various advantages which makes it very interesting. We should

thus take up python into serious consideration. Main reason of

pythons popularity is its simplicity. So start exploring the new

world of python.

APPENDIX

Beginner's Guide to Python

New to programming? Python is free and easy to learn if you

know where to start! This guide will help you to get startedquickly.

New to Python?

Read BeginnersGuide/Overview for a short explanation of whatPython is.

Getting Python

Next, install the Python interpreter on your computer. This isthe program that reads Python programs and carries out theirinstructions; you need it before you can do any Pythonprogramming. Mac OSX distributions from 10.3 (Panther) andup, include a version of Python, which, although it can be asmuch as two years out of date, may be suitable for beginning.Linux distributions also frequently include Python and it isreadily upgraded.


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There are currently two major versions of Python available:Python 2 and Python 3. The Python2orPython3 page providesadvice on how to decide which one will best suit your needs. Atthe time of writing (21 Jun 2010), the rest of this page assumes

you've decided to use Python 2.

See BeginnersGuide/Download for instructions for downloadingthe correct version of Python.

At some stage, you'll want to edit and save your program code.

Take a look at HowToEditPythonCode for some advice andrecommendations.

Learning Python

Next, read a tutorial and try some simple experiments withyour new Python interpreter.

If you've never programmed before, seeBeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers for a list of suitable tutorials.

If you have previous programming experience, consultBeginnersGuide/Programmers, which lists more advanced

tutorials.

If English isn't your first language, you might be morecomfortable with a tutorial that's been translated into yourlanguage. Consult python.org's list of Non-English resources.

Most tutorials assume you know how to run a program on yourcomputer. If you are using Windows and need help with this,see How do I Run a Program Under Windows.


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Once you've read a tutorial, you can browse through Python'sonline documentation. It includes a tutorial that may be helpful,a Library Reference that lists all of the modules that comestandard with Python, and the Language Reference for a

complete (if rather dry) explanation of Python's syntax.

When you are ready to write your first program you will need atext editor. To get started you can use any editor you arefamiliar with - even something like Notepad - but as you gainexperience you may want to use a text editor with features thathelp you write Python programs. See PythonEditors for a list ofprograms friendly to Python code editing.

Need Help?

Need help with any of this? Read BeginnersGuide/Help formailing lists and newsgroups.

Most Python books will include an introduction to the language;see IntroductoryBooks for suggested titles.

Consult BeginnersGuide/Examples for small programs and littlesnippets of code that can help you learn.

Or, if you prefer to learn Python through listening to a lecture,you can attend a training course or even hire a trainer to cometo your company. Consult the PythonEvents page to see if anytraining courses are scheduled in your area, and thePythonTraining page for a list of trainers.

Teachers can join the EDU-SIG, a mailing list for discussion ofPython's use in teaching at any level ranging from K-12 up touniversity.

Complete list of Beginner's Guide pages

BeginnersGuide (PythonDoc&Start16DEC2010.pdf)

BeginnersGuide/Examples

BeginnersGuide/Help

BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers


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BeginnersGuide/Overview

BeginnersGuide/Programmers

BeginnersGuide/Programmers (Cpp2Python.pdf)BeginnersGuide/Programmers (Tutorial.txt)

BeginnersGuide/Programmers/SimpleExamples

Quiz and Exercises

Pyschools - A Collection of Python Quiz and Exercise Questions

CS Circles - online lessons and graded exercises

CheckIO - Online learning, testing and improving your pythonskills

Looking for a particular Python module or application?

The first place to look is the Python Package Index.

If you can't find anything relevant in the Package Index,

try searching python.org - you can find anything mentioned onthe Python site, in the FAQs, or in the newsgroup. More info:where to search.

Next, try Google or other search engine of your choice.Searching for "python" and some relevant keywords will usuallyfind something helpful.

Finally, you can try posting a query to the comp.lang.pythonUsenet group.

Want to contribute?


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Python is a product of the Python Software Foundation, a non-profit organization that holds the copyright. Donations to thePSF are tax-deductible in the USA, and you can donate viacredit card or PayPal.

To report a bug in the Python core, use the Python Bug Tracker.

To contribute a bug fix or other patch to the Python core, readthe Python Developer's Guide for more information aboutPython's development process.

To contribute to the official Python documentation, join theDocumentation SIG, write to [email protected], or use the Issue

Tracker to contribute a documentation patch.

To announce your module or application to the Pythoncommunity, use comp.lang.python.announce. See the guide toPython mailing lists for more information.

To propose changes to the python core, post your thoughts tocomp.lang.python. If you have an implementation, follow thePython Patch Guidelines.

List of References:

"Python 3.3.0 Release". Python Software Foundation. 2 April

2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.

"Why was Python created in the first place?". General Python

FAQ. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-22.


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Kuchling, Andrew M. (22 December 2006). "Interview with

Guido van Rossum (July 1998)". amk.ca. Retrieved 12 March

2012.

van Rossum, Guido (1993). "An Introduction to Python forUNIX/C Programmers". Proceedings of the NLUUG

najaarsconferentie (Dutch UNIX users group). "even though the

design of C is far from ideal, its influence on Python is

considerable."

"Classes". The Python Tutorial. Python Software Foundation.

Retrieved 2012-02-20. "It is a mixture of the class mechanisms

found in C++ and Modula-3"

Simionato, Michele. "The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order".

Python Software Foundation. "The C3 method itself has nothing

to do with Python, since it was invented by people working on

Dylan and it is described in a paper intended for lispers"

Kuchling, A. M.. "Functional Programming HOWTO". Python

v2.7.2 documentation. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved

2012-02-09.

Schemenauer, Neil; Peters, Tim; Hetland, Magnus Lie (2001-05-

18). "PEP 255 Simple Generators". Python Enhancement

Proposals. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-09.

Smith, Kevin D.; Jewett, Jim J.; Montanaro, Skip; Baxter, Anthony

(2 September 2004). "PEP 318 Decorators for Functions and

Methods". Python Enhancement Proposals. Python SoftwareFoundation. Retrieved 24 February 2012.

Bini, Ola (2007). Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects:

bringing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform. Berkeley: APress. p.

3. ISBN 978-1-59059-881-8.

Bibliography


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Various websites on the internet.

Some of them:

http://www.google.co.in

http://www.wikipedia.org

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python_Programming

Index

!=operator -C,--coverdir=


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%operator% formatting% interpolation

%PATH%&operator*in function callsoperatorstatement,**in function calls

operatorstatement,+operator-operator--helpcommand lineoption

trace command lineoption--ignore-dir=trace command lineoption--ignore-module=trace command lineoption--user-basesite command lineoption--user-sitesite command lineoption--versioncommand lineoptiontrace command lineoption

trace command lineoption-dcommand line

option-d destdircompileallcommand lineoption-Ecommand lineoption-f

compileallcommand lineoption-f, --failfastunittest commandline option-f, --file=trace command lineoption

-g, --timingtrace command lineoption-hcommand lineoption-h, --helptimeit commandline option-icommand lineoption-i listcompileallcommand lineoption-Jcommand lineoption-l


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-3command lineoption-B

command lineoption-b, --bufferunittest commandline option-c command lineoption-c, --catch

unittest commandline option-c, --clocktimeit commandline option-c, --counttrace command lineoption

compileallcommand lineoption-l, --listfuncs

trace command lineoption-m command lineoption-m, --missingtrace command lineoption

-n N, --number=Ntimeit commandline option-Ocommand lineoption-OOcommand lineoption

-p patternunittest-discovercommand lineoption

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