Radio Frequency Identification

Done byHaitham Habli

Table of contents

Definition of RFIDDo they need licenseRFID vs other identification systemsClassification of RFID systemsEmerge of passive RFID systems

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tagsWhat materials RFID tags can be encased inBackscatter RFID systemRFID Tag Integrated CircuitApplications of RFIDSummary

what is RFID

Radio frequency Identification is amony the most technically advanced methods of collecting data automatically RFID system generally consists of three basic components a transponder a reader and host data processing system The transponder is the data-carrying device that is attached to the object that is to be identifiedThe reader is used to communicate with the transponderrsquos in order to read or write the data inside the transponderrsquos memoryThe RFID system is useless without the ability to share the information of the transponders identified by the readerTherefore the host data processing system has connection to theclosed or worldwide network

Do they need license

RFID systems operate in the unlicensed RF bands known as ISM (Industrial scientific and Medical)It is important to note that while ISM devices do not require a license they are still subject to signal emission limits that vary by country

RFID vs other identification systems

Automatic identification systems include barcode systems optical character recognition smart cards and radio frequency identification RFID is the most sophisticated systems among themAt the moment using barcodes is very widespread application of carrying identification data with the item Compared to barcodes RFID systems donrsquot need the line of sight contact with the reader RFID systems is also more stable against the vulnerable enviroment factors like dirt and wearing that barcodes and optical character recognition labels face Biometric body measurements as an identifcation method are only available for living beings In smart cards the data stored in the memory can be protected but they need a galvanic contact in order to be read

Few advantages of RFID over barcode

Multiple tag identification is possible It does not require the transponder to be in line-of-sightRFID can handle environments like moisture dirt frost etcWe can combine the RFID functionality with Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Table of contents

Definition of RFIDDo they need licenseRFID vs other identification systemsClassification of RFID systemsEmerge of passive RFID systems

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tagsWhat materials RFID tags can be encased inBackscatter RFID systemRFID Tag Integrated CircuitApplications of RFIDSummary

what is RFID

Radio frequency Identification is amony the most technically advanced methods of collecting data automatically RFID system generally consists of three basic components a transponder a reader and host data processing system The transponder is the data-carrying device that is attached to the object that is to be identifiedThe reader is used to communicate with the transponderrsquos in order to read or write the data inside the transponderrsquos memoryThe RFID system is useless without the ability to share the information of the transponders identified by the readerTherefore the host data processing system has connection to theclosed or worldwide network

Do they need license

RFID systems operate in the unlicensed RF bands known as ISM (Industrial scientific and Medical)It is important to note that while ISM devices do not require a license they are still subject to signal emission limits that vary by country

RFID vs other identification systems

Automatic identification systems include barcode systems optical character recognition smart cards and radio frequency identification RFID is the most sophisticated systems among themAt the moment using barcodes is very widespread application of carrying identification data with the item Compared to barcodes RFID systems donrsquot need the line of sight contact with the reader RFID systems is also more stable against the vulnerable enviroment factors like dirt and wearing that barcodes and optical character recognition labels face Biometric body measurements as an identifcation method are only available for living beings In smart cards the data stored in the memory can be protected but they need a galvanic contact in order to be read

Few advantages of RFID over barcode

Multiple tag identification is possible It does not require the transponder to be in line-of-sightRFID can handle environments like moisture dirt frost etcWe can combine the RFID functionality with Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

what is RFID

Radio frequency Identification is amony the most technically advanced methods of collecting data automatically RFID system generally consists of three basic components a transponder a reader and host data processing system The transponder is the data-carrying device that is attached to the object that is to be identifiedThe reader is used to communicate with the transponderrsquos in order to read or write the data inside the transponderrsquos memoryThe RFID system is useless without the ability to share the information of the transponders identified by the readerTherefore the host data processing system has connection to theclosed or worldwide network

Do they need license

RFID systems operate in the unlicensed RF bands known as ISM (Industrial scientific and Medical)It is important to note that while ISM devices do not require a license they are still subject to signal emission limits that vary by country

RFID vs other identification systems

Automatic identification systems include barcode systems optical character recognition smart cards and radio frequency identification RFID is the most sophisticated systems among themAt the moment using barcodes is very widespread application of carrying identification data with the item Compared to barcodes RFID systems donrsquot need the line of sight contact with the reader RFID systems is also more stable against the vulnerable enviroment factors like dirt and wearing that barcodes and optical character recognition labels face Biometric body measurements as an identifcation method are only available for living beings In smart cards the data stored in the memory can be protected but they need a galvanic contact in order to be read

Few advantages of RFID over barcode

Multiple tag identification is possible It does not require the transponder to be in line-of-sightRFID can handle environments like moisture dirt frost etcWe can combine the RFID functionality with Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Do they need license

RFID systems operate in the unlicensed RF bands known as ISM (Industrial scientific and Medical)It is important to note that while ISM devices do not require a license they are still subject to signal emission limits that vary by country

RFID vs other identification systems

Automatic identification systems include barcode systems optical character recognition smart cards and radio frequency identification RFID is the most sophisticated systems among themAt the moment using barcodes is very widespread application of carrying identification data with the item Compared to barcodes RFID systems donrsquot need the line of sight contact with the reader RFID systems is also more stable against the vulnerable enviroment factors like dirt and wearing that barcodes and optical character recognition labels face Biometric body measurements as an identifcation method are only available for living beings In smart cards the data stored in the memory can be protected but they need a galvanic contact in order to be read

Few advantages of RFID over barcode

Multiple tag identification is possible It does not require the transponder to be in line-of-sightRFID can handle environments like moisture dirt frost etcWe can combine the RFID functionality with Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

RFID vs other identification systems

Automatic identification systems include barcode systems optical character recognition smart cards and radio frequency identification RFID is the most sophisticated systems among themAt the moment using barcodes is very widespread application of carrying identification data with the item Compared to barcodes RFID systems donrsquot need the line of sight contact with the reader RFID systems is also more stable against the vulnerable enviroment factors like dirt and wearing that barcodes and optical character recognition labels face Biometric body measurements as an identifcation method are only available for living beings In smart cards the data stored in the memory can be protected but they need a galvanic contact in order to be read

Few advantages of RFID over barcode

Multiple tag identification is possible It does not require the transponder to be in line-of-sightRFID can handle environments like moisture dirt frost etcWe can combine the RFID functionality with Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Few advantages of RFID over barcode

Multiple tag identification is possible It does not require the transponder to be in line-of-sightRFID can handle environments like moisture dirt frost etcWe can combine the RFID functionality with Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Classification of RFID systems

Various demands on RFID systems can be set due to different applications Therefore different types of RFID systems existThe RFID systems can be classified into different groups by read range operating frequency coupling method and the amount of data and energy supply of the transponderAccording to their operating frequency RFID systems can be divided into near and afr field systems125 kHz and 1356 MHz systems are near field systems whereas 868 MHz 915 MHz and 24 GHz are far field systemsNear field systems depends on the areas of the antenna coils and their mutual positionsIn Far field systems an electric field is used in the coupling and the antennas used are usually dipole folded dipole (omnidirectionalantennas) and microstrip antennas (directional antennas)

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Classification of RFID systems

The transponders can either be passive or activeActive transponder have a power source of their own It has the adavantage of longer reading distance as no power has to be transmitted wirelessly They can perform data collection tasks even when no reader is presentPassive transponders are powered by the energy radiated by the reader They are smaller have lower cost and require no periodic maintenance The source of energy to power the passive tags is the magnetic or electromagnetic field that the reader omitts In case of the electromagnatic coupling the reader uses an antenna to radiate an alternating electromagnetic field at a constant frequency The antenna of the transponder receives the signal The rectifier on the IC connected to the antenna terminals converts the recieved signal to the voltage that is used to power the electronics in the transponder

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Classification of RFID systems

The communication procedure in RFID systems can be full duplex (FDX) half duplex (HDX) or sequential In FDX and HDX procedure communication from transponder is possible when signal from the reader unit is onIn sequential the communication is handled in turns Its disadvantage is that the wireless power transmitted to the transponder is not continuous and is interrupted when the transponder is responding

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Emerge of Passive RFID systems

Passive tags on the other hand are very inexpensive they can cost as little as 20 cents apiece and new technologies are constantly making them cheaper to integrate into common materials and products Because passive tags are inexpensive they will likely be the basis of most of the growth in RFID implementations so I will examine the technology behind passive tags in detailIn addition to their low cost passive tags can also be quite small Current antenna technology limits the smallest useful passive tag to about the size of a quarter The larger the tag the larger the read range

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems

Passive UHF RFID systems have many features that speak for using them in supply chain managment and product life cycle management The most important features of them when SCM and PLM are considered are non-line of sight reading and writing of tags multiple object identification and the ability to read moving objects relatively long over 1 m read ranges possibilties to develop low-cost tags and readers for high-volume applications and the ability to provide a unique identifier for each object using EPC codeSupply chain managment is the rdquomangemnt and control of all materials and information in the logistics process from acquisition of raw materials to delivery to the end userrdquo

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags

A passive-tag reader can constantly broadcast its signal or broadcast it on demand When a tag comes within the readerrsquos range it receives an electromagnetic signal from the reader through the tagrsquos antenna The tag then stores the energy from the signal in an on-board capacitor a process called inductive coupling When the capacitor has built up enough charge it can power the RFID tagrsquos circuitry which transmits a modulated signal to the reader That return signal contains the information stored in the tagThe communication between the reader and passive tag uses one of two methods to modulate the ID signal Low-frequency (less than 100 MHz) tags pass information by releasing energy from the capacitor to the tag coils in varying strengths over time which affects the radio frequency emitted by the tagThe reader detects these varying waves and can use these variances to demodulate the code Figure shows this load modulation

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip

In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tags the tag transmits the signal using backscatter in which the tagrsquos circuit changes the resistance of the tagrsquos antenna This change in resistance causes a transmission of RF waves which the reader can pick up and demodulate Passive tags typically operate at frequencies of 128 KHz 136 MHz 915acuteMHz or 245 GHz and have read ranges of a few inches to 30 feetFrequency choice depends on the systemrsquos environment what material the signal must travel through and the systemrsquos required read range

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

What materials RFID tags can be encased in

RFID tags can be encased in many materials Plastics are a very common material for RFID forming identification cards for building access credit cards or bus fares Tags can also go on the back of labels printed on standard ink jet printers for placement on inventory

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Backscatter RFID system

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Backscatter RFID system

In the return link from the transponder to the reader the proportion of incoming RF signal is backscattered from the transponder antenna back to the reader antenna The processing circuit of the transponder changes the RF impedance of the transponder antenna and controls the amount of this scattered field In this case the modulation of the scattered field contains the identification information The transponder is identified when the backscattered field is received and decoded by the reader unit

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Backscatter RFID Transponder

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

What happen

The modulated signal from the base station is received by the tag transponderVoltage induced at the input terminals of the transponder

due to the RF field from the base station This voltage will be detected by the RF front end circuit of the chip and this DC voltage will be used to charge a high capacitor and provide the necessary bias for the processing circuitry The response of the transponder is determined by the voltage induced on the transponder that exceeds a threshold voltage which depends on the properties of the detection circuit attached to the transponder antenna

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

What happen

The processing circuit on the chip responds to the base station commands according to the protocol and provides a change in the in the RF impedance and hence provides a detectable back scattered signal to the base stationDepending on the sensitivity of the receiver and the minimum transponder threshold voltage we can establish a read write range from the base station Data can be either read from any memory location of the chip or can be written to any specified location

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

The basic components in the chip are

EEPROMRF front endAnalog sectionDigital SectionStorage device battery

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Typical chip specifications are

Ultra low power 5-15 micro-watts during read operation and 80-120 micro-watts during write operationForward and return links use different types of modulation schemesEEPROM total 128 bytesSystem reserved memory 8 bytesTag identifier (ID) 8 bytesUser memory 112 bytesOperating temperature -40 to 175C

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Applications of RFID

RFID can be widely used in the applications like retail transportation access control asset management supply chain electronic anti theft Few promising applications are source tagging self check out video rental parking auto registration non-stop toll collection access control badge readers subway entry theme parks warehouse inventory package handling parcels mail pallets etc

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

Find on wikipedia more on appliactions

ndash Current usesndash Passportsndash Transport paymentsndash Product trackingndash Automotivendash Animal identificationndash RFID in inventory

systemsndash Human implantsndash RFID in librariesand others applications

ndash Potential uses ndash Replacing barcodesndash Telemetryndash Patient identification

summary

They dont need licenseFounding many application in logisticsRFID is certainly a usefull alternative identification tool in applications where large data storages are essentialgetting cheaperHowever the important point in the design is the matching between the front end and the input of the tag antenna terminals A careful matching network design is the key for obtaining the best performance

QUESTIONS

• Radio Frequency Identification
• Table of contents
• what is RFID
• Do they need license
• RFID vs other identification systems
• Few advantages of RFID over barcode
• Classification of RFID systems
• Classification of RFID systems
• Classification of RFID systems
• Emerge of Passive RFID systems
• Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems
• Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)
• Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags
• In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip
• What materials RFID tags can be encased in
• Backscatter RFID system
• Backscatter RFID system
• Backscatter RFID Transponder
• What happen
• What happen
• RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram
• The basic components in the chip are
• Typical chip specifications are
• Applications of RFID
• Find on wikipedia more on appliactions
• summary
• QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

• Radio Frequency Identification
• Table of contents
• what is RFID
• Do they need license
• RFID vs other identification systems
• Few advantages of RFID over barcode
• Classification of RFID systems
• Classification of RFID systems
• Classification of RFID systems
• Emerge of Passive RFID systems
• Emerge of Passive UHF RFID systems
• Simplified view of data transfer in low-frequency passive RFID tags (the tag is enlarged for clarity)
• Operation of data transfer in low-frequency simplified passive RFID tags
• In higher-frequency (greater than 100 MHz) tagshellip
• What materials RFID tags can be encased in
• Backscatter RFID system
• Backscatter RFID system
• Backscatter RFID Transponder
• What happen
• What happen
• RFID Tag Integrated Circuit Block Diagram
• The basic components in the chip are
• Typical chip specifications are
• Applications of RFID
• Find on wikipedia more on appliactions
• summary
• QUESTIONS