reader’s digest overview: respiratory disease...

23
READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN SHEEP Peregrine Wolff, DVM N d D f Wildlif Nevada Department of Wildlif e

Upload: others

Post on 22-Jan-2020

6 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW:RESPIRATORY DISEASE INRESPIRATORY DISEASE IN 

BIGHORN SHEEP

Peregrine Wolff, DVMN d D f WildlifNevada Department of Wildlife

Page 2: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

HISTORYDuring the Lewis & Clark expedition(1804 – 1806)There may have been 2 million bighorn sheep on the North Americanlandscape

Page 3: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Reports of epizootics in bighorn sheep occurred after the advent of domestic livestock grazing in bighorn sheep range –advent of domestic livestock grazing in bighorn sheep range suggesting introduction of a novel pathogen in the 1800’s

Page 4: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

When bighorn sheep co‐mingle with domestic sheep it often results in an all age die‐off fromsheep  it often results in an all age die‐off from pneumonia lamb recruitment in subsequent years is poorlamb recruitment in subsequent years is poor 

Page 5: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Recent die‐offs  

Winter 2009‐10

9 di ff9 die‐offs 5 western states

MontanaNevadaUtahWashingtonWyoming

+/‐ 900 mortalities/ 900 mortalities

Epizootics continue to be a barrier to recovery of the species

Page 6: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Complicating FactorsOften there was no single pathogenic species or biovarient isolated from  all or even most of the lungs

Bighorn sheep ‐ domestic sheep encounters do not always result in a die‐off

Bighorn sheep can experience death with no known prior contact with domestic sheep

Pathogenic  bacteria species are cultured from healthy BHS

Page 7: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

What the Science tells us

Page 8: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

The Primary PlayersFamily Pasteurellaceae

Pasteurella or Bibersteinia

Pasteurellalt idBibersteinia

trehalosimultocida

Mannheimiahaemolyticay

We forget that these bacteria lead dynamic lives in aWe forget that these bacteria lead dynamic lives in a rapidly changing world

Page 9: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Why are these organisms so deadly?

It’s the leukotoxins

•Soluble toxins  ‐ enhance pathogenicity

It s the leukotoxins

•Affinity for leukocytes  ‐ ++ in ruminants•Lead to death of the cells/tissue damage

Compared to Domestic Sheep•BHS neutrophils are more  sensitive to effects ofleukotoxins

h d d b d•BHS  have a decreased antibody response  •BHS antibodies don’t protect as well against leukotoxins

Page 10: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

What do we know about M hemolytica and B trehalosi?M. hemolytica and B. trehalosi?

Varying levels of leukotoxin activityVarying levels of leukotoxin activity

M. hemolytica +Lkt (+) Death in 48 hrs.

Page 11: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

B trehalosi cultured most M haemolytica cultured

vs.

B. trehalosi cultured most frequently 

M. haemolytica cultured most frequently

Most M. haemolytica &  Most  B. trehalosi & M. B. trehalosi

=l l k t i ti it

haemolytica=

hi h l k t i ti itlow leukotoxin activity high leukotoxin activity

Page 12: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

B. Trehalosi and P. multocida are more frequently isolated from lungs of BHS thatfrequently isolated from lungs of BHS that had died from pneumonia than M. haemolyticaM. haemolytica

B. trehalosi ‐ Grows faster, higher density in vitro

>6 hours in culture –M. haemolytica cannot be identified with conventional culture methodswith conventional culture methods

Field sampling may allow B. trehalosi tocontinue to overgrow in vivo

I th 2010 di ff l ti PCR iti fIn the 2010 die‐off,  lung tissue was PCR positive for          M. haemolytica even though it was culture negative

Page 13: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Genotyping  studies of M. haemolytica are identifying phylogenetic relationships

Pasteurella spp. may exchange genetic material (including coding for virulence factors)g )

In order to increase our understanding of  epidemiology of the bacteria we are noepidemiology of the bacteria we are no

longer able to rely on phenotypic strain classification of Pasteurella spp. st a c ass cat o o asteu e a spp

Page 14: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

10 meters for 30 days

Transmission of Mannheimia hemolytica from domestic sheep to bighorn sheep: Unequivocal Demonstration with Green Fluorescentbighorn sheep: Unequivocal Demonstration with Green Fluorescent 

Protein‐Tagged Organisms.  Lawrence P.K, et al.  

Page 15: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Fence line contact for 60 days

3 of 4 BHS had tagged bacteria within 30 days

Page 16: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Comingled and all BHS  1 BHS began died or were euthanized 

in 4‐9 days 

gcoughing 7 days before comingling

1 animal died 2 days after cominglingcomingling

Page 17: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

The Other PlayerMycoplasma ovipneumoniaeM l i i iMycoplasma arginini

M. ovipneumoniaecauses cilliary dysfunction Allowing invasion of secondary pathogens

N t i fM i i bNumerous strains of M. ovipneumoniae can be recovered from the same outbreak  

Page 18: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

M. ovipneumoniae Respiratory dz consistent withM ovipneumoniaewith M. ovipneumoniae

M. ovipneumoniae +  death from pneumoniap pM. haemolytica

Page 19: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniaey p p

Serological evaluation of healthy BHS herds (no evidence of pneumonia) yielded no seropositive animals

60% of apparently healthy animals from herds that had 60% o appa e t y ea t y a a s o e ds t at adexperienced die‐offs were seropositive

M. ovipneumoniaemay allow less virulent serotypes of  M. haemolytica to cause fatal pneumonia in BHS

Page 20: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

OTHER PLAYERS?Disease Agents:

Respiratory viruses – PI3, IBR, BRSV, BVDPasteurella sps. from cattleInternal Parasites

Environmental factors:Environmental factors:Trace mineral deficienciesAnimal densitiesAnimal densitiesHabitat Loss/ Degradation

Page 21: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Listen to what the sheep have been trying to tell us …

Bighorn sheep and domestic sheep don’t play well together

How can we intelligently mange for both species on and ever shrinking landscape

Page 22: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN
Page 23: READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE INd1cqrq366w3ike.cloudfront.net/http/DOCUMENT/SheepUSA/readers-digest... · READER’S DIGEST OVERVIEW: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BIGHORN

Our goal as wildlife vets is to understand and, where feasible, control specific risk factors that may cause or precipitate  disease in humans, domestic species or wildlife,and to provide information concerning such factors and risks to our agency animal managers