res100-4-final-grp1-b1

|Green Building Design for Residential Houses in the Philippines

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Green Building Design for Residential Houses

In the Philippines

Alignay, Adrian G.

Arbis, John Paul

Bautista, Eunice Angela L.

RES100-4 B1

Mapúa Institute of Technology

December 2014


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Chapter 1

I. Introduction

A. Background of the study

Green building also known as green construction or sustainable building refers to a

structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout

a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and

demolition. In other words, green building design involves finding the balance between

homebuilding and the sustainable environment. This requires close cooperation of the design team,

the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice

expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability,

and comfort.

A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus

on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable

design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present

generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although

some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do,

especially through public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment. Green construction

principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Green Building design for residential houses here in the

Philippines. Particularly, the researchers seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is Green Building Design project?

2. What is the purpose of this Green Building design project?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Green Building design Project?

4. What are the benefits of Green Building design in Residential Houses here in the

Philippines.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentally_responsible

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-efficient

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_building

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_material

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_schemes_for_energy_efficient_refurbishment


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5. Is there a significant relationship between the Green Building and the economy of the

Philippines?

II. Objectives of the Study

Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human

health and natural environment by:

1. Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

2. Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity

3. Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

4. Reduce the cost and payoff.

III. Significance of the Study

This paper discussed the Green Building design project for residential houses here in the

Philippines. The results of this study can be made as a learning model or paradigm for those who

are pursuing an environment-friendly buildings to be constructed. This study can be made as a

model and as comprehensive report about the current status of green building in the Philippines

through the data going to be presented in Chapter 4. Specifically, this study is significant because:

1. As mentioned, this study may serve as a status report as to what is the status of green

building design in the Philippines. The nation could benefit from this study (as a status

report) seeing the nation specializes in constructing environment friendly, energy

efficiency, water efficiency, waste reduction, and many more. Thus, this paper may also

bring to light unforeseen problem regarding the hazards that might happen.

2. This paper can contribute in the fields of Engineering and education. This study can be

beneficial to students of future generations regarding the acquisition of knowledge,

especially in the fields of Engineering and education. Students doing technical papers or

pursuing fields within the disciplines of Engineering and education can benefit from this

study, as study provides facts, data, and pieces of information that can support various

theories (such as the ones presented in this paper), and other facts, data, or pieces of

information.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation


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3. Connected with the reason already mentioned above, this study can serve as a guide not

only for readers but to those who are casually seeking knowledge. This paper may also

contribute to researches that are being done on a larger scale. In other words, this paper can

also serve not only as a guide in engineering research, but also in society-as a guide in

large-scale researches.

IV. Scope and Limitations

This paper studies and discusses the Green Building design project for residential houses

here in the Philippines. This paper intends to discuss the possible result of this project that might

change the entire nation for this environmental-friendly project. This paper discusses factors

surrounding the effects of green nature to houses. The researchers and this paper would give

answer/s to the questions presented in this paper’s statement of the problem and give facts, data,

and pieces of information derived from researching, surveying, and various forms of statistical

treatments that may support the answer/s given by the paper. This paper is mostly constructed on

the basis of answering the questions presented in the statement of the problem with the help of the

theories presented in this paper’s theoretical framework. This paper would also be discussing facts

and pieces of information in the paper’s definition of terms and review of related literature about

the factors and terminologies being discussed by the paper.

The study is limited or focused only in the residential house design, and to an extent, the

field of engineering. The data going to be used and is going to be presented mainly concerns the

preservation of the planet Earth. The paper, its research, and the results of this study are also only

limited to a sample of students/faculty in Mapua Institute of Technology specifically the

department of Civil Engineering. Some of the data going to be analyzed for the answering of the

questions presented in this paper’s statement of the problem is also limited to the answers of the

sample in the given survey questionnaires and these answers are not guaranteed to be of a hundred

percent honesty.


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V. Time Frame of the study

Figure 1: Time Frame of the Study


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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

Presented in this chapter is a synthesis of studies that supports the concept of green or

sustainable buildings. The idea of green or sustainable buildings is not new, yet the innovations

connected with the idea have evolved and developed over time. There are numerous literary works

that have been carried out on diverse viewpoints and effects of green building. Brief review of

related writings and studies is performed for a better understanding of the research.

I. Review of Past Studies

A. Local

Occupational and Skills Needs in the Green Building Sector in the Philippines

The PHILGBC and the ILO have led a study that looks to understand the abilities needs in

the green building sector in the Philippines. Leaders, both in the public and private sector need to

comprehend that matching the becoming enthusiasm toward greener structures with capable

aptitudes is vital to guarantee managed development of demand for green building. As of now,

green building is seen to have the highest potential to understand the greater part of the natural

difficulties in creating nations. In the study directed, most respondents show that there is a solid

need to understand the part structures play in the environment and the economy so as to give

significant attention regarding greening of new and existing structures. The BERDE Green

Building Rating System is an instrument to guide experts in outlining buildings and is key in

measuring ecological execution. It will require huge aptitudes update of professionals and of the

skilled and semi-skilled workforce. The study has observed that creating "specialist courses" for

both building experts and the labor force will assist encourage a smoother move to green collar

work.

Green Building in the Philippines

As per the Smart Market Report by the World Green Building Council (n.d.), “The fastest

growing regional green building market is Asia, where the population of firms largely dedicated

to green building is expected to jump from 36% today to 73% in 2013.”In the Philippines, there is

solid sign that green building will be the standard method for doing a business in the property area.

There will be constant interest for more green building items and services and aptitudes to help


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positive development. In the Philippines, building owners gets to enhance their main concern by

taking a gander at green structures as a component of their center strategy. Green structures may

have higher introductory expenses; in any case, building managers recover their ventures because

of effective operations. As indicated by Rigoberto Santos (2011), Vice President of Megaworld

Corporation, “The green initiative, in whatever form or fashion it takes does have a direct impact

in the operations."

With the positive development in green building present in the nation, there will be increase need

for preparing in the following areas: (1) usage of green building innovations for building experts;

(2) effective environmental communication for marketing professionals ; (3) crafting of effective

green building policy for legislators; (4) skills improvement for construction workers; (5) green

building certification (particularly BERDE).

Absence of suitable training response might be that as it may, prompt dislodging of workers due

to absence of abilities for green building. This situation can possibly block economic development.

B. Foreign

Advantages of Green Buildings

Srinivas (2009) clarifies that green structures have had various benefits in India. These

benefits range from the tangible to the intangible. Tangible benefits include diminishment of power

consumption by 20%-40% and decrease of consumable water utilization by somewhere around

30% and 40%. On the other hand, intangible benefits include the health and security of the

building's occupants, better comfort for the occupants, and higher gainfulness for occupants, and

better practices from the very first day, by having the most recent strategies or innovations

included. Furr (2009) states that the benefits of green buildings incorporate lessened capital

ventures due to accessible motivators, decreased working expenses through diminished reduced

consumptions (energy and water use), lessened faculty expenses identified with increased

productivity and worker health, and expanded working income (higher rentals, increased

occupancy and net metering). Green structures have numerous focal points relating to the

environment, and in addition expenses included. The most underlined advantage may be viewed

as diminished energy and water utilization (Srinivas, 2009), while Furr (2009) emphasized the cost

advantages.

Limitations and Risks of Green Buildings

Anderson, Bidgood & Heady (2010) propose that green building development is not the

same as that of conventional buildings, however as with customary development, claims and

debate likewise go hand in hand with green projects. These authors also warn about possible ‘green


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litigation’ because of new inexperienced entrants into the green business and the unknown dangers.

Project owners are additionally confronted with risks; there may be a disappointment to meet the

obliged level of certificate (Hancock, n.d., online). This danger may be huge where an expansive

number of projects need to meet sustainability guidelines. Hancock further clarifies that for the

situation where the finished project neglects to be certify as green, there is a further hazard that the

holder does not meet his credit or incentive program; the economic implications may be

substantial(Anderson et al., 2010)

Bowers & Cohen (2009) contend that while numerous dangers of green building are

indistinguishable to the dangers of conventional construction, the expansion of

sustainability/efficiency benchmarks and the need to achieve a certain level of confirmation

change the playing field to some degree. They likewise stress the dangers facing design

professionals, in particular, as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-licensed

experts, designers are relied upon to show higher benchmarks of consideration, while tolerating

the way that plan disappointments may bring about rebelliousness with LEED certification of the

task. All the more essentially, risk may emerge from the disappointment of systems or parts to

perform satisfactorily over the structure's lifecycle. At present, almost every European nation, the

United States of America, Canada, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong and South Africa have their own

particular green building rating system/tool. In 2007 the South African Property Owners

Association built a Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) to advance earth sustainable

practices. The GBCSA created a rating system called the Sustainable Building Assessment Tool

(SBAT). It was created to backing the improvement of a more reasonable assembled environment

inside South Africa's creating nation setting. The SBAT framework incorporates three sustainable

perspectives, specifically economic ((local economy, efficiency, adaptability and flexibility,

ongoing costs, capital costs); environmental (water, energy, waste, site, materials and

components); natural (water, vitality, waste, site, materials and segments), and social (occupant

comfort, inclusive environments, access to facilities, participation and control, education, health

and safety). Building ecological rating frameworks give a method for demonstrating a building

owner to what degree a building has been fruitful in gathering a normal level of execution in

different proclaimed criteria (Sebake, n.d.).

Uncovering the Meaning of Sustainability

Sustainable construction, as per Kunszt (2003), may be characterized as “the creation and

responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological

principles”. Harrison (2000) and the Environmental Stewardship Initiative (2002: online)

characterize sustainability as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their needs”. This definition can be acknowledged as the most broadly

utilized one, and is contained in the Brundtland Report – World Commission on Environment and

Development 1987 (Munier, 2005).very frequently the expressions "green" and "sustainable" are


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utilized conversely. On the other hand, as per Kibert (2005), the expression "sustainability"

addresses the biological, social and financial issues of a building. This author further relates that

in 1994, the Conseil International du Bâtiment (CIB), an international construction research

company networking organization, characterized the term 'sustainable construction' as the

“creation and operation of a healthy built environment, based on resource efficiency and ecological

design”. RICS (2010), then again, gives a meaning of 'green building' asa economical building or

green building is a result of an outline rationality which concentrates on expanding the productivity

of resource use, including energy, water and materials, while decreasing building effects on human

wellbeing and the nature amid the building's life cycle, through better siting, configuration,

development, operation, upkeep and evacuation. Sustainable development is regularly befuddled

by some individuals who feel that ideas, for example, ‘sustainable’ and ‘development’ can’t

coincide, while others believe that the words ‘sustainable’ and ‘development’ repudiate one

another (Munier, 2005). Munier alluded to the term ‘sustainable development’ as a subjective

change including the economy, as well as institutional, social and natural changes. As per Mclntyre

& Ivanaj (2009), there are three mainstays of sustainability, specifically:

• Economic (growth, market expansion, externalization of costs);

• Social (basic human needs, equity, participation, social accountability), and

• Ecological (carrying capacity, sustainable yield, resource conservation, biodiversity).

The Issue of Costs

There is a recognition that green structures are more expensive than traditional structures

(Kats, 2003). In a report led by Berman (2001), it was observed that among about six Californian

developers questioned in 2001, green structures cost 10-15% more than ordinary structures. Morris

& Matthiesen (2007) are of the supposition that “there is no significant difference in average costs

of green buildings, as compared to non-green buildings”. Srinivas (2009) proposes that the expense

of green structures can be somewhat higher than that of ordinary structures. He additionally

focuses on that this ought to be considered by method for an alternate ideal model; consequently,

the utilization of a pattern expense is needed. In any case, green buildings can bring about cash

funds for organizations, engineers and end-clients – well beyond their capacity in ensuring the

earth (Oxford Business Group, 2008). The CEO of Emaar Dubai, Richard Rodriguez, substantiates

that construction expenses can be decreased extensively if best practices are utilized. At the point

when considering the expense of green buildings, both unmistakable and impalpable profits must

be considered. The tangible benefits, for example, the economic advantages are not instantly

noticeable. Nonetheless, the lifetime payback is much higher contrasted and that of traditional

buildings, which mostly gathers from operational expense funds, lessened carbon outflow credits

and conceivably higher rental or capital values. The intangible benefits, for example, social points

of interest are because of the positive effect of green buildings on the area environment.


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Additionally, because of better living up to expectations conditions, the productivity of inhabitants

increases and health problem issues diminish. Besides, green structures make a green corporate

image; a few companies are currently review Green Building Rating as an instrument to upgrade

marketability. (Roy & Gupta, n.d).

Building Materials

According to Berge (2000), resources, pollution and performance are the most general

criteria of building materials. Resources utilized by any development material incorporate all the

raw materials and energy utilized from its extraction to its transfer. Pollution in the above

connection alludes to all harmful emissions coming about because of the production of the

material, items used to clean and keep up the material, off-gassing from materials amid their

lifetime, and last incineration or landfilling.

Natural materials and processed materials perform in distinct way. Natural materials have

a tendency to be more complex and have distinctive positive qualities and, if accurately used, can

bring an addition to the building business by improving the execution of structures. At the point

when contrasted with traditional materials, routines and advances, natural materials can give

energy effectiveness in structures. Notwithstanding, May (2006) keeps up that not any sort of

common material will suit any circumstance. Suddell (2008) broadcasts that the development

business is the second biggest area that uses natural material. According to Albino, Balice &

Dangelio (2009), a green material is one that minimizes ecological effect all through the whole life

cycle. However, despite the fact that Baumann, Boons & Bragd (2002) are of the notion that there

is still disarray on a meaning of green materials, Attmann (2009) expresses that green materials

are:

• Environmentally friendly;

• Renewable;

• Biodegradable, and

• Recyclable.

Furthermore, Attmann (2009) maintains that green materials can be categorized into:

• Biomaterials (biotic materials), e.g. straw, carbon,

Polyurethane;

• Composites, e.g. concrete, brass;

• Smart materials, e.g. carbon-fiber, and


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• Nano-materials, e.g. nano-carbon tubing.

Kelly & Hunter (2009) propose the application of the three R’s (reduce, re-use and recycle) as

being helpful in selecting building materials.

II. Review of Published Books

A. Foreign

The First Green Buildings

As indicated by Freed (2008), the first truly green structures dated from AD 1. These were

the stone dwellings of the Anasazi Indians (Meinhold, 2009). The best samples of these structures

showed up around the 700s and comprised of apartment-house-style villages which had delightful

stone workmanship. Freed (2008) specified that the purpose behind considering those buildings as

green buildings was that the Anasazi comprehended the sun and heating, natural ventilation, how

to catch water, while the main materials utilized were stone, mud and wood. It is essential to note

that the 'Anasazi buildings' were totally free of toxic materials and were good to health.

Professionals and Contractors Involved In Green Buildings

With regards to sustainable development, Strong & Hemphill (2006) remark that built

environment experts are confronted with the test of addressing the needs of individuals and the

developing economy, while at the same time keeping up the nature, character and descendants of

the natural environment. Besides, they stretch that no one profession is more paramount than the

other; rather, great cooperation or teamwork is needed. As per the Associated General Contractors

of America (2007) contractors are imperative for the achievement of green projects.

A few contractors may be included in the deign process; notwithstanding, contractor’s

inclusion in executing a project is regularly constrained by the task conveyance system and the

agreement details. The Association further burdens that contractors can include skill in the event

that they are incorporated in the outline process. The contractor’s part on a green project can be

to:

•Recycle and re-use construction and demolition debris;

• Limit the utilization of dangerous materials on the jobsite;

• Secure existing vegetation, give cleared trees or mulch for utilization on location;


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• Settle on naturally friendly acquiring choices, and

• Procure and introduce more energy-effective mechanical and electrical framework.

Be that as it may, Braganca (2007) shows that designers and contractors have a tendency

to support clear solutions. Regardless of the way that development has helped worldwide natural

issues (Kennedy et al., 2002) structures are even now being raised without considering the climatic

results. This can perhaps be ascribed to an absence of learning or furthermore, to fulfill the

fundamental human needs; individuals favor basic and less expensive structures.

Green-building trends

As indicated by Kibert (2008)), the trend towards green structures is as per the following:

there is fast entrance of the LEED-green building rating framework, and also expanded US Green

Building Council (USGBC) participation, private and open incentives, solid government authority

and an extension of state and nearby green building programs, in this manner exploiting green

building advantages and attaining advances in green building innovation. Moreover, Kibert (2008)

clarifies that like trends in green building, there are additionally boundaries, for example, financial

disparities, lacking research and the absence of mindfulness. The organization Frost and Sullivan's

(2010) late investigation of the South African green building business sector found that this market

is still in its early stages, however it has extraordinary potential for development. It expresses that

the Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) has encountered an average development

of 100% every year in its enrollment membership since 2008; this is altogether quicker than the

development rates experienced at the origin of the Green Building Council of Australia, on which

the GBCSA is displayed. Likewise, to date the GBCSA has had in excess of 2000 actively present

people (a large portion of whom are constructed environment experts) at their Green Star SA

Accredited Professional course. Four buildings have accomplished affirmation under the Green

Star SA rating framework, with another twenty-four enlisted for certification. Development in

enrollment and support rates demonstrates that the South African market is reacting great to green-

building activities.

Green building in Mauritius

The Republic of Mauritius is a group of islands in the South West Indian Ocean, comprising

of the primary island of Mauritius, Rodrigues and a few external islands found at separations more

prominent than 350km from the fundamental island. The populace, assessed at 1.3 million,

contains Indo-Mauritians, individuals of blended European and African birthplace, and Sino-

Mauritians. The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, with an aggregate zone of 1.969 square

kilometers, have a general populace thickness of 652 persons every square kilometer. Around 43%


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of the area is distributed to agriculture, 25% is involved by built-up regions and 2% by public

roads. The remaining zone comprises of relinquished cane fields, woodlands, scrub land, meadows

and grazing lands, reservoirs and ponds, swamps and rocks. The greatest greenhouse gas emission

product is carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and in 2010 this added up to 3365 gigagram (Gg), with

a real effect on the nature. The energy business (1997gg), manufacturing (352gg), vehicle (845gg)

and residential (123gg) areas are the primary donors to the carbon dioxide outflow. This has

prompted more noteworthy accentuation on planning green structures (Central Statistics Office,

2009: 2). Building-development techniques for residential structures incorporate predominantly

structures with concrete block walls and concrete roofs (86%), concrete block walls and iron/tin

roofs (4%), iron/tin walls and roofs (8%), wood walls and iron/tin or shingle roofs (1%) or ‘other’

(1%. The accompanying "traditional" materials are still used to some degree: straw (utilized

generally as a part of roofs for style); stone (usually utilized for feel, for example, arrangement

dividers and balustrades of open patios, and for hardcore filling); timber boards delivered mainly,

and pulverized stoned (as a substitution for sand due to environment security laws).the taking after

"conventional" materials are additionally utilized as a part of the construction industry: blocks

made of fine stone (rather than bricks), cement (imported) and transported in iron sheets (called

profilage). The greater part of the inside finishes comprise of marble, vinyl flooring, parquet wood

flooring (all foreign made) and by regional standards delivered paint.

Since Mauritius is a tropical island, even in winter it gets enough daylight to support the

utilization of sunlight based energy (e.g. sun based water heater rather than electrical geysers) as

a manifestation of 'green building' item.

III. Annotated Bibliography

Anderson, M.K., Bidgood, J.K. & Heady, E.J. 2010. Hidden legal risks of green buildings. Florida

Bar Journal, 84(3), pp. 35-41.

These authors warn about possible ‘green litigation’ because of new inexperienced entrants

into the green market and the unknown risks.

Berge, B. 2000. The ecology of building materials. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Berge emphasized in this book the pollution which refers to all harmful emissions resulting

from the production of the material, products used to clean and maintain the material, off-

gassing from materials during their lifetime, and final incineration or landfilling.


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Freed, C.E. 2008. Green building & remodeling for dummies.

In this book, Freed mentioned that the reason for considering the first green buildings as

green buildings was that the Anasazi understood the different knowledge in natural ways

such as sun and heating, natural ventilation, how to capture water, while the only materials

used were stone, mud and wood, which were completely free of toxins and were healthy.

Kibert, C.J. 2008. Sustainable construction: Green building design and delivery.2nd Ed. New

York: Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kibert explains in this book that similar to trends in green building, there are also barriers

such as financial discrepancies, insufficient research and the lack of awareness.

Mclntyre, J.R., Ivanaj, S. & Ivanaj, V. 2009. Multinational enterprises and the challenge of

sustainable development. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

According to the authors, there are three pillars of sustainability, namely: Economic which

is the growth, market expansion, externalization of costs; Social - basic human needs,

equity, participation, social accountability, and Ecological (carrying capacity, sustainable

yield, resource conservation, biodiversity).

Roy, T. & Gupta, A.K. n.d. Greenomics: Cost efficiency of buildings in India. [online].

http://www.joneslanglasalle.com/ResearchLevel1/research_greenomics_cost_efficiency_of_gree

n_buildings_in_india.pdf

This article summarizes the cost of green buildings, both tangible and intangible. Intangible

benefits of green buildings includes social advantages, are due to the positive impact of

green buildings on the neighborhood environment. The productivity of occupants increases

and health problems decrease.

Srinivas, S. 2009. Green buildings – Benefits and impacts Proceedings of World Academy of

Science, Engineering & Technology, 19-21 March.

Srinivas provides some insights regarding the advantages of green buildings by explaining

the green-inspired structures that have had numerous benefits in India namely: reduction

of power consumption, reduction of potable water consumption health and safety of the


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building’s occupants, better comfort for the occupants, and higher productivity for

occupants, and better practices.

Strong, W.A. & Hemphill, L.A. 2006. Sustainable development policy directory. Oxford: Blackwell

Publishing.

The book contains the authors giving attention to built-environment professionals who are

faced with the challenge of meeting the needs of people and the growing economy, while

simultaneously maintaining the nature, character and posterity of the natural environment.

Van Wyk, L. n.d. Mauritius Green Building Handbook Volume 1: Sustainable building versus

ecological building from: http:// researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/10204/4965/1/Van%

20Wyk10_2010.pdf?

The author studies the green buildings in the Republic of Mauritius and how Mauritius

people utilize ‘conventional’ materials in the construction industry such as blocks made of

fine stone (instead of bricks), cement and imported iron sheets.

Occupational and Skills Needs in the Green Building Sector in the Philippines:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1792593

The study has observed that creating "specialist courses" for both building experts and the

labor force will assist encourage a smoother move to green collar work.


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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

I. Analytical Framework

II. Theoretical Framework

TITLE

• Green Building Design for Residential

Houses in the Philippines

VERIFICATION & EVALUATION

• Survey analysis on an individual

perspective towards green

building design for residential

houses

PROS AND CONS

• Advantages and disadvantages of Green Building design for residential houses in the Philippines

To determine the Green Building design for residential houses here in the Philippines.

To reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and natural environment.

Online survey about local green design for residential houses and review of related literature

The use of Quantitative research by statistical gathering of data for anlaysis

Green design's advantages pertaining to the environment, costs involved, and reduced energy and water use.

A recommendation to become more aware of the benefits of green building especially with its health benefits.

Figure 2: Analytical Framework

Figure 3: Theoretical Framework


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III. Research Design

It is useful to consider the various research methodologies that have described as falling

within one or more general research categories: descriptive, associational, or intervention-type

studies. Descriptive studies describe a given state of affairs as fully and carefully as possible.

(Franklin 11)

In field research, the primary descriptive methodology is the survey, as when researchers

summarize the characteristics (abilities, preferences, behaviors, and so on) of individuals or groups

or (sometimes) physical environments (such as nature), or, as in some historical studies, changes

in any theses over time.

Descriptive research, in and of itself, however, is not very satisfying, since most researchers

want to have a more complete understanding of people and things. This requires a more detailed

analysis of the various aspects of phenomena and their interrelationships.

The study is quantitative in nature. Quantitative research is concerned with the numbers

and measurement, rather than words in the collection and analysis of data (HSC StudentNet, 2009).

Quantitative research usually seeks to establish causal relationships between two or more

variables, using statistical methods to test the strength and significance of the relationship.

The respondents of this study are the Civil Engineers, students, and people who live in the

residential areas.

IV. Research Instrument

The researchers used the LEED and Green Building Codes; which would be very helpful in

order for the researchers to determine how the system works and will help to save the mother

Earth. The said code is standardized and has been developed by the U.S. Green Building Council.

From water and energy use efficiency to location, the impact of materials used, and more, LEED

is intentionally designed to recognize buildings to go beyond minimum code compliance. While

this minimums will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, they should at the very least include the

most current version of the model energy code as a mandatory minimum for all buildings.


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V. Treatment of Data

What incentives would encourage you to purchase a Green Building or renovate your

house into a Green Building? “Whole-Life Cycle Cost Saving”:

a.) Class Interval (k):

𝑘 = 1 + 3.322𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁

𝑘 = 1 + 3.322𝑙𝑜𝑔(52) = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎 ≈ 𝟕

b.) Determining the Range:

R = Highest Score – Lowest Score

R = 7-3 = 4

c.) Interval Size (c), “class width”:

𝑐 =𝑅

𝑘=

4

7= 0.57 ≈ 𝟏

Measure of Central Tendencies

Mean: �̅� =∑ 𝐹𝑥

𝑛=

308

52= 𝟓. 𝟗𝟐

Median: 𝑛

2=

52

2= 𝟐𝟔

= 𝐿 + 𝑐 (𝑛

2− <𝑐𝑓𝑥−1

𝑓) = 4.5 +

1 (26−11

19) = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗

Mode:

= 𝑳𝑴𝑶 +𝒄𝒅𝟏

𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐

= 6.5 +(1)(22 − 19)

(22 − 19) + (0)= 𝟕. 𝟓

Class

Intervals

Frequ

ency

X(Midpoints) Fx <CF 𝒙 − �̅� 𝑭(𝒙 − �̅�) 𝑭(𝒙

− �̅�)𝟐

3 7-8 22 7.5 165 52 1.58 34.76 54.92

2 5-6 19 5.5 104.5 30 0.42 7.98 3.35

1 3-4 11 3.5 38.5 11 2.42 26.62 64.42

∑ 𝑭𝒙

= 𝟑𝟎𝟖

∑ 𝑭(𝒙 −

�̅�) =69.36 ∑ 𝑭(𝒙

− �̅�)𝟐

= 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟗


19

Measure of Variation

Mean Deviation: 𝑀𝑑 =∑ 𝑓(𝑥−�̅�)

𝑛

𝑀𝑑 =69.36

52= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑

Variance (for a sample):

𝑠2 =∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − �̅�)2

𝑛 − 1=

122.69

(52 − 1)

= 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏

Standard Deviation (for a sample):

𝑠 = √∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − �̅�)2

𝑛 − 1= √2.41 = 𝟏

What factor will cause you NOT to purchase a green building? “Hardly to find green

contractor for renovation”

Class

Intervals

Frequ

ency

X(Midpoints) Fx <CF 𝒙 − �̅� 𝑭(𝒙 − �̅�) 𝑭(𝒙

− �̅�)𝟐

3 6-7 43 6.5 279.5 82 1.12 48.16 53.94

2 4-5 32 4.5 144 39 0.88 28.16 24.78

1 2-3 7 2.5 17.5 7 2.88 20.16 58.06

∑ 𝑭𝒙

= 𝟒𝟒𝟏

∑ 𝑭(𝒙 −

�̅�) =96.48 ∑ 𝑭(𝒙

− �̅�)𝟐

= 𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟖


20

Measure of Central Tendencies

Mean: �̅� =∑ 𝐹𝑥

𝑛=

441

82= 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖

Median: 𝑛

2=

82

2= 𝟒𝟏

= 𝐿 + 𝑐 (𝑛

2− <𝑐𝑓𝑥−1

𝑓) = 5.5 +

1 (41−39

43) = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓

Mode:

= 𝑳𝑴𝑶 +𝒄𝒅𝟏

𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐

= 5.5 +(1)(43 − 32)

(43 − 32) + (43)= 𝟓. 𝟕𝟎

≈ 𝟔

Measure of Variation

Mean Deviation: 𝑀𝑑 =∑ 𝑓(𝑥−�̅�)

𝑛

𝑀𝑑 =96.48

82= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖

Variance (for a sample):

𝑠2 =∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − �̅�)2

𝑛 − 1=

136.78

(82 − 1)

= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗

Sample Standard Deviation (for a

sample):

𝑠 = √1.69 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎


21

a.) �̅� = 4 𝑛 = 30

𝜇 = 5 𝜎 = 1.30

b.) 𝐻𝑂:𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 5

𝐻𝑎: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5 (< 5).

c.) 𝛼 = 0.025

d.) 𝑛 ≥ 30: 𝐴 𝑂𝑛𝑒 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑 , 𝑧 − 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 was used.

e.) 𝑧 =(𝑋−𝜇)√𝑛

𝜎

f.) 𝑧 =(4−5)√30

1.30= −4.21

g.) Tabulated z-value = -1.96

h.) - The Null Hypothesis (HO) was rejected because the computed z-value

i.)

(-4.21) was outside the acceptance region. And the Alternative Hypothesis was

now accepted.

- Therefore, a green contractor can say that the average rating for the

criteria of Hardly to find Green Contractor for Renovation for the

question “What factor will cause you NOT to purchase a green

building?” is now lower.


22

Chapter 4

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYIS

I. Presentation

What incentives would encourage you to

purchase or renovate green building?

a. Whole-life cycle cost saving

b. Low utility bills

c. Taxes rebated

d. Emission reduction

e. Increased property value

Which feature of green building are you

willing to pay more to improve it?

a. Energy efficiency and renewable energy

b. Water conservation

c. Indoor environmental quality


23

d. Environmental preferable building

materials and other resources

e. Waste reduction

f. Efficient use of landscape and minimum

possible damage to the earth

g. Use of recycled material in construction

and operations

h. Design buildings which will reduce

greenhouse effect and global warming

What factor will cause you NOT to

purchase a green building?

a. Location

b. Budget

c. Market value

d. No any green building around your living

area

e. Hardly to find green contractor for

renovation


24

II. Analysis

From a scale of 1 – Very Disinterested to 7- Very Interested, a Grouped Data table was

conducted for the criteria of Whole-Life Cycle Cost Saving for the question “What incentives

would encourage you to purchase a Green Building or renovate your house into a Green Building?”

The Mean or Average of the data was at 5.92. It is within the Class Interval # 2 wherein the

respondents who answered 5-Slightly Interested to 6-Interested. The Median of the responses was

at 5.29. The Mode was 7.5 which is in the Class Interval 3: respondents who answered with 7-

Very Interested. Based from the results, our respondents were interested in considering long-term

cost savings when buying a Green Building or renovating their house into a Green Building.

From a scale of 1 – Very Much Disagree to 7- Very Much Agree, a Grouped Data table was

conducted for the criteria of Hardly to find Green Contractor for Renovation for the question

“What factor will cause you NOT to purchase a green building?” The Mean or Average of the data

was at 5.38, in between of the respondents who answered 5- Slightly Agree to 6- Agree. The

Median of the responses was at 5.55. The Mode was 6 which is in the Class Interval 3: respondents

who answered with 7- Very Much Agree. Based from the results, our respondents were agreeing

that today, it is rare to find a green contractor for building/renovating their house.

The average rating for the criteria of Hardly to find Green Contractor for Renovation for

the question “What factor will cause you NOT to purchase a green building?” based from a scale

of 1-Very Much Disagree to 7-Very Much Agree is Slightly Agree (5) with a standard deviation

of 1.30. If 30 civil engineering students had an average overall rating of 4, could a green contractor

say that the average rating for the criteria of Hardly to find Green Contractor for Renovation for

the question “What factor will cause you NOT to purchase a green building?” is now lower? A

0.025 level of significance was used.


25

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The characteristics of green buildings are energy-efficient, resource efficient and

environmentally responsible. The primary concern is to protect our planet with the aim of creating

a better and healthier environment for people. The results of this research indicated that various

authors pointed out that green buildings may be more costly at the outset, but they contribute to

long-term savings. This was confirmed by the majority of the survey respondents who stated that

green building materials are more durable than conventional materials, resulting in cost savings.

The literature pointed out that green buildings have many advantages pertaining to the

environment, as well as costs involved; the most emphasized advantage may be regarded as

reduced energy and water use – this was confirmed by the survey respondents. The survey results

also showed that the prospects of green buildings are positive. Although green buildings are not

regarded as a totally new concept in the construction industry, both contractors and professionals

indicated that they still prefer conventional methods over green building materials.

Furthermore, although the survey results provided a clear indication that built-environment

stakeholders are fairly familiar with most green-building concepts and related acts, the results

showed that contractors are more familiar with conventional materials than green materials, and

that professionals do not have sufficient experience in green-building materials/concepts. It is

therefore recommended that:

• Contractors familiarize themselves better with green-materials;

• Professionals gain more experience in green-building concepts;

The results of this survey are based on perceptions of built environment stakeholders in

Mauritius and may differ somewhat from respondents elsewhere in the world. This creates an

opportunity for further research to obtain a wider perspective on the issue of green buildings

worldwide.


26

Global climate changes require that all people, especially built environment stakeholders,

become more aware of the benefits of green buildings to, among others, ease the burden on

electricity and water shortages and thereby ensuring a better life for future generations.

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