ResearchCompilation

(Individual and dual sports)(p.e.-3)

Submitted by:Deogani O. Garguea

Submitted to:Sir Castrodes

Individual Sports and Dual Sports (Background)

What is the difference between Dual and Individual Sports?There is a difference between individual and dual sports. Individual sports are those that are played or performed by a single individual such as gymnastics, cycling, and swimming. Dual sports are those that are played with a partner such as chess, tennis, and badminton. INDIVIDUAL SPORTS can be classified mostly in Athletics.Atheltics is a gathering is sporting event that includes running, throwing and jumping. It comes from the GREEK word ATHLOS which means contest. The first Olympics was played in 776 B.C played by a stadium.There are 3 classical era in Europe: Panhellic Games, The Roman Games, and The Tailtean Games. Under un Panhellic, there are Phythian Games held in Delphi every 4 years, The Neaman Games in Argolid every 2 years, and Isthmian Games in Isthmus of Corinth every 2 years. The Roman Games classified by chariot racing, westling, and gladiator combat. While the Tailteam is a thrity-day meeting which includes foot races and stone throwing events. 2 MAJOR EVENTS of Atheltics which is jumping and throwing events. Under the Running Events are SPRINTS, MIDDLE DISTANCE EVENTS, STEEPLECHASE, LONG DISTANCE EVENTS, HURDLES, RELAY, and MARATHON RUNNING. In Field events: DISCUSS THROW, SHOT PUT, JAVELIN THROW, and HAMMER THROW. In Jumping Events: HIGH JUMP, LONG JUMP, TRIPLE JUMP and POLE VAULT. The equipments used in individual sports that mentioned above are: STARTING BLOCKS, SHOTPUT, BATON, DISCUS, STOPWATCH, HAMMER, POLE VAULT PAD, HURDLE, and JAVELIN. The Officiating Officials in these events are: Manager, Technical Manager, Referees, Judges, Umpires, Timekeepers, PhotoFinish Judges, Starters, Lap Scorers and Recorder.

Running Events

Sprints: the shortest even in terms of time and these are the oldest recorded athletic competitions of the Olympic Games and can be classified by 100, 200, and 400 meters. Middle Distance Events: these are events that are longer than Sprints and can be classified as 800 1500, and 3000 meters. Steeplechase: A 3000 meter steeplechase unclude 28 hurdles jumpls and seven water jumps, There are ni jumps in the first lap. Long Distance Events: events consist of 5000 and 10000 meters running. Stamina is the most essential physical requirement. No starting blocks are required in the beginning of the race Hurdles: this even popularize by Biritsh in 19th Century. Runners glide over the 10 hurdles without breaking stide and with minimum loss of speed. In 110 meter, hurdles are spaced 9.14 meters apart with 1.067 meter or 3 feet, 6 inches high. It can be classified by 100 meters for women, 119 meters for men and 400 meters by either both. Relay: races in which 4 athletes participates as a team by passing a metal baton. It can be classified by: 4x100 meter relay, 4x200 meter relay, 4x400 meter realy and 4x800 meter relay. Marathon Running: track and fields longest running event. A common road racing distance run in major ahtletic competition, The marathon event is a 42.195 kolometer race that started as a tribute to an acniet warrior who accoring to legend, ran 42.105 kmsto Athen in 490 BC. Endurance is the key in this event.

FIELD EVENTS

Discuss Throw: Strength, Agility, and Balance are similary important in this event as the thrower carries out the souns needed ti create soeed and power. The womens discus weighs 1 kilogram while the men;s discus weighs two kilograms. Each competitor has the chance to take six throws during this event. The longest throw wins. ShotPut: This event needs strength and sound footwork. The shot must touch the neck or the chin of the thrower in the preparatory position before the thorw, Some shotputters use the GLIDE method, moving firward un a straught line from the back if tge throwing ciircle . Other throw use the Spin or Rotational technique in which they turn as they move forward to be able to create momentum for the throw. Javelin Throw: The javelin consists of three main parts which are a metal head with a sharp point at the tip, a shaft and a cord grip and thrown over the shouylder or upper part of the throwing arm. SPEED, STRENGTH, and RHYTHM in the approach are the requirements in this event Tge womens javelin weighs 600 grams while the mens javelin weighs 800 grams and had a chance to take 6 throws during this events. The longest single throw wins. Hammer Throw: A blend of strength and agility with superior foorwork are necessary in order to uphold proper form. The HAMMER is actually a three part device consisting if a metal gead attached to a steel wiure with a rigid handle that the thrower grips. The womens hammer weighs four kilogram while the mens weighs 7.26 kilograms.

JUMPING EVENTS High Jump: This sport requires speed and agility along with the proper technique. The jumper must leap over a four meter long bar without knocking the bar off of its supports. The jump includes three phases which are APPROCH- this must be done at maximum speed while still keeping the body under adequate control to assure a proper take off, TAKE OFF- Jumpers must take off on one foot and FLIGHT- Jumpers clear the bar and leave the landing mat. Long Jump: The ability to stride consistently is measure in this event. Speed is number one quality that a long jumper must have. The competitor takes off from the board and lands in a pit filled with soft, damp sand. The jumps are measured from the take-off line to the nearest break in the landing are made by any part of the jumpers body. Triple Jump: Speed is important but not as important as in the long jump. In the triple jump, some energy must be conserved for the final leap into the landing area. This sport is fondly called the hop, step, and jump because thats what really takes place as the competitors go along with the event. In the HOP phase, jumpers push off with one foot. They must land with the same foot at the start of the STEP phase then land on the opposite foot for the JUMP into landing area. Pole Vault: A combination of speed and flexibility with superior upper body strength is the secret of all winning pole vaulters. The competitors sprints down a runway and plants his pole in the take off bo then rides the pole over the crossbar and into the landing area without knocking the crossbar off the uprights until he clears the crossbar. It has three opportunities to clear the heights of the bar. The VAULTER, who clears the greates height is declared the winner.

EQUIPMENTS IN ATHLETICS AND FIELD EVENTSGames that can be played by both individual or by dual

BADMINTONBadmintonis aracquet sportplayed by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court divided by a net. Players score points by striking ashuttlecockwith their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor, or if a fault has been called by either the umpire or service judge or, in their absence, the offending player, at any time during the rally. The beginnings of badminton can be traced to the mid-1800s inBritish India, where it was created by British military officers stationed there.[4]Early photographs show Englishmen adding a net to the traditional English game ofbattledore and shuttlecock.ServingEach game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served[10](this differs from the old system where players could only win a point on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three games.At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally oppositeservice courts(seecourt dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the receiver's service court. This is similar totennis, except that a badminton serve must be hit below waist height and with the racquet shaft pointing downwards, the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce and in badminton, the players stand inside their service courts unlike tennis.When the serving side loses a rally, the serve immediately passes to their opponent(s) (this differs from the old system where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known as a "second serve").In singles, the server stands in their right service court when their score is even, and in her/his left service court when her/his score is odd.In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same player continues to serve, but he/she changes service courts so that she/he serves to a different opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the player in the right service court serves; if odd, the player in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are determined by their positions at the start of the previous rally, not by where they were standing at the end of the rally. A consequence of this system is that, each time a side regains the service, the server will be the player who didnotserve last time.ScoringWhen the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the short service line on the opponents' court or it will count as a fault.If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two point lead (such as 2422), up to a maximum of 30 points (3029 is a winning score).At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves first. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive first, or choosing which end of the court to occupy, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of three: a player or pair must win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players change ends at the start of the second game; if the match reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading player's or pair's score reaches 11 points.The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may stand wherever they wish, so long as they do not block the vision of the server or receiver.LetsIf a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur because of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on court (having been hit there by players on an adjacent court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead rail which can be classed as a let.If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, he shall be judged to have been ready.

BENEFITS OF ATHLETICS Weight loss Delay in the aging process Lower blood pressure Healthier lungs Improved thinking process Improved mood and personal disposition Stronger cardiovascular system Reduced cholesterol build-up

BIBLIOGRAPHY Google http://www.google.com.ph Ambersports http://www.ambersports.com Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org Google Images Athletics Sports and Events Physical Education Track and Field Events and Facilities

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