research proposal - prihor adina.doc

7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc

1/36

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Entrepreneurship in Romania:

Females versus males

Executive summary

1


2/36

The purpose of this study is to provide insights regarding the profile of the Romanian

female and male entrepreneurs, their motivation for opening a business and factors

influencing the process of opening a business. In order to fulfil the objectives

mentioned above, a quantitative method will be chosen, in order to gather the primary

data. The instrument used was the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be online.

Before designing the final form of the questionnaire, a preliminary research will beconducted. The advantages of this method is that this method requires minimum costs

and requires less time in gathering the necessary data, than other instruments.

Population and target group

The chosen population is the population from Iasi and the target group is represented

by males and females,that own at least one business, with ages starting from 1 years

old.

ata collection

The method used in gathering data will be the online survey based on a questionnaire.

The respondents will be selected according to the ne!t criteria" being a resident of theIasi city, owning a business at the actual moment.

The questionnaire will be spread through e#mail and the data will be gathered in $

wee%s. The estimated time for completing the questionnaire was around & minutes.

Proposed analysis and expected results

'fter the primary research will be conducted, using the survey, the collected

data will be analysed with either using ()(( or *!cel. The e!pected results

should provide insights regarding the motivational factors when opening abusiness, for romanian female and male entrepreneurs. the factors influencing

the process of opening a business, for female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi,

Romania.

'lso insights regarding the profile of female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi,

Romania will be provided and the profile of the Romanian female and male

entrepreneurs will be defined.

!ntroduction

$


3/36

+owadays people developing businesses became one of the fastest growing population

in the world. The entrepreneurs are bringing significant contributions in terms of

innovations, employment and economic development. any authors debate on the

power of running a business from a female or a male perspective. The opinions are

spread on one side or the other, regarding the entrepreneurial field, regarding the

potential of women entrepreneurs versus the potential of male entrepreneurs.

ecisional context

Research pro"lem

The research problem of the conducted research consists in providing insights related

to the profile of female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.

Research o"#ectives

'ccording to the research proposal, the objectives of the research are"

-efine the motivational factors in opening a business, for female and male

entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.

-efine the factors influencing the process of opening a business, for female

and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.

-efine the profile of female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.

Literature revie$

History of entrepreneurship

odern business theory argues that entrepreneurs are the ones that through innovation

and the development of their business, transform the circular flow of economic

statistics in a dynamic flow. But from where do the roots of the entrepreneurshipbegin ihai /henea 0$11, p. 213, says that in all historical periods, be it ancient

times, be it medieval age, entrepreneurship has been lin%ed to more than pastoral or

agricultural activities, or engineering and architecture .any of the castles, fortresses,

churches and bridges that were built in this period, even if they were ordered by the

%ings, were still made by architects and engineers who have managed large projects

such as the business today. In this sense, people li%e 4eonardo da 5inci or

ichelangelo were also still some entrepreneurs .(%ipping the end of the Renaissance

and iddle 'ges, *uropean Industrial Revolution in *ngland was in reality the event

that fundamentally changed the relationship between labour and capital, enabling a

new type of entrepreneurship, the one that we refer to today.

In the opinion of ihai /henea 0$11, p.2$3, Romanian entrepreneur, a clear momentof entrepreneurship was in 1&&6 , the year in which 7ames 8att made a partnership

2


4/36

with atthew Boulton to e!ploit patented improved steam engine .This year may be

considered the date of birth of modern entrepreneurship because it is important from

many points of view" the business has become a tremendous success in the ne!t 1$

years, becoming one of the leading British manufacturer of steam engines .-uring this

time, it was established the first 'merican company joint# stoc%, also .

'ccording to Berg +ina /unnerud in the article entitled 9/ender, place and

entrepreneurship:, starting a business is referred as one of the phases of

entrepreneurial activity, meaning that this isn;t seen as a starting point in

entrepreneurship. By searching and finding entrepreneurial opportunities and later,

using them into your own benefit, this is what, according to the article, is seen as the

starting point of entrepreneurship.

*ntrepreneurship is a comple! concept, which many authors, specialists of different

fields li%e economy, sociology, psychology and sciences, along the years, tried and still

try to define it. -espite all efforts, no consensus has been reached regarding the

margins of the definition of entrepreneurship, but one thing on which everyone agreesis that the entrepreneurship positively influences on a country;s economy. 'nother

thing that the majority agrees regarding entrepreneurship, is that it is more a behaviour

rather than a personality trait.

In the majority of the definitions about entrepreneurship, there is a common

agreement, related to entrepreneurship as being represented by a behaviour defined

by ta%ing initiative, organi


5/36

Dn the other hand, the other category sees the entrepreneurship as the creation of new

economic activity. 'ny product, invention can be sold, as Robert ?isrich 0$@, p.63,

says 9by e!isting or newly created firms or through trading them on the mar%et:

Types of Entrepreneurship

'ccording to ihai /henea 0$113, there are three types of entrepreneurship.

/enerally when we tal% about entrepreneurs, we thin% only at those people who

develop their own business project based on an idea, assuming the ris%s that it implies

and finally benefiting from the results of the business, if it becomes successful. But in

reality, there are many areas in which, based on an idea, people can develop valuable

projects, not only business, but other types of projects" social, political, research.

(ocial entrepreneurship. This type of entrepreneurship has been identified only after

1@>.The most remar%able e!ample of social entrepreneurship is lorence

+ightingale, who developed the first independent school of nurses. (ocialentrepreneurship consists identifying a social problem and start solving this social

problem throughout specific business methods li%e structuring an organi


6/36

allocation of capital and human resources. Eombining them effectively

provides competitive advantage.

the introduction of new technologies , industries and products # innovative and

ris% lovers , entrepreneurs ta%e advantage of every opportunity to turn it into a

profit opportunity .

creating jobs #millions of jobs are created by the private sector , being amongthe top of employers. The entrepreneur represents often the force necessary to

achieve economic progress throughout innovation , investing the resources and

desire to progress the development of new opportunities. *ntrepreneurCs wor%

creates new ways to define problems, he brings innovation, creativity,

initiative, direct action and development of opportunities.

The Entrepreneur

Economical function versus individual characteristics

'fter defining entrepreneurship, it is appropriate to focus on the person that does all

this activity, the entrepreneur.

's in the case of entrepreneurship, there isnCt a clear definition of the entrepreneur, the

analysts defining the role of the entrepreneur in the literature, in different ways and from

different points of view.

The *ntrepreneurshipCs study can be split into two approaches" some authors define the

entrepreneurial activity as being an economical function, while the other approach focuseson the individual characteristics 0(tevenson,$, p.A3.

Individual Characteristics Approach

'ccording to the individual characteristics perspective, the essence of the noun

9entrepreneur: comes from rance and in translation has the meaning of one who

ta%es in between 0-ea%ins F reel, $2, p.23. 'ccording to (wedberg 0$, p.113,

the entrepreneur is found firstly in the iddle 'ges and had the meaning of the person

who is active, who gets things done. 'round 1&$2 in rance the entrepreneur was

described as being someone that manufactures a project In the 1th century, *nglandhad defined the entrepreneur as being also an underta%er or an adventurer.

rom Baumol;s 01@@, p.@&3 perspective, the entrepreneurs are seen as creative

persons in terms of finding ways that add to their own wealth, power and prestige.

Dther analysts were defining the entrepreneur as a person which starts its own, new

and small business. Dne analyst being against these definition is -ruc%er 01@6,

p.A63which says that not every new small business is entrepreneurial or represents

entrepreneurship. 'lso, not every entrepreneurial business is innovative.

'ccording to )eter -ruc%er 01@6, p.A&3 the entrepreneurs are people who see

9change: as the standard. *ntrepreneurs regard change as essential and welcome it as

beneficial to the lives of big corporations and small businesses ali%e.

>


7/36

(ome other authors, li%e, 7oseph (chumpeter0Brouwer, $$, p.@3define

entrepreneur as an innovator and one who develops untried technology, while -avid

cElelland 01@>13opinioned that entrepreneur is an energetic, moderate ris% ta%er.

rom the perspective of 'lbert (hapero 01@&>3, the entrepreneur is that person which

ta%es initiative, organi


8/36

In ar% EassonCs opinion, economics professor, the entrepreneur is defined as an

organi


9/36

of personal e!periences to help you get through une!pected moments, unprecedented

and difficult to quantify.

(cientific methods say...

' study conducted by auditing and consulting firm *rnst F Houng 0* F H3 shows that> of successful entrepreneurs have previously wor%ed in a large company, and

2 of them say that this was the %ey to success .

The Romanian entrepreneur 'le!ander 4apusan founder Jitec says that it is not a good

idea to go into entrepreneurship right after you finished school and it is advisable to

first wor% in a company. ?e mentions the importance of wor% e!perience in an

organi


10/36

small changes in the form of an advance towards a product, a service or a different

approach to the e!isting mar%et.

'ssumption 0ris%s3.'n entrepreneurial function %ey is lin%ed with ris%#ta%ing. There

are two categories of opinion. Dn the one hand there are proponents of the theory that

entrepreneurs are, by nature, people with high ris% appetite. The second theory refers

to entrepreneurs who have an appetite for ris%, assuming only controllable ris%s.'ccording to ihai /henea 0$11, p.A>KA&3, this is the list of the four functions of

entrepreneurship.

The Entrepreneur - personal characteristics

8hen spea%ing about the personal characteristics of an entrepreneur there is an

impediment, related to the difficulty of e!amining this subject 0-e5ries, 1@&&, p.A23,

due to unclear definitions e!isting on the concept of entrepreneur 0-ea%ins and reel,

$2. p.A3

-avid cElelland 01@&, p.$$23, 'merican psychologist, sustains in his study ofentrepreneurship, that an successful entrepreneur should have the ne!t %ey

competencies"

high need in terms of adaptability achievement in perceiving and acting in

advantageous situations

the entrepreneur should ta%e own initiative or responsibility, in terms of

underta%ing an activity or creating changes

the entrepreneur is a moderate ris%#ta%er, trying to avoid ta%ing high ris%sL

the entrepreneur is spontaneous. ?e doesnCt li%e to follow an habitual or fi!ed

way of doing things.

'nother opinion regarding the qualities of an entrepreneur, in an Romanian

perspective this time, belongs to ihai /henea 0$11, p.A1KA23 which creates a profile

of the entrepreneur having the ne!t mandatory qualities"

5ision

Intelligence and creativity

=nowledge of the industry

)erseverance and determination

Eharisma and persuasion

Responsibility -ecision ma%er

)roblem solver

/ut feeling

)ositive Thin%ing

)assion for own business

)ersonal *thics

Trust in people

'ttitude

1


11/36

Entrepreneurship environment $ in Romania

In political economics, entrepreneurship is the process of identifying and starting a

new business venture, sourcing and organith in the *uropean Nnion 0as 'ustria, *stonia, 4atvia, the

+etherlands and (lova%ia 3 in terms of total entrepreneurial activity " @ of the

wor%ing population is in the process of starting a business or developing their own

start# ups. ?owever it occupies last place in *urope in terms of sustainable

entrepreneurship" more than half of newly established companies fail to survive the

critical period of A$ months 0they close or suspend their activity 3.

Factors influencin% the entrepreneurships& environment development

Entrepreneurs characteristics

*ntrepreneurs share a common set of features that help them start their own business

and increase their chances of success. These include leadership s%ills , ability to wor% ,

the degree of independence desired, ris% tolerance or level of responsibility and willing

to assume. 'ccording to some studies, Romanians are not prepared in this regard and

feel the need to develop these characteristics through educational programs.

(everal factors were identified according to statistics and researches, and they are

related to"

Access to &inance sources' big problem is the lac% of Romanian entrepreneurial ecosystem access to finance

.'lthough A of Romanian want to start off on their own, more than half of them say

they do not have the financial resources necessary to do so. ears of insufficient funds

are added and lin%ed to the inability to return the debts. These problems diminish with

increasing age when entrepreneurs reali


12/36

In Romania develop strong entrepreneurial communities in large cities, but they are

not yet sufficiently present. Houng also accuses the lac% of business connections and

mentors relevant to them. There were , however, significant differences by age " the

networ% of contacts of a person increases significantly with age , which brings

business and new connections and support they need from mentors .In addition , there

are significant differences between entrepreneurs and those who havenCt already startedtheir own business , the first having developed networ% access connections and

business mentoring .

Culture and social capital

*ntrepreneurial culture plays an important role for the development of

entrepreneurship and Romania is e!cellent in this regard, having developed social

capital and a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship. But when we loo% at the types

of people who influence the general opinion on entrepreneurship , we note that

successful entrepreneurs , media, events and friends have a high positive impact .'t

the opposite pole , however, teachers , career counselors , parents and family , which

affects the probability of becoming a young entrepreneur.

Entrepreneurial education$2 of the Romanian states that participated in at least one entrepreneurial education

program , the percentage is equal to that in the *uropean Nnion. ?owever, they are

dissatisfied with the quality of entrepreneurship education received and believes that

they are supported by people who have no connection with the business .The lac% of

connection between school and business entrepreneurship education is the main

problem in Romania, and the solution consists in the improvement of the level of

sustainability of newly established companies.

Pu"lic policies

8hen it comes to the state , instead of fostering the development of entrepreneurial

ecosystem , community measures are seen as a major impediment to development.

'ctive members of the business community are aware of the policy to support

entrepreneurship, but they consider them inappropriate. The lac% of results is due to a

poor understanding of the Romanian business environment and endemic corruption

that affect measures ta%en at all levels.

*ntrepreneurship O female versus male perspectives

+owadays people developing businesses became one of the fastest growing population

in the world. The entrepreneurs are bringing significant contributions in terms of

innovations, employment and economic development.There is a strong debate regarding the potencial of women entrepreneurs versus the

potencial of male entrepreneurs. -ifferent authors released researches, sustaining the

entrepreneurship from a feminin point of view or from a masculin point of view.

'ccording to statistics released by the /lobal *ntrepreneurship onitor and the

*uropean Eommision in $1, in Romania, the number of male entrepreneurs was

higher than the number of the femele entrepreneurs. In the ne!t table above are

presented some characteristics that, both female and male entreprenerus share in terms

of business owned.

1$


13/36

)*+ ,ethodology

Research design

In order to fulfill the objectives mentioned above, a quantitative method was chosen,

in order to gather the primary data. The instrument used was the questionnaire, applied

on a sample of A1 respondents. The questionnaire was held online. Before designing

the final form of the questionnaire, a preliminary research was conducted. The

advantages of this method were that this method requires minimum costs and requires

less time in gathering the necessary data, than other instruments. ' major disadvantage

is that it contains many opened questions, hard to quantify. In the beginning, the

instrument chosen was the interview, but due to the fact that the respondents didn;t

want to participate in the interviews, for several reasons, I had to stic% to this method.

*ven so, it was hard to gather the necessary data, because people were not interested in

the study" in order to obtain the sample of A1 respondents, I had to as% & persons.

Population and target group

The chosen population was the population from Iasi and the target group was

represented only by women and males, that are owning at least one business, with ages

starting from 1 years old.

Preliminary research

' small preliminary research was conducted before designing the final form of the

questionnaire. The preliminary research was conducted on a sample of & students from

the aculty of *conomics and Business 'dministration, and it had the purpose of

helping in designing the final form of the questionnaire.

-uestionnaire design

The questionnaire had 1A questions and it was structured in 2 parts.

In the first part 0questions 1#6, 12#1A3 was created to gather data related to details of

the business owned by the respondents.

The second part 0questions >#@3 focused on finding out details about obstacles and

beliefs of the respondents according to entrepreneurshipThe third part 0questions 1#123 was designed in order to gather data related to

attitudes and beliefs of the respondents towards entrepreneurship field.

The questionnaire was held online, using the mail, during a wee% and it was designed

in Romanian. It was applied on & persons, having a rate of return of 61 answers, $6

females, $> males.

ata collection

The method used in gathering data was the online survey based on a questionnaire.

The respondents were chosen according to the ne!t criteria" being a resident of the Iasi

city, owning a business at the actual moment.

12


14/36

The questionnaire was spread through e#mail and the data was gathered in a wee%.

rom & questionnaires spread only 61 were gathered due to the lac% of interest and

time of the persons. The estimated time for completing the questionnaire was around &

minutes.

ata analysis

'escriptive analysis

In the ne!t pages, the results of the questionnaire will analy


15/36

igure 2 Business domain of activity K females igure A# Business domain of activityKmale

'ccording to igure 2.2 and igure 2.A Business domain of activity, the female and male

entrepreneurs have a common domain of business, TradeK(elling, in which the difference

relates to the number of businesses run. Businesses run by males are found in a higherpercentage 03 in compari


16/36

estimate that, in terms of profitable years, $1A will be brea%out year for female entrepreneurs

opening their businesses.

igure @# Type of business ownedKfemales igure 1 Type of business ownedKmales

The figures above present results related to the type of businesses Romanian entrepreneurs run

nowadays. Dn the female entrepreneurs; side the majority, >@, run a business opened by

themselves. Dn the males side the number of entrepreneurs that opened their own business is

greater than the female entrepreneurs, with a percentage of @.

'nother objective of the research was to provide insights regarding the motivational factors n

opening a business, of the romanian entrepreneurs, which will be a step in defining the profile

of the Romanian entrepreneur. The ne!t results were gathered"

igure 11 Reasons for opening a businessKfemales igure 1$# Reasons for opening a businessKmales

'ccording to igure 11 and igure 1$, there is a higher desire of having control and freedom

when running a business, among male respondents 0>63 in comparison with the female

respondents. 'nother stated reason for opening a business on the males side is related to the

desire of ta%ing own decision, while on the females side the second met reason is related tothe fact of not wanting to wor%. Regarding the financial reward. (eeing this results, a

conclusion could be that a common characteristic that female and male entrepreneurs are

sharing is that they want to be independent, having freedom and control on their own

decisions and wor%.

1>


17/36

igure 12 Dbstacles in opening a businessKfemales igure 1A Dbstacles in opening a businessKmales

In terms of obstacles met when opening a business, according to figure 2.12 and 2.1A, a

common obstacle of the romanian entrepreneurs is related to low financing sources, being

more often met on the male entrepreneurs; side 0>63, in comparison with female

entrepreneurs 02A3. ' second obstacle stated by the female respondents is related to combingthe personal life with the professional life 01&3, which might lower their business

performance, in comparison, a small number of the male respondents 0A3 found this as an

obstacle.

In the questionnaire, the respondents were as%ed to describe, shortly, how they overcome the

obstacles met and chec%ed previously, in igure 6.>, these results contribute in defining the

features of the romanian entrepreneurs. The ne!t results were gathered"

igure 16 8ays of overcoming obstaclesKfemales igure 1> 8ays of overcoming obstaclesKmales

'ccording to figures 16 and 1> a common way of the managing obstacles when opening abusiness, for the male and female respondents, is related to selfconfidence. The male

respondents thin% that a way of overcoming an obstacle is by being perceverent. ostly, they

are focusing on their own abilties in order to overcome the obstacles.

1&


18/36

igure 1& 'n entrepreneur shouldn;tPKfemales igure 1 'n entrepreneur shouldn;tPKmales

In the questionnaire the respondents were as%ed to provide an advice for the future

entrepreneurs. The results are presented in the tables above as it can be seen the malerespondents advice the future entrepreneurs to have %nowledge in business before starting a

one 0>63, while the female respondents are relating to the communication with others and

the advice the future entrepreneurs to to never listen to others 0$A3,

igure 1@+ecessary things in entrepreneurshipKfemales igure $+ecessary things in

entrepreneurshipKmales

In terms of advices that the respondents would give to the future entrepreneurs, concerning the

necesar things for success in entrepreneurship, are presented in the figures above.

In the opponion of the respondents, the necesity for success consists in self#confidence 0213

on the females; side, while for most of the male respondents the most important thing to

succeed when running a business is related to perceverence 0A>3.

In the questionnaire the respondents were as%ed to ran% the following statements in terms of

how the entrepreneurship managed to meet e!pectation regarding them. ?ow did

entrepreneurship influenced the stated statements. The statements were ran%ed on a scale from

1 to 6, 1 Oe!tremely wea%, $# wea%, 2 O well, A O good, 6 O e!tremely good. The following

results were obtained"

1


19/36

igure $1relationship between entrepreneurship Figure 22 relationship betweenentrepreneurship

balance between personal and professional life balance between personal andprofessional life

Regarding how did the entrepreneurial activity influenced the balance between the personal

life and the professional life, the most frequent answer, on the female respondents; side,

describing this relationship was 9well: 0263. The ne!t frequent answer, with a lowerpercentage, was 9good: 0$@3. +o female respondent considers that the entrepreneurial

activity satisfied e!tremely good their e!pectation in terms of balance between personal and

professional life. Dn the male respondents; side the majority stated that the entrepreneurial

activity satisfied 9good: 0&&3 their e!pectations regarging the balance between personal and

professional life.

In terms of ran%ing the statements related to how did the entrepreneurship met the

e!pectations of the respondents in terms of financial reward, the ne!t results were obtained"

igure $2Relationship between entrepreneurship Relationship betweenentrepreneurship

and nancial reward and nancialreward

'ccording to table above most of the female respondents are quite satisfied with how

entrepreneurship succeeded to meet their e!pectations regarding the financial reward, the

majority 0A13 describing these relationship as being 9good:, while on the male respondents;

side the majority 013 has the same oppinion. +o female respondent is completly satisfied

regarding the financial reward as they e!pected when it comes to entrepreneurship, while in

the males; side an significant percentage 01@3 agrees that entrepreneurial activity met

e!tremely good their e!pectation regarding the financial reward.


e!pectations of the respondents in terms of career development, the ne!t results wereobtained"

1@


20/36

igure $6 Relationship between entrepreneurship and careerKfemales igure $> Relationship between entrepreneurship

and careerKmales

'ccording to results, 6> of the female respondents appreciated that the entrepreneurship met

9e!tremely good: their e!pectation related to career development, while of the male

respondents appreciate that the entrepreneurial activity met 9good: their e!pectation related to

career development. rom the gathered results, the female respondents are more statisfied in

terms of career development due to the entrepreneurship, than the male respondents.


e!pectations of the respondents regarding equal opportunities between men and women, the

ne!t results were obtained"

igure $& Relationship between entrepreneurship and equal opportunities igure $ Relationship between entrepreneurship

and equal opportunities

'ccording to the results above, A1 of the female respondents appreciated that the

entrepreneurship met 9good: their e!pectation related to equal opportunities. ' bigger

percentage of the male respondents 0&23 agrees the same thing.

$


21/36

'nother step of the conducted research was to create a profile of the romanian entrepreneur, in

terms of qualities, in the opinion of the respondents. The respondents were as%ed to write

three mandatory qualities that an entrepreneur should have, according to their opinion. The

following results were obtained"

igure $@ andatory qualities for a women entrepreneurKfemales igure 2 andatory qualities for a womenentrepreneurKmales

'ccording to the figures above, the female respondents consider as mandatory qualities for an

entrepreneur are" responsability 0$23, perceverance 0$3 and hard wor%ing 0113. Dn the

male respondents; side, perceverence0A>3 is one of the most important qualities that the

majority stated. The other two are related to creativity 0$23 and will 0163.

In terms of preferences for business partners of the respondents, the results were the

following"

igure 21 Business partners preferredKfemales igure 2$ Business partners preferredKmales

'ccording to the results above all the male respondents agreed that they preffer wor%ing withboth female and male business partners, while on the female respondents; side a significant

percentage 0$A3 preffers wor%ing mostly with women, when it comes to business.

$1


22/36

igure 22 Respondents; ageKfemales igure 2A Respondents; ageKmales

'ccording to the figures above, most of the female respondents had ages between $> and 26

years, while the majority of male respondents had ages from 2> to A6 years. 'ccording to the

results gathered romanian female entrepreneurs run businesses from a younger age then male

entrepreneurs.

igure 26Respondents; level of studiesKfemales igure 2> Respondents; level of studiesKmales

In terms of studies, according to the results above, the majority of the female respondents finished a faculty0&>3, while the majority 0A3 of the male respondents have a master degree.

Analysis

Analysis . testing Correlation

In order to see if the variables chosen are correlated between them and to see what types of

relationships e!ists, the variables are tested using the ()(( program.

$$


23/36

Table 1 O Eorrelation between reward andbalance in career with life

rom the following table you can see that the )earson;s r value is .A which is close to

1. This means that there is a strong correlation between Balance between career and

family life variable and the reward variable. 'ny increase of value in the first variable

will lead to an increase in the second variable also, related to Reward.

The (ig 0$ O tailed3 value is ., less than .6, which shows that there is a statistically

significant correlations between the two variables. Increases or decreases in one

variable do significantly relate to increases or decreases in your second variable.

Table 2 Correlation between nancial reward and equal opportunities

In the table above, there is a negative correlation, due to the fact that )erson;s r value

has a negative value of #.>2. This means that as the value of *qual opportunity

variable increases in value, the value of Reward variable decreases in value.

'ccording to the (ig. 0$#tailed3 value, which is .>@Q.6, shows the fact that there is

no statistically correlation between the two variables. That means, increases or

decreases in one variable do not significantly relate to increases or decreases in the

second one..

$2


24/36

Table 2 O Eorrelation between reward and balance in career with life

'ccording to the table above, the )earson;s r value is .26, being close to , determinesa wea% relationship between the two variables. Ehanges in the one variable are not

correlated with changes in the second variable

'ccording to the (ig. 0$#tailed3 value, which is .12 Q.6, shows the fact that there is no

statistically correlation between the two variables. That means, increases or decreases

in one variable do not significantly relate to increases or decreases in the second one.

Table 4 Correlation between reward and equal opportunities

rom the following table you can see that the )earson;s r value is .66 which is close to

1. This means that there is a strong positive correlation between -uties delegation

capacity variable and the team communication capacity variable. 'ny increase of value

in the first variable will lead to an increase in the second variable also.

$A


25/36

The (ig 0$ O tailed3 value is ., less than .6, which shows that there is a statistically

significant correlations between the two variables. Increases or decreases in one

variable do significantly relate to increases or decreases in your second variable.

Conclusions

'ccording to the resuls obtained of the conducted research, the objectives established in the

beggining of the research have been achieved.

or the first objective related to motivational factors in opening a business, according to the

gathered data the respondents there is a higher desire of having control and freedom when running

a business, among male respondents 0>63 in comparison with the female respondents 0A3.

'nother stated reason for opening a business on the males side is related to the desire of ta%ing own

decision, while on the females side the second met reason is related to the fact of not wanting to

wor%. Regarding the financial reward. (eeing this results, a conclusion could be that a commoncharacteristic that female and male entrepreneurs are sharing is that they want to be independent,

having freedom and control on their own decisions and wor%..

' second objective of the research was to define the factors 0obstacles3 influencing the process of

opening a business, for female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.

In terms of obstacles met when opening a business, according to figuresP., a common

obstacle of the romanian entrepreneurs is related to low financing sources, being more often

met on the male entrepreneurs; side 0>63, in comparison with female entrepreneurs 02A3. '

second obstacle stated by the female respondents is related to combing the personal life with

the professional life 01&3, which might lower their business performance, in comparison, a

small number of the male respondents 0A3 found this as an obstacle.

The third objective was to provide insights regarding the Romanian entrepreneurs profile. In terms

of business domain of activity, the female and male entrepreneurs have a common domain of

business, TradeK(elling, in which the difference relates to the number of businesses run. Businesses

run by males are found in a higher percentage 03 in compari


26/36

8hen it comes obstacles when opening a business, a common way of the managing obstacles when

opening a business, for the male and female respondents, is related to selfconfidence. The male

respondents thin% that a way of overcoming an obstacle is by being perceverent. ostly, they are

focusing on their own abilties in order to overcome the obstacles.

In terms of advices that the respondents would give to future entrepreneurs, the male

respondents advice the future entrepreneurs to have %nowledge in business before starting a

one 0>63, while the female respondents are relating to the communication with others and

the advice the future entrepreneurs to to never listen to others 0$A3,

'ccording to the results above all the male respondents agreed that they preffer wor%ing with

both female and male business partners, while on the female respondents; side a significant

percentage 0$A3 preffers wor%ing mostly with women, when it comes to business.

'ccording to the figures above, the female respondents consider as mandatory qualities for an

entrepreneur are" responsability 0$23, perceverance 0$3 and hard wor%ing 0113. Dn themale respondents; side, perceverence0A>3 is one of the most important qualities that the

majority stated. The other two are related to creativity 0$23 and will 0163.

?aving this results the ne!t conclusion related to the profile of romanian entrepreneurs are

obtained"

Romanian female entrepreneur"

owns a business in domains li%e Trading and production

she opened the business in $11 or $12

she opened her business by herself, being motivated by the feeling of control andfreedom in business, independence being the characteristic that defines her

the main obstacle met in opening the business is related to low finance sources

she overcome the obstacle due to the fact that she is very confident and perseverant

in her opinion, other entrepreneurs shouldn;t listen to others and in order to succeed

self#confidence is a must.

(he doesn;t care about what gender do her business partners have

In her opinion the 2 must qualities of an successful entrepreneur are" responsibility,

perseverance, hard wor%ing

Romanian male entrepreneur"

Dwns a business in domains li%e Traiding and production

Dpened his business in $12

Dpened the business by himself, being motivated by the desire of having

freedom and control and by the desire of ta%ing its own decision

' common obstacle of the romanian entrepreneurs is related to low financing

sources, being more often met on the male entrepreneurs; side 0>63,

$>


27/36

The male respondents thin% that a way of overcoming an obstacle is by being

perceverent. ostly, they are focusing on their own abilties in order to

overcome the obstacles.

In their oppinion, the future entrepreneurs to have %nowledge in business

before starting a one 0>63

they preffer wor%ing with both female and male business partnersthey consider that the three most important qualities are" perceverence0A>3

,creativity 0$23 and will 0163.

/i"liography

Re&erences

Baumol, 8.7. 01@@3. 9*ntrepreneurship" productive, unproductive, and destructive:.

7ournal of )olitical *conomy @" p.@2#@$1.

Blaug, M !2"""# $ntrepreneurship The %ocial %cience &iew '(fordManage)ent ReadersOxford University Press, p. 83/86

Brouwer, .T. 0$$3.: 8eber, (chumpeter and =night on entrepreneurship and

economic development:. 7ournal of *volutionary *conomics, 1$" p.2#16.

-avid cElelland 01@&3 9Eharacteristics of (uccessful *ntrepreneurs: The 7ournal

of Ereative Behavior0olume )+1pages $1@O$22,

-ruc%er, ).. 01@63 9The )ractice of Innovation and *ntrepreneurship. )ractice and

)rinciples: p.1@#22, electronic format boo%

-ea%ins, -., reel, . 0$23. 9*ntrepreneurship and (mall irms:. Third *dition.

)ublished by c/raw#?ill *ducation, p. 2KA

-as, T.=., Teng B#(. 08inter, 1@@3. 9Time and *ntrepreneurial Ris% Behavior.

*ntrepreneurship Theory and )ractice: p.>@#. *lectronic format boo%

-e5ries, ..R. =ets 01@&&3. 9The entrepreneurial personality" a person at the

crossroads:. The 7ournal of anagement (tudies" p.2A#6&/artner. 8.B 01@3, 8ho is an entrepreneur Is the wrong question, 'merican (mall

Business 7ournal, 5ol 1$, p.>K>6

$bner, * !2""+# The nstitutional *nal-sis of $ntrepreneurship./istorist *spects of %chu)peter0s 1eelop)ent Theor- n 3oseph*lois %chu)peter Entrepreneurship, Styleand Vision Bachaus, 3!$d#, p5+"

red ?arrison01@&3 The )ower in the 4and, p.A6KA&, electronic format boo%

/henea ihai 9'ntreprenoriat # drumul de la idei catre oportunitati si succes in

afaceri: Nniversul 7uridic, p. 21K>

$&
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jocb.1987.21.issue-3/issuetochttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jocb.1987.21.issue-3/issuetochttp://www.amazon.co.uk/Fred-Harrison/e/B001HO6WCI/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/276-0246753-0225177http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jocb.1987.21.issue-3/issuetochttp://www.amazon.co.uk/Fred-Harrison/e/B001HO6WCI/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/276-0246753-0225177


28/36

/oss, -. 0arch, $63. 9(chumpeter;s legacy Interaction and *motions in the

(ociology of *ntrepreneurship:. *ntrepreneurship Theory and )ractice" p.$6#$1,

electronic format boo%

etcalfe, 7.( 0$A3. 9The entrepreneur and the style of modern economics:. 7ournalof *volutionary *conomics 1A, p.16&6

)ages, *. R. 0$63. 9The Ehanging -emography of *ntrepreneurship:, p. @2#@&

Robert -. ?isrich, ichael ). )eters, -ean '. (hepherd # 9*ntrepreneurship: # th

*dition, p.6$K6&O electronic format boo%

(wedberg, R. 0$3. 9*ntrepreneurship O The (ocial (cience:, p.11 O electronic

format boo%%teenson, //, Roberts M3, 6rousbec /, Bhid7 *& !2"""# 8ewbusiness entures and the entrepreneur Fifth edition, Mc6raw9/illnternational editions. :;

Internet sources"

http"KKwww.legal#words#short#essay#on#women#

entrepreneurs.html

http"KKwww.forbes.comKsitesKgeristengelK$1AK1KK11#reasons#$1A#will#be#a#brea%#

out#year#for#women#entrepreneursKhttp"KKwww.startups.roKstiriKmarius#ghenea#vorbeste#despre#tran


29/36

/ello= M- na)e is >rihor *dina and a) a student of the Facult- of

$cono)ics and Business *d)inistration conduct a research on the

success and deelop)ent of wo)en entrepreneurs in asi Co)pletion

questionnaire lasts about ?9; )inutes , and the infor)ation is strictl-

condential Than -ou =

1.What is your current employment situation?

I own your own business

I am an employee of a company ( questionnaire stops here)

Freelancer ( questionnaire stops here )

2@hich of the following state)ents best describe the siAe of-our business

Micro !59e)plo-ees#

Mediu) !5"94 e)plo-ees#

Big ! ?"92?" e)plo-ees#

Darge ! )ore that 2?" e)plo-ees#

+@hat is the actiit- do)ain of -our business Teleco))unications infrastructure ! networs , software

applications , equip)ent and s-ste)s # Teleco))unication serices ! )obile telephon- , broadcasting,

content # >roduction

Co))erce E %ales

T %erices

Beaut-

Retail

>R E *dertising Custo)er %erices

nsurance

'ther ! specif-#

4.When did you open the first business? Specify year

!..Which of the followin" statements describes best the situation of thebusiness owned?

$@


30/36

I de#eloped the business by myself

It$s a family affair

It is a bou"ht business

%ther ( specify) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

'.When you opened the business which were the main obstacles problems you ha#e encountered ?

*o obstacle

+ow confidence in their own abilities

Fundin"

+ac, of information ad#ice on how to start a business

Findin" business partners

-ccess to support for settin" up a business

+ac, of mana"erial s,ills and ,nowled"e

+ac, of entrepreneurial s,ills +ac, of necessary lan"ua"e s,ills intercultural forei"n mar,ets

ombinin" personal life with professional life

/ender discrimination

%ther ( specify) &&&&&&&&&&&

0. resent succinctly as you o#ercome obstacles

2. What determined you to open a business?

rofit financial stability

I do not want to wor, for other companies

3esire for control and freedom

he desire to ta,e own decisions

Social status

onfidence in products ser#ices

he fear that I mi"ht become unemployed anytime

Self accomplishment

%ther ( specify) &&&&&&&&&&&

5.If you could ad#ise entrepreneurs 6ust "ettin" started what would beyour recommendations for

2


31/36

+ever do.........

'bsolute necessity for success consists of"

17. 8ow much did entrepreneurship met your e9pectations accordin"

to the followin" statements %n a scale of 1 to ! ran, the followin" statements (1 :

e9tremely wea, ; wea, < = well 4 = "ood ! = e9tremely "ood)

1

>9tremelywea,

;

wea,

qual opportunities

11. -s a business partner do you prefer ..

>specially women

>specially men

Women and men

3oes not matter

1;. What are in your opinion the top three features that you should not miss to an

entrepreneur ......................................

1


32/36

8i"h school

ost=secondary

aculty

-octorate

Master

14. What is your a"e ?

etween ;7 and ;! years

etween ;' and

etween


33/36

Mica !5" 4 angaati#

Medie ! ?" 2?" angaati#

Mare ! peste 2?" de angaati#

+Care este sectorul de actiitate al afacerii du)neaoastra nfrastructuri de teleco)unicatii ! retele , software si aplicatii ,

echipa)ente si siste)e # %ericii de teleco)unicatii ! sericii de telefonie )obilG ,

audioiAual , de continut # >roductie

Co)ertE &anAari

%ericii T

Beaut-

Retail

>RE >ublicitate

Custo)er %erices

*sigurari

*ltul!specicati#

4.and #=ati deschis prima afacere? reciAati anul infiintarii

!.are dintre urmatoarele afirmatii descriu cel mai bine situatia afaceriidetinute in preAent?

-m creat afacerea sin"ura

>ste o afacere de familie

>ste o afacere cumparata

-ltele (specificati)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

22


34/36

'.and ati deschis afacerea care au fost principalele obstacole problemepe care le=ati intampinat?

*iciun obstacol

Incredere scaAuta in abilitatile proprii Finantarea

+ipsa de informare consiliere cu pri#ire la modul de a Bncepe o afacere

/@sirea partenerilor de afaceri

-ccesul la spri6in pentru infiintarea unei Bntreprinderi

+ipsa abilitatilor si a cunostintelor mana"eriale

+ipsa competentelor antreprenoriale

+ipsa competentelor interculturale ti lin"#istice necesare pieHelor e9terne

ombinarea #ietii personale cu cea profesionala

3iscriminarea de "en

-ltele (specificati)&&&&&&&&&&&

0.reAentati succint cum ati depasit obstacolele intalnite

2.e #=a determinat sa deschideti o afacere?

rofitul stabilitatea financiara

*u doresc sa lucreA pentru alte companii

3orinta de control si libertate

3orinta de a lua deciAii proprii

Statutul social

Increderea in produseleser#iciile oferite

eama ca as putea de#eni somera oricand

CealiAarea de sine

-ltele (specificati)&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2A


35/36

5.3aca ati putea sfatui femei antreprenoare la inceput de cariera care ar firecomandarile dumnea#oastra pentru

+iciodata sa nu ........

+ecesitatea absoluta pentru succes consta in"

17. at de mult a reusit antreprenoriatul sa #a indeplineasca asteptarile

pri#ind urmatoarele afirmatiie o scara de la 1 la ! ( 1= foarte slab ;=slab


36/36

1;. are sunt in opinia dumnea#oastra principalele trei caracteristici ce

nu ar trebui sa lipseasca unei antreprenoare ......................................

1

Intre 4' si !! de ani

este !' de ani

research proposal - prihor adina.doc

Documents