The “Son” of the Review: 1715 - The “Son” of the Review: 1715 - 18501850

A. A. GLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL ECONOMY:1. Political: The dominant political structure was dynastic with the exceptions of England and Holland.2. Economic: Mercantile empires dominated the Atlantic seaboard.3. Social: The mercantile class, especially in Britain and Holland, grew in importance. 4. Conflicts: Wars for empire were fought for the New World and India.

BB. NEW BALANCE OF POWERNEW BALANCE OF POWER:More formalized alliance system to check any attempts at More formalized alliance system to check any attempts at hegemony but major powers grew in power and influencehegemony but major powers grew in power and influence.

CC. ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT:1. 18TH century intellectual revolution that challenged and permeated all

aspects of European society.2. Objectives: create rational and uniform society3. Scientific Revolution’s principles applied to laws governing societyScientific Revolution’s principles applied to laws governing society.

D.D. OLD REGIME (ANCIEN REGIME)OLD REGIME (ANCIEN REGIME):1. Political: divine right absolute monarchy with the exception of England, Netherlands and minor republics2. Economic: largely agrarian society with industry developing slowly in England – some major commercial centers – hangovers from feudal period still abound ie… Trade Guilds and provincial tariffs.3. Social: rigid feudal class structure4. Religious: established churches

E. E. ENLIGHTENED THINKERSENLIGHTENED THINKERS:1. Political: all agree on need for restructuring but disagree on new structure of society e.g., Montesquieu’s separation of powers, Voltaire’s enlightened despotism, Rousseau’s “republicanism”2. Social: generally attacked aristocratic and feudal culture with heavy stress on individualism3. Economic: Laissez faire – physiocrats4. Religious: toleration - deism

Section II: FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEONFRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON:A. CAUSES

1. Political: incompetent monarchy – example of American Revolution – rising demands of the bourgeoisie2. Economic: bankruptcy of French government\3. Social: tremendous class antagonism – especially between nobles and upper middle-class4. Intellectual: ideas of Enlightenment

B. RADICALISM of the FRENCH REVOLUTION1. change begets more change – no clear program revolution – need

for more inventive ways to control the mob2. Thermidorean Reaction: return and need for law and order on the part of the middle class

C. SLOGANS1. LIBERTY: ideal of individual rights – constitutional government – representative government2. EQUALITY: legal equality – equality before the law3. FRATERNITY: concept of nationalism and humanitarianism

FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEONFRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON cont…D. NAPOLEON’S CONTRIBUTIONS

Politically confiscated revolution in France but spread Politically confiscated revolution in France but spread ideals of the Revolution throughout Europe and in the Code ideals of the Revolution throughout Europe and in the Code NapoleonNapoleon.

E. CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

Napoleon’s attempt to create Continental blockade to Napoleon’s attempt to create Continental blockade to strangle England economicallystrangle England economically.

F. WESTPHALIA AND CONGRESS OF VIENNAWestphalia recognized the sovereignty of states while Vienna was concerned with the balance of power. Westphalia recognized what existed while Vienna tried to suppress what had emerged (democratic ideals and nationalism)

SECTION III: THE AGE OF METTERNICHSECTION III: THE AGE OF METTERNICH:

A. CONCERT OF EUROPEA. CONCERT OF EUROPE:1. Purpose – Concert of Europe aimed to suppress revolutions – to stop nationalism and return to a pre-French Revolution world

2. Methods – Quadruple and Quintuple alliances

B. ISMSB. ISMS1. 1. Liberalism – belief in natural goodness of man – need for parliamentary democracy – support for “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.” – still a middle class dominance

2. Conservatism – fundamental distrust of human nature – restoration of the Old Order – need for strong government, usually monarchy – supported by landed aristocracy and the Church

3. Republicanism – extreme form of liberalism where monarchy is ended and universal manhood suffrage is established.

ISMSISMS cont…4. Socialism: extreme form of republicanism arguing for economic equality

5. Humanitarianism: subtle reform movement that permeated all political and class structures based on

ideals of Christianity and the French Revolutionary concept that all people have rights.6. Romanticism: visionary movement with different applications in

different nations

C. CRACKS IN THE CONCERT OF EUROPE, 1830-38C. CRACKS IN THE CONCERT OF EUROPE, 1830-38:1. REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 - success of revolutions in Greece and

Spanish Latin America proved the ineffectiveness of the Congress

system to suppress ideas of liberalism and nationalism2. LOUIS PHILLIPE – 1830 revolutions imposed bourgeois monarch 3. REFROM BILL of 1832 – liberal measure to prevent upheaval in

Britain4. REVOLUTIONS of 1848 – sweeping impact of ideas of liberalism and nationalism could not be suppressed even though individual revolutions were crushed

SECTION IV: THE AGE OF REALPOLITIK SECTION IV: THE AGE OF REALPOLITIK A. Post-1848 Mood

1. CAVOUR – liberal politician used war and diplomacy to forge Italy

2. NAPOLEON III – manipulation of the masses, name recognition, interest in socialism

3. BISMARCK – tough-minded conservative – creator of the German Empire – used diplomacy to maintain the Empire

4. MARX – attacked the social exploitation created by the Industrial Revolution and proposed that a new order could only be achieved through revolution

5. CRIMEAN WAR – new vision of power politics and diplomacy

B. Methods of Creating Nation States1. Cavour – manipulative wars, diplomacy and alliances

2. Bismarck – manipulative wars3. Alexander II – freed serfs – continued policies of

Russification4. Franz Joseph – creation of Dual Monarchy5. Lincoln – civil war6. Mutsuhito – Meiji Restoration (look it up!)

SECTION V: AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONSECTION V: AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

A. Effects of Industrialization:1. Political – growing influence and power of bourgeoisie – extended suffrage – gradual governmental response to the plight of the working class2. Economic – tremendous growth of capital – mass production – penetration of the world for markets and resources

A. Effects of Industrialization cont…3. Social – mass societies – new social divisions between rich and poor – greater social importance of the bourgeoisie as the new aristocrats

B. Economic

Industrial nation states adopted the philosophy of economic liberalism which was further strengthened by the ideas of Social Darwinism in the late 19th century. Countries adopted those aspects of the philosophy suitable to their own ends.

C. Contributions to theory of Industrial Capitalism1. Smith – Wealth of Nations – idea of laissez faire2. Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages

3. Malthus – “Essay on Population”

D. IDENTIFICATIONS:1. Anti-Corn Law League – English liberals intent on eliminating the tariff on grain and instituting free trade

2. Factory Act, 1833 – limited workday for children eighteen and mandated education for children under nine

3. Reform Bill of 1832 – shifted control of House of Commons to commercial and industrial middle class by enfranchising the middle class and reapportioning Commons.

4. Chartism – English city workers strived for universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, annual elections, salary for members of Parliament, and removal of property qualifications for members of Parliament.

E. REVOLUTIONS:E. REVOLUTIONS:1. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION:

Causes – 17th Century struggle between king and parliament in England: religious issue

Leadership – Whigs and Tories combined to oppose the king

Extremes – treatment of dissenters and Catholics

Final Outcome – Government balance between king and Parliament, which established the character

of modern England.

2. AMERICAN REVOLUTION:Causes – economic and political differences between

American colonies and England

Leadership – Yankee and Virginian aristocrats

Extremes – treatment of dissenters and Catholics

Final Outcome – American independence – end of mercantilism – establishment of Classical Republic

E. Chart on Revolutions cont…3. FRENCH REVOLUTION:

Causes – inept monarchy – social antagonisms – class distinctions too great

Leadership – aristocrats versus king in first stage – middle class versus aristocracy which gave way to the rise of

radicals and the mob – finally the Thermidorean Reaction (return to stability)

Extremes – conservative pro-monarchists versus radical republicans with every shade of the political spectrum in between

Final Outcome – the rise of Napoleon4. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION:

Causes – autocratic tsar – tremendously backward economy

Leadership – middle class intellectuals who were overthrown by Bolsheviks

Extremes – Whites vs. Reds

Final Outcome – Soviet Union