review of verbs (tense and voice) and the passive voice ... links/latin... · active voice =...

Review of Verbs (Tense and Voice) And the Passive Voice (Pages 56 ff; 414 ff).

Active Voice = Subject does the action of the verb.

The man is praising the women. Present Tense, Active VoiceThe man was praising the women. Imperfect Tense, Active VoiceThe man will praise the women. Future Tense, Active Voice

Passive Voice = Subject receives the action of the verb.

The man is praised by the women. Present Tense, Passive VoiceThe man was praised by the women. Imperfect Tense, Passive VoiceThe man will be praised by the women. Future Tense, Passive Voice

In Latin, in the present, imperfect, and future tenses, voice is determined by the personal ending found on the verb.

Active Voice Personal Endings

o/m = subject is I mus = subject is wes = subject is you (sing.) tis = subject is you (pl.)t = subject is he, she, it or a nt = subject is they or a nom. sing. noun nom. pl. noun

Passive Voice Personal Endings

or/r = subject is I mur = subject is weris = subject is you (sing.) mini = subject is you (pl.)tur = subject is he, she, it or a ntur = subject is they or a nom. sing. noun nom. pl. noun

Present Tense of voco vocare – call

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. voca+o = voco I call, I am calling, I do call2. voca+s = vocas you call, you are calling, you do call3. voca+t = vocat he calls, he is calling, he does call1. voca+mus = vocamus we call, we are calling, we do call2. voca+tis = vocatis you call, you are calling, you do call3. voca+nt = vocant they call, they are calling, they do call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. voca+or = vocor I am (being) called2. voca+ris = vocaris you are (being) called3. voca+tur = vocatur he is (being) called1. voca+mur = vocamur we are (being) called2. voca+mini = vocamini you are (being) called3. voca+ntur = vocantur they are (being) called

Imperfect Tense of voco vocare – call

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + ba + Personal Endings

1. voca+ba +m = vocabam I was calling, I used to call, I did call2. voca+ba+s = vocabas you were calling, you used to call, you did call3. voca+ba+t = vocabat he was calling, he used to call, he did call1. voca+ba+mus = vocabamus we were calling, we used to call, we did call2. voca+ba+tis = vocabatis you were calling, you used to call, you did call 3. voca+ba+nt = vocabant they were calling, they used to call, they did call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + ba + Personal Endings

1. voca+ba +r = vocabar I was (being) called, I used to be called2. voca+ba+ris = vocabaris you were (being) called, you used to be called3. voca+ba+tur = vocabatur he was (being) called, he used to be called1. voca+ba+mur = vocabamur we were (being) called, we used to be called2. voca+ba+mini = vocabamini you were (being) called, you used to be called3. voca+ba+ntur = vocabantur they were (being) called, they used to be called

Regular Verbs = Verbs which follow a set of rules for their conjugation and translation.

Pres. Pres. Perf. Perf.Act. Act. Act. Pass.Indic. Infin. Indic. Participle

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus – call

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus – warn

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus - rule

Tense Rule Translation

Active and Passive Voice

(1st & 2nd conj.) (Reg. 3rd conj.)

Present Pres. Stem + PE Pres. Root + i + PE (am, is are; do, does; simple pres.)

Imperfect Pres. Stem + ba + PE Pres. Root + eba + PE (was, were; used to; did)

Future Pres. Stem + bi + PE Pres. Root + a/e + PE (shall/will)

Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - rePresent Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - ere

Present Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + i +Personal Endings

1. reg+i+o = rego I rule, I am ruling, I do rule2. reg+i+s = regis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule3. reg+i+t = regit he rules, he is ruling, he does rule1. reg+i+mus = regimus we rule, we are ruling, we do rule2. reg+i+tis = regitis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule3. reg+i+nt = regunt they rule, they are ruling, they do rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + i + Personal Endings

1. reg+i+or = regor I am (being) ruled2. reg+i+ris = regeris you are (being) ruled3. reg+i+tur = regitur he is (being) ruled1. reg+i+mur = regimur we are (being) ruled2. reg+i+mini = regimini you are (being) ruled3. Reg+i+ntur = reguntur they are (being) ruled

Imperfect Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba +Personal Endings

1. reg+eba+m = regebam I was ruling, used to rule, did rule2. reg+eba+s = regebas you were ruling, used to rule, did rule3. reg+eba+t = regebat he was ruling, used to rule, did rule1. reg+eba+mus = regebamus we were ruling, used to rule, did rule2. reg+eba+tis = regebatis you were ruling, used to rule, did rule3. reg+eba+nt = regebant they were ruling, used to rule, did rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba + Personal Endings

1. reg+eba+r = regebar I was (being) ruled2. reg+eba+ris = regebaris you were (being) ruled3. reg+eba+tur = regebatur he was (being) ruled1. reg+eba+mur = regebamur we were (being) ruled2. reg+eba+mini = regebamini you were (being) ruled3. reg+eba+ntur = regebantur they were (being) ruled

Future Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e +Personal Endings

1. reg+a+m = regam I shall rule2. reg+e+s = reges you will rule3. reg+e+t = reget he will rule1. reg+e+mus = regemus we shall rule2. reg+e+tis = regetis you will rule3. reg+e+nt = regent they will rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e + Personal Endings

1. reg+a+r = regar I shall be ruled2. reg+e+ris = regeris you will be ruled3. reg+e+tur = regetur he will be ruled1. reg+e+mur = regemur we shall be ruled2. reg+e+mini = regemini you will be ruled3. reg+e+ntur = regentur they will be ruled

Future Tense of voco vocare – call

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + bi + Personal Endings

1. voca+bi +o = vocabo I shall call2. voca+bi+s = vocabis you will call3. voca+bi+t = vocabit he will call1. voca+bi+mus = vocabimus we shall call2. voca+bi+tis = vocabitis you will call 3. voca+bi+nt = vocabunt they will call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + bi + Personal Endings

1. voca+bi +or = vocabor I shall be called2. voca+bi+ris = vocaberis you will be called3. voca+bi+tur = vocabitur he will be called1. voca+bi+mur = vocabimur we shall be called2. voca+bi+mini = vocabimini you will be called 3. voca+bi+ntur = vocabuntur they will be called

Regular Verbs = Verbs which follow a set of rules for their conjugation and translation.



2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus – warn








Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - rePresent Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - ere

Present Tense of rego regere – rule


1. reg+i+o = rego I rule, I am ruling, I do rule2. reg+i+s = regis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule3. reg+i+t = regit he rules, he is ruling, he does rule1. reg+i+mus = regimus we rule, we are ruling, we do rule2. reg+i+tis = regitis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule3. reg+i+nt = regunt they rule, they are ruling, they do rule


1. reg+i+or = regor I am (being) ruled2. reg+i+ris = regeris you are (being) ruled3. reg+i+tur = regitur he is (being) ruled1. reg+i+mur = regimur we are (being) ruled2. reg+i+mini = regimini you are (being) ruled3. Reg+i+ntur = reguntur they are (being) ruled

Imperfect Tense of rego regere – rule


1. reg+eba+m = regebam I was ruling, used to rule, did rule2. reg+eba+s = regebas you were ruling, used to rule, did rule3. reg+eba+t = regebat he was ruling, used to rule, did rule1. reg+eba+mus = regebamus we were ruling, used to rule, did rule2. reg+eba+tis = regebatis you were ruling, used to rule, did rule3. reg+eba+nt = regebant they were ruling, used to rule, did rule


1. reg+eba+r = regebar I was (being) ruled2. reg+eba+ris = regebaris you were (being) ruled3. reg+eba+tur = regebatur he was (being) ruled1. reg+eba+mur = regebamur we were (being) ruled2. reg+eba+mini = regebamini you were (being) ruled3. reg+eba+ntur = regebantur they were (being) ruled

Future Tense of rego regere – rule


1. reg+a+m = regam I shall rule2. reg+e+s = reges you will rule3. reg+e+t = reget he will rule1. reg+e+mus = regemus we shall rule2. reg+e+tis = regetis you will rule3. reg+e+nt = regent they will rule


1. reg+a+r = regar I shall be ruled2. reg+e+ris = regeris you will be ruled3. reg+e+tur = regetur he will be ruled1. reg+e+mur = regemur we shall be ruled2. reg+e+mini = regemini you will be ruled3. reg+e+ntur = regentur they will be ruled

Review of “io” Third Conjugation Verbs


1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus - call

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus - warn


“io” 3rd conjugation capio capere cepi captus - take







Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - rePresent Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) – ere

“io” verbs of the third conjugation add an i to the present root.

Present Tense of capio capere – take


1. capi+o = capio I take, am taking, do take2. capi+s = capis you take, are taking, do take3. capi+t = capit he takes, is taking, does take1. capi+mus = capimus we take, are taking, do take2. capi+tis = capitis you take, are taking, do take3. capi+nt = capiunt they take, are taking, do take


1. capi+or = capior I am (being) taken2. capi+ris = caperis you are (being) taken3. capi+tur = capitur he is (being) taken1. capi+mur = capimur we are (being) taken2. capi+mini = capimini you are (being) taken3. capi+ntur = capiuntur they are (being) taken

Imperfect Tense of capio capere – take


1. capi+eba+m = capiebam I was taking, used to take, did take2. capi+eba+s = capiebas you were taking, used to take, did take3. capi+eba+t = capiebat he was taking, used to take, did take1. capi+eba+mus = capiebamus we were taking, used to take, did take2. capi+eba+tis = capiebatis you were taking, used to take, did take3. capi+eba+nt = capiebant they were taking, used to take, did take


1. capi+eba+r = capiebar I was (being) taken2. capi+eba+ris = capiebaris you were (being) taken3. capi+eba+tur = capiebatur he was (being) taken1. capi+eba+mur = capiebamur we were (being) taken2. capi+eba+mini = capiebamini you were (being) taken3. capi+eba+ntur = capiebantur they were (being) taken

Future Tense of capio capere – take


1. capi+a+m = capiam I shall take2. capi+e+s = capies you will take3. capi+e+t = capiet he will take1. capi+e+mus = capiemus we shall take2. capi+e+tis = capietis you will take3. capi+e+nt = capient they will take


1. capi+a+r = capiar I shall be taken2. capi+e+ris = capieris you will be taken3. capi+e+tur = capietur he will be taken1. capi+e+mur = capiemur we shall be taken2. capi+e+mini = capiemini you will be taken3. capi+e+ntur = capientur they will be taken

Review of Fourth Conjugation Verbs


1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus - call



“io” 3rd conjugation capio capere cepi captus - take

4th conjugation audio audire audivi auditus - hear

Tense Rule


(1st & 2nd conj.) (Reg. 3rd conj.) (4th conj.)

Present Pres. Stem + PE Pres. Root + i + PE Pres. Stem + PE

Imperfect Pres. Stem + ba + PE Pres. Root + eba + PE Pres. Stem + eba + PE

Future Pres. Stem + bi + PE Pres. Root + a/e + PE Pres. Stem + a/e + PE

Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - rePresent Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) – ere

“io” verbs of the third conjugation add an i to the present root.

Present Tense of audio audire – hear

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. audi+o = audio I hear, am hearing, do hear2. audi+s = audis you hear, are hearing, do hear3. audi+t = audit he hears, is hearing, does hear1. audi+mus = audimus we hear, are hearing, do hear2. audi+tis = auditis you hear, are hearing, do hear3. audi+nt = audiunt they hear, are hearing, do hear

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. audi+or = audior I am (being) heard2. audi+ris = audiris you are (being) heard3. audi+tur = auditur he is (being) heard1. audi+mur = audimur we are (being) heard2. audi+mini = audimini you are (being) heard3. audi+ntur = audiuntur they are (being) heard

Imperfect Tense of audio audire – hear

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + eba +Personal Endings

1. audi+eba+m = audiebam I was hearing, used to hear, did hear2. audi+eba+s = audiebas you were hearing, used to hear, did hear3. audi+eba+t = audiebat he was hearing, used to hear, did hear1. audi+eba+mus = audiebamus we were hearing, used to hear, did hear2. audi+eba+tis = audiebatis you were hearing, used to hear, did hear3. audi+eba+nt = audiebant they were hearing, used to hear, did hear

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + eba + Personal Endings

1. audi+eba+r = audiebar I was (being) heard2. audi+eba+ris = audiebaris you were (being) heard3. audi+eba+tur = audiebatur he was (being) heard1. audi+eba+mur = audiebamur we were (being) heard2. audi+eba+mini = audiebamini you were (being) heard3. audi+eba+ntur = audiebantur they were (being) heard

Future Tense of audio audire – hear

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + a/e +Personal Endings

1. audi+a+m = audiam I shall hear2. audi+e+s = audies you will hear3. audi+e+t = audiet he will hear1. audi+e+mus = audiemus we shall hear2. audi+e+tis = audietis you will hear3. audi+e+nt = audient they will hear

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + a/e + Personal Endings

1. audi+a+r = audiar I shall be heard2. audi+e+ris = audieris you will be heard3. audi+e+tur = audietur he will be heard1. audi+e+mur = audiemur we shall be heard2. audi+e+mini = audiemini you will be heard3. audi+e+ntur = audientur they will be heard

All Latin Verbs (Regular and Irregular) (Review Sheet)

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Tenses, Active Voice

Perfect Perfect Stem + i, isti ,it, imus, istis, erunt(has, have; simple past)

Pluperfect Perfect Stem + eram, eras erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had)

Future Perfect Perfect Stem + ero, eris,erit, erimus, eritis, erint(shall have/will have)

All Latin Verbs (that have a passive voice; ie. not the verb “to be”)

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Tenses, Passive Voice

Perfect = Perfect Passive Participle+ sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt (has been, have been)

Pluperfect = Perfect Passive Participle + eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had been)

Future Perfect = Perfect Passive Participle + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt (shall have been/will have been)

Perfect Passive Participle = 4th principal part of the verb. (It is a first and second declension adjective.)

Perfect Passive Participle = 4th principal part of the verb.


Perfect Passive Participle = vocatus vocata vocatum - called, having been called


Perfect Passive Participle = monitus monita monitum - warned, having been warned

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus – rule

Perfect Passive Participle = rectus recta rectum - ruled, having been ruled

“io” 3rd conjugation capio capere cepi captus – take

Perfect Passive Participle = captus capta captum - taken, having been taken

4th conjugation audio audire audivi auditus – hear

Perfect Passive Participle = auditus audita auditum - heard, having been heard

Perfect Passive = Perfect Passive Participle+ sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt (has been, have been)


Nominative Participle Endings

M F NSingular = us a umPlural = i ae a

vocatus sum = I have been calledvocatus es = you have been calledvocatus est = he has been called

vocati sumus = we have been calledvocati estis = you have been calledvocati sunt = they have been called

Pluperfect Passive = Perfect Passive Participle+ eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had been)

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus – rule



rectus eram = I had been ruledrectus eras = you had been ruledrectus erat = he had been ruled

recti eramus = we had been ruledrecti eratis = you had been ruledrecti erant = they had been ruled

Future Perfect Passive = Perfect Passive Participle+ ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt (shall have been/will have been)

4th conjugation audio audire audivi auditus – hear



auditus ero = I shall have been heardauditus eris = you will have been heardauditus erit = he will have been heard

auditi erimus = we shall have been heardauditi eritis = you will have been heardauditi erunt = they will have been heard

Ablative of Agent

Prep. a/ab + Ablative Case Noun/Pronoun

When a passive voice verb is used, the Ablative of Agentis used to show the doer of the action of the verb.

The king was praised by the people.Noun Verb Prep. Noun

Subject 3rd. Sing. AblativeNom. Imperf. Of AgentMas. Passive Mas.Sing. Indic. Sing.

Rex a populo laudabatur.

review of verbs (tense and voice) and the passive voice ... links/latin... · active voice =...

Documents