Review & PreviewChapter 2

ReviewChapter 1• Major theories/theorists

– Erikson– Behaviorism & Social Learning– Piaget– Information processing– Vygotsky– Ecological Systems Theory

Video Vocabulary

PreviewChapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations• Basic genetics• Genetic inheritance• Genetic abnormalities• Reproductive choices• Environmental contexts for

development• Heredity and behavior

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Basic trust v. mistrust

Birth–1 year Identity v. role confusion

Adolescence

Autonomy v. shame and doubt

1–3 years Intimacy v. isolation

Emerging adulthood

Initiative v. guilt

3–6 years Generativity v. stagnation

Adulthood

Industry v. inferiority

6–11 years Integrity v. despair

Old age

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Behaviorism & Social Learning

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus – Response

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcers & punishments

Social-Cognitive Approach

ModelingSelf-efficacy

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Social Learning

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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Table 1.2

Information Processing

• Looks at the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.

• Human cognition is often compared to the processing of a computer.

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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

• Transmission of culture to new generation

– Beliefs, customs, skills• Social interaction vital for

cognitive development– Cooperative dialogues

with more knowledgeable members of society

Family Life Royalty Free

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Ecological Systems Theory

Figure 1.4

Video Vocabulary• Genes• DNA• chromosomes• mitosis• sex cells• Meiosis• sex chromosomes • Conception• Zygote• Embryo• Fetus• (identical and fraternal twins)

– Terms are also covered in chapters 2-4 in our text

Quiz 21) _______________ are directly observable characteristics that depend in part on the individual’s

____________________, the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all of our unique characteristics.

2) Sex cells and sex chromosomes are the same thing. T/F

3) Inheritance is always a simple process where a dominant characteristic displays over a recessive characteristic. T/F 4) Match the following types of genetic-environmental correlations with their appropriate descriptors.______ Children increasingly seek out 1. Passive correlation environments that fit their genetic 2. Evocative correlation tendencies (called niche-picking). 3. Active correlation______ A child’s style of responding influences others’ responses, which then strengthen

the child’s original style.______ Parents provide an environment consistent with their own heredity.