Review Questions1. What were the three views the French

had about emancipating Jews?2. What was the Parisian Sanhedrin and why

was it significant?3. How did Napoleon spread emancipation

throughout Europe?4. Was Napoleon Bonaparte good for the

Jews?

Emerging Patterns of Religious Adjustment

Part I

“How Can I be Jewish and still participate in the Modern World? Convert to Christianity

Judaism not relevant Get ahead

Assimilate culturally Learn language of the land Go to public schools Study secular subjects

“How Can I be Jewish and still participate in the Modern World? Identify nationally

Judaism as a religion Hope will end anti-Semitism No longer need to pray for return to Zion

Adapt religiously Bring 2 worlds together Adapt ritual so it doesn’t separate Learn from Christians

Israel Jacobson (1768-1828) German businessman and

philanthropist 1801 School 1805 Temple Aesthetic changes to worship

service Wore a robe and collar Adds organ music & a choir Gives sermons in German Shortens the service

Hamburg Temple (1818) Similar to Jacobson’s

temple Organ music Sermon in German

Other Changes Prayers in unison No talking No partition between

men and women

Hamburg Temple Prayerbook(1819) Reflects reform philosophy Changes Included:

Opened like German book Added German Translations Removes prayers

Causes Controversy Some liked changes Some thought should tinker with these things

“These Are the Words of the Covenant” Primary Source Study (p. 167 – 168, From

1st par. – “ingathering of the exiles on p. 168) Excerpt from a book of responsa written by the

Hamburg Rabbinical Court Other rabbis from around Europe were also

enlisted to support the views put forth in this book

Reform Response “The Sword Which Avenges the Covenant”

(by Meyer Israel Bresselau, published anonymously) Title is Biblical quote Written in sophisticated Hebrew Major points

Accuses rabbis of slander Rabbis are blind to needs of the Jewish people Assimilation has been leading Jews away from

synagogue. Changes to worship have brought people back.

Next Class Reform develops uniform position Jewish community fractures Development of 3 major movements:

Reform Historical Positivism Orthodox